유니버설 디자인에 기반을 둔 새로운 그래픽 패스워드 기법

Traditional text based password schemes are subjected to dictionary attacks on a very large scale. As a solution, graphical password schemes are a promising alternative to text-based recognition schemes where instead of text, images are chosen for a password. However, these schemes are again affected due to shoulder surfing and less effective due to large dictionary space. This paper focuses on providing a solution based on text-based graphical password techniques, a combination of Déjà vu and Moveable Frame scheme. Déjà vu is further replaced by text-based images than purely graphics. Our research has two main objectives: 1) To thwart shoulder surfing 2) To minimize the search time of pass images on the login screen. The project was implemented as a resulting android application using Android Studio. Results show the proposed scheme of graphical password system with multiple alphabet images is more recognizable and has less cognitive load on user as compared to image based graphical password schemes. The incorrect login rate for multiple alphabet based images with movable frame was 15% more than graphical password schemes thus a better solution to protect shoulder surfing.

Graphical passwords are an alternative form of authentication that use images for login, and leverage the picture superiority effect for good usability and memorability. Categories of graphical passwords have been distinguished on the basis of different kinds of memory retrieval (recall, cued-recall, and recognition). Psychological research suggests that leveraging recognition memory should be best, but this remains an open question in the password literature. This paper examines how different kinds of memory retrieval affect the memorability and usability of random assigned graphical passwords. A series of five studies of graphical and text passwords showed that participants were able to better remember recognition-based graphical passwords, but their usability was limited by slow login times. A graphical password scheme that leveraged recognition and recall memory was most successful at combining memorability and usability.

PassBYOP is a new graphical password scheme for public terminals that replaces the static digital images typically used in graphical password systems with personalized physical tokens, herein in the form of digital pictures displayed on a physical user-owned device such as a mobile phone. Users present these images to a system camera and then enter their password as a sequence of selections on live video of the token. Highly distinctive optical features are extracted from these selections and used as the password. We present three feasibility studies of PassBYOP examining its reliability, usability, and security against observation. The reliability study shows that image-feature based passwords are viable and suggests appropriate system thresholds—password items should contain a minimum of seven features, 40% of which must geometrically match originals stored on an authentication server in order to be judged equivalent. The usability study measures task completion times and error rates, revealing these to be 7.5 s and 9%, broadly comparable with prior graphical password systems that use static digital images. Finally, the security study highlights PassBYOP's resistance to observation attack—three attackers are unable to compromise a password using shoulder surfing, camera-based observation, or malware. These results indicate that PassBYOP shows promise for security while maintaining the usability of current graphical password schemes.

ABSTRACTGraphical password composition is an important part of graphical user authentication which affects the strength of the chosen password. Considering that graphical authentication is associated with visual search, perception, and information retrieval, in this paper we report on an eye-tracking study (N = 109) that aimed to investigate the effects of users’ cognitive styles toward the strength of the created passwords and shed light into whether and how the visual strategy of the users during graphical password composition is associated with the passwords’ strength. For doing so, we adopted Witkin’s Field Dependence-Independence theory, which underpins individual differences in visual information and cognitive processing, as graphical password composition tasks are associated with visual search. The analysis revealed that users with different cognitive processing characteristics followed different patterns of visual behavior during password composition which affected the strength of the created passwords. The findings underpin the need of considering human-cognitive characteristics as a design factor in graphical password schemes. The paper concludes by discussing implications for improving recognition-based graphical passwords through adaptation and personalization techniques based on individual cognitive characteristics.

