ДЕМОГРАФІЧНА БЕЗПЕКА УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ОЦІНКИ РОЗВИТКУ РЕГІОНІВ

The purpose of the article is to study the structure of the administrative and legal mechanism of formation and implementation of state policy in the field of arms circulation in Ukraine. This goal will be achieved by performing the following tasks: 1) based on the analysis of scientific approaches of domestic scientists to interpret the structure of the legal mechanism, outline the structure of the administrative and legal mechanism of formation and implementation of state policy in arms in Ukraine; 2) to analyze the structural elements of the studied administrative and legal mechanism; 3) summarize the results of the study. The article focuses on a comprehensive study of the administrative-legal mechanism current structure for the state policy formation and implementation in the field of arms circulation in modern Ukraine. Based on the systemic and static-dynamic interpretive approaches to the identification of the legal mechanism structure, the author comes to the conclusion that the system of the investigated mechanism consists of elements of a relatively static and dynamic nature. The structural elements of the administrative-legal mechanism for the formation and implementation of state policy in this area, which have a relatively static manifestation, are divided into structural elements of the ideologically conceptual level (the doctrine of administrative law of Ukraine, legal culture); structural elements of the ideological and fundamental level (identical to the principles of formation and implementation of state policy in the field of weapons circulation); structural elements of the regulatory level (legislative acts and other acts of parliament, the norms of which relate to issues of arms circulation; bylaws, the norms of which regulate various aspects of weapons turnover in Ukraine); structural elements of the institutional and democratic level (state authorities and civil society entities involved in the relevant state policy formation and implementation); structural elements of the administrative legislation norms implementation level acts on the weapons circulation in Ukraine. The structural elements of the administrative and legal mechanism for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of arms turnover have a dynamic manifestation and are recognized as follows: the entities’ activities of the state policy formation and/or implementation in the field of arms circulation; administrative and legal and other relations in the sphere of arms circulation; procedures for the formation and/or implementation of state policy in the field of weapons turnover. The conclusions to the article summarize the results of the study.

The article reveals the peculiarities of certain types of administrative procedures regarding the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of social security for persons with disabilities. It was determined that certain types of administrative procedures regarding the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities have an impact on such key issues as the lack of a single clearly defined model of state policy development; the presence of a large number of normative legal acts in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities, which in practice has a negative effect on the process of realization by such persons of their rights and freedoms. It is emphasized that the development and formation of state policy depends on the state of affairs management in its territory and the ability of the authorities to responsibly and effectively manage the spheres of people’s lives, especially persons with disabilities. Considered such separate types of administrative procedures as: rule-making, establishment and approval procedures. In particular, it is stated that the main purpose of rule-making is the formulation of new legal norms that are inherent in social relations, that is, the modeling of social relations that are acceptable or necessary from the standpoint of the state or civil society. Attention is drawn to the fact that compliance with the procedure for review, adoption and entry into force of normative legal acts is one of the conditions for the legality of the rule-making process. It was determined that the establishment procedures relate to the activities of bodies of the appropriate level regarding the creation, reorganization, liquidation of organizational structures of bodies that directly implement state policy in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities. It was emphasized that the main purpose of conciliation procedures is to streamline the issuance of conciliation documents and to introduce the main principles of state policy on the conciliation system in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities. It was concluded that the rule-making, establishment and approval procedures in the field of social security of persons with disabilities represent a systematized set of actions regulated by legislation, which establish a legal framework, influence the creation, reorganization, liquidation of organizational structures of bodies that directly implement state policy in the field of social security of persons with disabilities and regulate relations arising between bodies and entities that are participants in these legal relations and are directly related to the issuance of documents of a consensual nature.

სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური ფაქტორების გავლენა შობადობის თანამედროევე ტენდენციებზე

The demographic situation in rural areas of Ukraine has become increasingly significant in light of the administrative-territorial reform of 2020, the country's European integration course, and contemporary social challenges, including the repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine war. Negative demographic trends, such as depopulation, population aging, and declining birth rates, critically affect national security and the sustainable development of regions, highlighting the importance of this research. Objective of the study: to evaluate demographic trends in the rural areas of the Zhytomyr region as a foundation for the sustainable development of the region and for shaping state policies to support rural populations. The study is based on statistical data provided by the Main Department of Statistics in the Zhytomyr region, the Zhytomyr Regional Military Administration, and analytical materials from Ukrainian and international researchers. Methods of statistical analysis, graphical modeling, and comparison were employed. The research identified a persistent decline in the rural population of the Zhytomyr region—since 1995, its size has decreased by 28 %. As of 2022, rural residents account for 40.4 % of the region's total population. A significant disparity in population distribution across districts was observed, with the highest concentration in the Zhytomyr district and the lowest in the Berdychiv district. Key factors contributing to this decline include depopulation, low birth rates, migration, high mortality rates, and deteriorating living conditions. The study highlights a substantial reduction in rural birth rates, which remain below the replacement level. Factors influencing this decline include socioeconomic conditions, youth migration, the professional engagement of women, and low income levels. Simultaneously, increasing mortality rates, coupled with migration losses, exacerbate the demographic crisis. Ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas requires the implementation of comprehensive state and regional policies aimed at creating favorable conditions for living, working, and population reproduction. These policies must also consider the impact of ecological and socio-political factors, particularly the consequences of the war. The findings of the study can be utilized to develop strategies for the sustainable development of rural areas, plan demographic policies, and implement programs for the socio-economic support of rural populations.

