PassBYOP: Bring Your Own Picture for Securing Graphical Passwords

Traditional text based password schemes are subjected to dictionary attacks on a very large scale. As a solution, graphical password schemes are a promising alternative to text-based recognition schemes where instead of text, images are chosen for a password. However, these schemes are again affected due to shoulder surfing and less effective due to large dictionary space. This paper focuses on providing a solution based on text-based graphical password techniques, a combination of Déjà vu and Moveable Frame scheme. Déjà vu is further replaced by text-based images than purely graphics. Our research has two main objectives: 1) To thwart shoulder surfing 2) To minimize the search time of pass images on the login screen. The project was implemented as a resulting android application using Android Studio. Results show the proposed scheme of graphical password system with multiple alphabet images is more recognizable and has less cognitive load on user as compared to image based graphical password schemes. The incorrect login rate for multiple alphabet based images with movable frame was 15% more than graphical password schemes thus a better solution to protect shoulder surfing.

텍스트 기반 패스워드 인증의 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 이미지를 사용하는 그래픽 패스워드가 발전 하였다. 기본적으로 그래픽 패스워드는 화면에 보이는 이미지 위의 정확한 점의 위치를 순서대로 선택(클릭)하여 인증을 처리하는 방식이다. 이러한 기존의 그래픽 패스워드 방식은 화면상의 정확한 지점을 선택하여 클릭하지 못하면 인식에 실패한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 개선한 신 개념의 그래픽 패스워드 방식인 PassPositions를 소개한다. PassPositions는 지금까지의 그래픽 패스워드 방식에서 사용하지 않았던 상대위치를 패스워드 생성에 사용한 신개념의 그래픽 패스워드 기법이다. PassPositions는 유니버설 디자인에 기반을 둔 그래픽 패스워드 기법으로 사용자의 신체적 조건에 관계없이 모두가 편리하게 사용할 수 있다. Graphical passwords using images have been developed to solve problems in text based password recognition. The basic recognition process scheme of graphical passwords is clicking certain points on the screen image in correct order. In this pre-developed method of graphical passwords the recognition will fail if the precise positions are not clicked. A new graphical password system called PassPositions is introduced in this paper. PassPositions is a new graphical password scheme which is using relative positions never used earlier graphical password schemes. PassPositions is a graphical password scheme based on universal design that everybody can use conveniently without regarding their physical conditions.

Shoulder surfing is an easy attack, where an unauthorized user tries to gain access to sensitive information. Unfortunately, none of the currently available content-based shoulder-surfing approaches for protected graphical concealed keywords are both trustworthy and professional. This paper proposes an authentication technique that operates on touchscreen devices with an aim to solve the problem of shoulder-surfing assaults over validation. Graphical passwords are required to get access to the system and to assist with its security. A graphical password is a type of password that can be used instead of a textual password to gain access to a system. It is safer than a written password, which is vulnerable to a shoulder-surfing assault. In this study, we used a falsification technique to create a system that is immune to shoulder-surfing assaults. As a result, the hacker will be perplexed when attempting to obtain and misuse the password. Using Android Studio, the proposed scheme was developed into an android application composed of shoulder-surfing resistant user registration and login process. When compared with other graphical password techniques based on images, the proposed the technique of graphical authentication mechanism with numbers/digits is more easy to memorize and has less cognitive strain on the user. Our graphical authentication technique has more complexity and larger password space than the conventional numeric password schemes, making it a superior method for safeguarding against shoulder surfing attacks. To meet customer expectations, this project seeks to design a graphical password by combining processes such as long key press, and acceleration detection mechanism of Android devices.

Since conventional password schemes are vulnerable to shoulder surfing, many shoulder surfing resistant graphical password schemes have been proposed. However, as most users are more familiar with textual passwords than pure graphical passwords, text-based graphical password schemes have been proposed. Unfortunately, none of existing text-based shoulder surfing resistant graphical password schemes is both secure and efficient enough. In this paper, we propose an improved text-based shoulder surfing resistant graphical password scheme by using colors. In the proposed scheme, the user can easily and efficiently login system. Next, we analyze the security and usability of the proposed scheme, and show the resistance of the proposed scheme to shoulder surfing and accidental login.

In this paper, we discuss how to prevent users' passwords from being stolen by adversaries. Textual-based password authentication scheme tend to be more vulnerable to attacks such as shoulder surfing. To overcome the vulnerabilities of traditional methods, visual or graphical password schemes have been developed as possible alternative solutions to text-based scheme. But simply adopting graphical password authentication also has some drawbacks; hence some hybrid schemes based on text as well as graphics were developed. We propose a virtual password concept involving a small amount of human computing to secure users' passwords in on-line environments. We also analyze how the proposed scheme defends against phishing, key logger, shoulder-surfing, man in the middle and session hijacking attacks.

Graphical passwords are an alternative form of authentication that use images for login, and leverage the picture superiority effect for good usability and memorability. Categories of graphical passwords have been distinguished on the basis of different kinds of memory retrieval (recall, cued-recall, and recognition). Psychological research suggests that leveraging recognition memory should be best, but this remains an open question in the password literature. This paper examines how different kinds of memory retrieval affect the memorability and usability of random assigned graphical passwords. A series of five studies of graphical and text passwords showed that participants were able to better remember recognition-based graphical passwords, but their usability was limited by slow login times. A graphical password scheme that leveraged recognition and recall memory was most successful at combining memorability and usability.