Graphical passwords are considered to be a secure and memorable alternative to text passwords. Users of such systems, authenticate themselves by identifying a subset of images from the set of displayed images. However, despite the impressive results of user studies on experimental graphical passwords schemes, their overall commercial adaptations have been relatively low. In this paper, we investigate the reasons behind the low commercial acceptance of graphical passwords and present recommendations to overcome the same. Based on these recommendations, we design a simple graphical password scheme, which we call as NAPTune. NAPTune is aimed to work as a cued recognition based graphical authentication scheme that allows users to choose both text as well as images as their password with the same underlying design and interaction. In doing so, we blend the strengths of Numbers, Alphabets and Pictures (NAP) together to effectively defeat prevalent forms of social hacking. We conducted a user study with 35 participants to evaluate the viability of our proposed design. Results of the study are encouraging which indicates that our proposed design is potentially secure and usable method of authentication.

a graphical password system with a supportive sound signature to increase the remembrance of the password is discussed. In proposed work a click-based graphical password scheme called Cued Click Points (CCP) is presented. In this system a password consists of sequence of some images in which user can select one click-point per image. In addition user is asked to select a sound signature corresponding to each click point this sound signature will be used to help the user in recalling the click point on an image. System showed very good Performance in terms of speed, accuracy, and ease of use. Users preferred CCP to Pass Points, saying that selecting and remembering only one point per image was easier and sound signature helps considerably in recalling the click points.

In this paper, we discuss how to prevent users' passwords from being stolen by adversaries. Textual-based password authentication scheme tend to be more vulnerable to attacks such as shoulder surfing. To overcome the vulnerabilities of traditional methods, visual or graphical password schemes have been developed as possible alternative solutions to text-based scheme. But simply adopting graphical password authentication also has some drawbacks; hence some hybrid schemes based on text as well as graphics were developed. We propose a virtual password concept involving a small amount of human computing to secure users' passwords in on-line environments. We also analyze how the proposed scheme defends against phishing, key logger, shoulder-surfing, man in the middle and session hijacking attacks.

Since conventional password schemes are vulnerable to shoulder surfing, many shoulder surfing resistant graphical password schemes have been proposed. However, as most users are more familiar with textual passwords than pure graphical passwords, text-based graphical password schemes have been proposed. Unfortunately, none of existing text-based shoulder surfing resistant graphical password schemes is both secure and efficient enough. In this paper, we propose an improved text-based shoulder surfing resistant graphical password scheme by using colors. In the proposed scheme, the user can easily and efficiently login system. Next, we analyze the security and usability of the proposed scheme, and show the resistance of the proposed scheme to shoulder surfing and accidental login.

In this project, a graphical password system with a supportive sound signature to increase the remembrance of the password is discussed. In proposed work a click-based graphical password scheme called Cued Click Points (CCP) is presented. In this system a password consists of sequence of some images in which user can select one click-point per image. In addition user is asked to select a sound signature corresponding to each click point this sound signature will be used to help the user in recalling the click point on an image. System showed very good Performance in terms of speed, accuracy, and ease of use. Users preferred CCP to Pass Points, saying that selecting and remembering only one point per image was easier and sound signature helps considerably in recalling the click points. Keywords - Security, Graphical password, Persuasive Cued Click Points.

Shoulder surfing is an easy attack, where an unauthorized user tries to gain access to sensitive information. Unfortunately, none of the currently available content-based shoulder-surfing approaches for protected graphical concealed keywords are both trustworthy and professional. This paper proposes an authentication technique that operates on touchscreen devices with an aim to solve the problem of shoulder-surfing assaults over validation. Graphical passwords are required to get access to the system and to assist with its security. A graphical password is a type of password that can be used instead of a textual password to gain access to a system. It is safer than a written password, which is vulnerable to a shoulder-surfing assault. In this study, we used a falsification technique to create a system that is immune to shoulder-surfing assaults. As a result, the hacker will be perplexed when attempting to obtain and misuse the password. Using Android Studio, the proposed scheme was developed into an android application composed of shoulder-surfing resistant user registration and login process. When compared with other graphical password techniques based on images, the proposed the technique of graphical authentication mechanism with numbers/digits is more easy to memorize and has less cognitive strain on the user. Our graphical authentication technique has more complexity and larger password space than the conventional numeric password schemes, making it a superior method for safeguarding against shoulder surfing attacks. To meet customer expectations, this project seeks to design a graphical password by combining processes such as long key press, and acceleration detection mechanism of Android devices.