У даній статті розкрито основні етапи формування державної політики та здійснення реформ у сфері охорони здоров'я.Окреслено основні проблеми та перспективні напрями розвитку галузі

The purpose of the article is to determine and substantiate the conceptual foundations of the implementation of the state policy for ensuring national security. The methodological basis of the study consists of a set of general scientific and specialized methods of scientific cognition, such as dialectical-phenomenological, systemic analysis and synthesis, structural-functional, deduction and induction, among others. As a result of the study, the essential features of the implementation of the state policy for ensuring national security, its subjects and objects, have been determined, the mandatory components, principles, main forms, methods, and means of implementation of the state policy have been characterized. A classification of the legislative activity of state authorities in the implementation of state policy has been proposed based on the nature of the activities of state bodies and the level of the legislative body. Attention is focused on the need to adhere to constitutional principles in the implementation of the state policy for ensuring national security. Suggestions are made for ways to improve its scientific and methodological support.

The article is devoted to the analysis of international documents in the field of legal education. The place of international normative legal acts in the hierarchy of normative legal acts has been considered. Characterization of international educational legislation has been carried out. Developing an effective legislative framework is an indispensable condition for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of legal education of the population. Normative legal acts, being forms of expression of law, determine the legal validity and validity of legal norms, the limits of their validity, binding and other properties. The effectiveness of the legal regulation of social relations largely depends on the unity and consistency of the legal system, the orderliness and certainty of the relations of sources of law. Today, due to the fact that Ukraine has ratified a number of international documents in the field of education and human rights protection, a legal framework for the development and functioning of national legal education, which is in line with international legal standards, has been created. In view of the above, the analysis and understanding of international documents is important for the legal regulation of the legal education of the population. There has been focused on the main provisions of normative legal acts on the protection of human rights. The concept of discrimination, civic education in the context of legal regulation of legal education has been described. It has been emphasized that contemporary international legislation reflects a significant transformation of ideological orientations and consciousness of each person that affects the content of legal education and defines the directions of the legal and regulatory framework for the formation and implementation of the state legal policy on the legal education of the population in Ukraine. Also there has been proved that the ratification of a number of international documents in the area of education and human rights protection contributed to the creation of a legal framework for the development and functioning of national legal education that is in line with international legal standards. The above shows that contemporary international legislation reflects a significant transformation of ideological orientations and consciousness of each person that affects the content of legal education and defines the directions of the legal and regulatory framework for the formation and implementation of the state legal policy regarding the legal education of the population in Ukraine.

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of the formation and implementation of state employment policy of Ukraine. Theoretical analysis is carried out the essence and content of public policy, its place in the sys­tem of social development is determined, the main stages of its formation are considered. It is noted that the issue of formation and implementation of state policy is a particularly important process, since its effectiveness depends on the effectiveness of the public authority and its achievement of the main goal - to improve the situation in a particular area of public activity. The significance of such direction of state policy as employment in the system of public administration and its influence on the effi­ciency of the economic system is determined, social development of the country, the welfare of society and the growth of the level and quality of life of the population. The issues that should be taken into account by public authorities and local governments in the process of formation and implementation of employment policy are identified. The necessity of modernization of the state employment policy of Ukraine is noted, the priority directions of its realization in the conditions of influence ofglobalization pro­cesses on the system of the national labor market are outlined.

The article reveals the role of the family-type orphanage in the system of social protection of childhood rights.The author summarized the theoretical aspects in the field of childhood protection and characterized the practical experience of the state and public sector of social protection regarding the creation of family forms of education. In particular, family-type children’s homes as an alternative form of family education.Practice has proven that the priority forms of placement of orphans and children deprived of parental care are family forms, in particular. The national system of social protection is based on Ukrainian and foreign experience in the field of childhood protection in general and placement of orphans and children deprived of parental care in particular. These issues are the task of the state and public sector of social protection in the field of childhood protection. Creation of family forms of education is a primary issue of public structures whose activities are aimed at social protection of childhood. Among others, the Foundation of the First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska.Organization and operation of family-type children’s homes is not new in Ukraine. We have experience in creating such alternative forms of family care. However, in modern realities, in the conditions of Russian military aggression and related socio-economic and socio-political challenges, the issues of social protection of children and providing them with opportunities for full-fledged development and family comfort remain relevant.Among the promising directions of theoretical and practical developments in the field of development of family forms of upbringing in general and family-type children’s homes in particular, we single out the following: preparation of new families and their psychological support, overcoming the challenges faced by displaced families, the role of the community in supporting families, support for children with special needs and their families, preparation for the return of children from abroad, etc. The identified issues are the subject of further research with the aim of implementation in modern practice, formation and implementation of state policy in the field of social orphanhood prevention and childhood protection.

The aim: Theoretical and methodological substantiation of the impact of COVID-19 on the implementation of state policy on the protection of human right to health in terms of improving the legal framework in the field of demographic security. Materials and methods: The main research materials are the norms of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Conventions for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the legal framework of the countries that have adopted temporary quarantine measures. This research is based on empiricaland analytical data from WHO, Bloomberg's financial information provider. During the research, the following methods have been used: statistical, system-structural analysis, content-analysis, comparison, grouping and forecasting. Conclusions: Under the conditions of pandemic, attention should be paid to strengthening both administrative and criminal liability for violating quarantine, which will serve as a prerequisite for improving the legal mechanism of combating threats to the country's demographic security. The protection of the right to health requires the state to create conditions to prevent the risk of occupational diseases among health care workers and others involved in the response to COVID-19.

The growing establishment of protected areas incorporating profitable economic activity and conservation initiatives has been characterized by the exacerbation of existent conflicts and the emergence of new ones around them. Over the last two decades the participation of ‘civil society’ in protected areas governance under the mutual goal of sustainable development has become increasingly key to resolving natural resource conflicts. Schinias Greek Natura site, simultaneously national park and Olympic canoeing centre, provides a case study to investigate the roots and outcomes of natural resource conflicts within the context of the coexistence of development and conservation agendas and collaborative governance. Following a grounded-theory approach and drawing on insights from political ecology and environmental governance literature we have been able to reveal the political, socioeconomic, and conservation conflicts arising during implementation of state development and conservation policies. It appears that governmental political handling exacerbated these conflicts, leading to political manipulation to justify policy failure and promote nature privatization. We conclude that conflict resolution compatible with nature protection and social justice cannot occur in isolation from resolving crucial socioeconomic problems, strengthening transparency, and an accurate scientific analysis of the particularities of local communities to guide the formation and implementation of state policies.

Geographic Distance and State's Grip: Information Asymmetry, State Inattention, and Firm Implementation of State Policy

The article examines the regulatory and legal support for the implementation of state policy in the field of execution of criminal sentences under martial law. The relevance of the topic is due to the transformation of the conditions for the functioning of the penal system of Ukraine as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, which exacerbated existing and revealed new problems of legal regulation in the field of execution of criminal sentences. The current state of the legislative and regulatory framework that determines the activities of bodies and institutions of the penal system is analyzed, and its compliance with the conditions of the legal regime of martial law is also clarified. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the lack of a coordinated terminological approach to the definition of the concepts of "regulatory and legal support" and "implementation of state policy in the field of execution of criminal sentences". The author's definition of the concept of "normative and legal support for the implementation of state policy in the field of execution of criminal sentences under martial law" is proposed, which combines normative, institutional and functional approaches. The main problematic issues of a regulatory and legal nature caused by the introduction of martial law in Ukraine have been identified. Special attention is paid to the problem of ensuring legal certainty for the staff of penal institutions and persons held in them, as well as the role of strategic and departmental documents in the implementation of state policy under martial law. The lack of special financial and legal mechanisms and uniform minimum standards for the functioning of penal institutions during the war is emphasized. Key words: state policy in the field of execution of criminal sentences, execution of criminal sentences, regulatory and legal support, martial law, penal system, State Penal Service of Ukraine, human rights, pre-trial detention centers, institutions, public control.

The object of the study is the demographic security of the Russian border region. The article presents brief results of a statistical study conducted in the Altai Territory, a typical subsidized region of Russian society. The subject of the study was the social mechanisms of depopulation trends of human capital, namely, the birth rate, mortality and features of the migration decline of the region's population. The study was conducted on the territory of the Altai Territory, which is a border region and is significantly influenced by external factors on its demographic situation. The results of the study can be used to develop effective measures to stimulate fertility and reduce mortality, as well as to develop and implement measures to improve the demographic situation in the region and in other regions of Russia with similar problems. The research methodology is based on a multidisciplinary comprehensive analysis, including structural, functional, demographic approaches in combination with a secondary statistical analysis of the main reproductive indicators of the region's population. The novelty of the study lies in the description of the territorial specifics of negative trends in one of the border regions of the country in theoretical comparison with national and global trends. Regional trends in fertility decline, fluctuations in the mortality rate, features and causes of the processes of migration loss of the population of the Altai Territory are described. Conclusions are drawn that demographic security is the main factor in the sustainable development of society and the state. Modern regional and all-Russian social policy should be aimed not only at analyzing the risks associated with demographic changes, but also at minimizing their negative consequences. Trends in the field of fertility, mortality, and migration of the population of the Altai Territory indicate its accelerated depopulation. Timely innovative scientifically based approaches are needed to form an integrated policy aimed at strengthening the demographic security of the Russian region.