In general, it is difficult to remember a strong password i.e. a long and random password. So, the common tendency of a user is to select a weak alphanumeric password that is easy to remember. But the password which is easy to remember is also easy to predict. In contrast, the password that is very difficult to predict or requires more computation to break is also difficult to remember. To overcome this limitation of creating secure and memorable passwords, researchers have developed graphical password scheme which takes images as passwords rather than alphanumeric characters. But graphical password schemes are vulnerable to shoulder-surfing attack where an attacker can capture a password by direct observation. In this paper a graphical password scheme, namely SG-PASS is proposed which can prevent the shoulder-surfing attack by a human observer and also spyware attack, using a challenge response method.

In September 2018, the patent for pixel value graphical password scheme was granted in Malaysia. The graphical password scheme was designed to reduce the complexity of previously developed graphical password scheme where a user only requires to load their personal image as password instead of complex graphical challenge during authentication. As the guardian of digital access, Pixel Value Access Control was highly invincible from password pixel forgery attack where a little bit different pixel value derived from loaded image will deny the access. Only the original enrolled image from a registered user can be recognized by Pixel Value Access Control to authenticate the respective username. That fact makes the graphical password scheme is a trusted access control mechanism but, on the other hand, it makes users bound with the only original password pixel image file. Thus, Pixel Value Access Control need to be installed the pixel value fault tolerance mechanism where it could allow users to acquire their password pixel image file from various storage media. The clustering technique was suggested to solve this issue where it allows an altered pixel password being recognized as the same group of the original pixel password. There are number of clustering algorithms developed for various purposed and application of digital image clustering. K-Means algorithm is one the partition-based clustering algorithm that found to be the simplest and fastest clustering algorithm as suggested by many researchers. This paper is mainly to exhibit the selection of K-Means clustering algorithm became the crucial algorithm for Pixel Value Access Control password pixel fault tolerance algorithm. Background of this topic was briefly explained in introduction section, the implementation of K-Means algorithm as Pixel Value Access Control fault tolerance was elaborate in section 2 and followed by validation of the implementation in section 3. At the end of this paper, there is conclusion for this study and followed by list of references.

An exploration of graphical password authentication for children

In this paper Image Based Authentication application is applied on folder's (folders that are confidential to user) ,since the studies till date have shown that textual passwords are more prone that they are well hacked by hackers through easily available software's or programming different code to hack the password. The textual passwords use languages that can be identified using the grammar that they use, therefore our project focuses on Graphical passwords , because as such it has been observed that human brains is better at re-collecting and recognizing images than text, the images are well captured and stored rather than text. There have been phases in creating a strong graphical password scheme from 1999, with the promise that the graphical passwords would provide improved password memorability and usability. The technique that we use here is PCCP (PERSUASIVE CUED CLICK POINTS), this is a combination of recall and recognition based techniques with the implementation of SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm). Here PCCP is used for user to have better strong passwords by expanding password space and SHA1 is used to ensure security to folder. Keyword: Authentication, Graphical Password, Hotspot, Passpoints, Secure Hash Algorithm,

User authentication is a fundamental component in most computer security context. In recent years, computer and network security has been formulated as a technical problem. A key area in security research is authentication which is the determination of whether a user should be allowed access to a given system or resource. In this respect, Authentication is a process by which a system verifies the identity of a user. Authentication may also be generalized by saying that “to authenticate” means “to authorize”. Users tend to pick passwords that can be easily guessed, on the other hand, if a password is hard to guess, then it is often hard to remember. To address this problem some researchers have developed authentication methods that use pictures as passwords, known as graphical passwords.Graphical passwords are a proposed alternative to text passwords that have been shown to have good usability and security properties that use images for login, and leverage the picture superiority effect for good usability and memorability. Categories of graphical passwords have been distinguished on the basis of different kinds of memory retrieval (recall, cued-recall, and recognition). Though there are several kinds of graphical password, But We have choose to implement the cued click based due to efficient and more secured, Cued click points is a click-based graphical password scheme, Users click on one point per image for a sequence of images. The next image is based on the previous clickpoint. Performance was very good in terms of speed, accuracy, and number of errors. Graphical passwords may offer better security than text-based passwords because many people, in an attempt to memorize text-based passwords, use plain words rather than the recommended jumble of characters.