Problem setting. There is a fairly extensive network of museums in Ukraine. These cultural institutions have different forms of ownership and subordination: public, communal, private. Study, preservation and popularization of the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine; development of cultural, educational and research museum activities related to the acquisition of museum collections, exhibition, fund, publishing, restoration, monument protection work, aesthetic, intellectual, civic, national and patriotic education; the solution of problematic issues of the museum affairs requires an effective public policy in this area. Bringing all components of such a policy in line with the challenges of the time, focusing on state-building guidelines, developing identity, satisfying the public interest is an extremely important task today. Recent research and publications analysis. The research topics of Ukrainian and foreign scholars relate to various areas of the museum sphere: the connection of economic processes and museum activities; local communities and the development of museums in a pandemic; transformation of museum institutions; balanced development, sustainability, etc. The following scientists studied the essence and content of these processes: I. Panteleychuk, R. Mankovskaya, N. Filipchuk, Y. Klyuchko, L. Pleshakova, T. Shlyapakova, B. Boniface, S. Cooper, R. Mencarelli, C. Alcaraz, I. Pop, A. Borza, T. Komarac and others. The paper objective – analysis of indicators illustrating the problems and trends of public policy in the field of museum affairs in Ukraine, the functioning of museums in crises, in particular, which are a consequence of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The paper main body. The Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine is the main body in the system of central executive bodies, which ensures the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of museum affairs. There is no complete list of existing museums of various forms of ownership. The last update of the list, as stated on the website of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, took place on May 10, 2018. The most common type of museum in Ukraine is local lore. There are 567 such museums of various forms of ownership: state (regional, district, city) and non-state. The number of historical museums is 235 units. 196 museums have national status. There are 89 registered art museums in the database, including 52 art museums and 37 art galleries. Given the military actions in eastern Ukraine caused by the occupation of part of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, museums related to military affairs and memory are popular: troops - 63, military glory - 51, war - 6. Minimizing the negative impact of the political factor on the development of museums would help to improve the performance of museum institutions of their social functions, regardless of which model (elite, democratic or mixed) is a museum. Indicators of museum activity, which are summarized by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine by regions and the country as a whole are: number of museums, museum branches, distribution of museums by status, by profile, number of main and auxiliary funds, classification of funds by regions and museum profile , movement of funds, area of the museum territory, research, exposition and exhibition work, number of visitors, main characteristics of museum staff, etc. The study of trends in museum activities is carried out in comparison with the development of tourism. The relative growth rates of the number of museum visitors and the growth rates of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents for the corresponding period are calculated. The analysis shows that a significant decrease in indicators occurred in 2014, when the Russian Federation annexed Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war began. The growth rate of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents in almost all years exceeds the growth rate of the number of museum visitors for the period 2011-2019. The growth rate is calculated relative to the previous year. The biggest difference in the growth rate is 2018: 62% increase in the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents against 4.88% increase in the number of museum visitors. The leaders in the number of museums per 1 million population in Ukraine are Dnipropetrovsk, Zhytomyr and Odessa regions. Conclusions of the research. It is determined that the legal basis of museum affairs in Ukraine is prescribed in the legislation, in particular, in the Law of Ukraine «On Museums and Museum Affairs». The basic indicators illustrating problems and tendencies of realization of the public policy in the field of museum affairs in Ukraine are considered. Analysis of the performance of the museum affairs in the crisis, which is a consequence of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the annexation of the autonomous Republic of Crimea, proves a significant decrease in all indicators in 2014-2015 and a gradual increase in subsequent years. Relative indicators have been calculated that indicate the impact of armed aggression on museum activities, such as: the growth rate of the number of museum visitors and the growth rate of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents for the relevant period. The analysis shows that a significant decline occurred in 2014, when Russia occupied Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war began. It is noted that for Ukraine the negative factor influencing the development of museums is still political, which is illustrated by the example of the Odessa Art Museum, the Ivan Honchar Museum and «Mystetskyi Arsenal» National Culture, Arts and Museum Complex. Emphasis is placed on the need for the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine to develop a state strategy for the development of the museum industry.