In general, it is difficult to remember a strong password i.e. a long and random password. So, the common tendency of a user is to select a weak alphanumeric password that is easy to remember. But the password which is easy to remember is also easy to predict. In contrast, the password that is very difficult to predict or requires more computation to break is also difficult to remember. To overcome this limitation of creating secure and memorable passwords, researchers have developed graphical password scheme which takes images as passwords rather than alphanumeric characters. But graphical password schemes are vulnerable to shoulder-surfing attack where an attacker can capture a password by direct observation. In this paper a graphical password scheme, namely SG-PASS is proposed which can prevent the shoulder-surfing attack by a human observer and also spyware attack, using a challenge response method.

Purpose – The Android pattern lock screen (or graphical password) is a popular user authentication method that relies on the advantages provided by the visual representation of a password, which enhance its memorability. Graphical passwords are vulnerable to attacks (e.g. shoulder surfing); thus, the need for more complex passwords becomes apparent. This paper aims to focus on the features that constitute a usable and secure pattern and investigate the existence of heuristic and physical rules that possibly dictate the formation of a pattern. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a survey to study the users’ understanding of the security and usability of the pattern lock screen. The authors developed an Android application that collects graphical passwords, by simulating user authentication in a mobile device. This avoids any potential bias that is introduced when the survey participants are not interacting with a mobile device while forming graphical passwords (e.g. in Web or hard-copy surveys). Findings – The findings verify and enrich previous knowledge for graphical passwords, namely, that users mostly prefer usability than security. Using the survey results, the authors demonstrate how biased input impairs security by shrinking the available password space. Research limitations/implications – The sample’s demographics may affect our findings. Therefore, future work can focus on the replication of our work in a sample with different demographics. Originality/value – The authors define metrics that measure the usability of a pattern (handedness, directionality and symmetry) and investigate their impact to its formation. The authors propose a security assessment scheme using features in a pattern (e.g. the existence of knight moves or overlapping nodes) to evaluate its security strengths.

ABSTRACTGraphical password composition is an important part of graphical user authentication which affects the strength of the chosen password. Considering that graphical authentication is associated with visual search, perception, and information retrieval, in this paper we report on an eye-tracking study (N = 109) that aimed to investigate the effects of users’ cognitive styles toward the strength of the created passwords and shed light into whether and how the visual strategy of the users during graphical password composition is associated with the passwords’ strength. For doing so, we adopted Witkin’s Field Dependence-Independence theory, which underpins individual differences in visual information and cognitive processing, as graphical password composition tasks are associated with visual search. The analysis revealed that users with different cognitive processing characteristics followed different patterns of visual behavior during password composition which affected the strength of the created passwords. The findings underpin the need of considering human-cognitive characteristics as a design factor in graphical password schemes. The paper concludes by discussing implications for improving recognition-based graphical passwords through adaptation and personalization techniques based on individual cognitive characteristics.

Graphical passwords are considered to be a secure and memorable alternative to text passwords. Users of such systems, authenticate themselves by identifying a subset of images from the set of displayed images. However, despite the impressive results of user studies on experimental graphical passwords schemes, their overall commercial adaptations have been relatively low. In this paper, we investigate the reasons behind the low commercial acceptance of graphical passwords and present recommendations to overcome the same. Based on these recommendations, we design a simple graphical password scheme, which we call as NAPTune. NAPTune is aimed to work as a cued recognition based graphical authentication scheme that allows users to choose both text as well as images as their password with the same underlying design and interaction. In doing so, we blend the strengths of Numbers, Alphabets and Pictures (NAP) together to effectively defeat prevalent forms of social hacking. We conducted a user study with 35 participants to evaluate the viability of our proposed design. Results of the study are encouraging which indicates that our proposed design is potentially secure and usable method of authentication.

User authentication is an essential step in information security. Textual passwords are the most traditional ways used in most user authentication systems to achieve the security of information, but textual passwords are vulnerable to many types of attacks such as: dictionary attacks, shoulder surfing, and spyware. Graphical password can overcome the shortcomings of the textual passwords, but it still vulnerable to shouldersurfing attacks, takes much space in the system and sometimes user takes a long time to enter. By using Emoji-pictures, a new technique that overcomes the drawbacks of both textual and graphical passwords was presented in this paper. The proposed technique is resistant to dictionary attacks, shoulder surfing, and spyware in addition to that it doesn't take large space in the system's database and provides a safe and enjoyable session for users during entering the password.

User authentication is necessary to secure the data and process on internet or mobile communications. Most commonly employed system for said purpose is Static alpha-numeric password based authentication system. But they are susceptible to various types of active and passive attacks. One of the promising alternatives is Graphical password based authentication systems which if implemented properly are secure but not as easy to understand or learn.In this paper we propose a varied version of inkblot authentication [1] graphical password system which is secure as well as usable. It generates pseudo random one time passwords using a set of inkblots unique to the user. Properties of one time passwords ensures the resistance towards replay, phishing, shoulder surfing, active and dictionary attacks. We also analyze the results from two experiments we have conducted to confirm that this system is easy to learn and password memorability is high, thus making it a promising authentication mechanism.KeywordsUsable securityAuthenticationOne-time passwordsCueingInterfaces

Authentication is vital for maintaining system secu- rity. Graphical password-based authentication systems provide a promising alternative to traditional authentication methods such as alphanumeric or text-based passwords. Conventional authentication systems are susceptible to brute force attacks, dictionary attacks, password guessing and user memory fatigue. Users create a personalized password by selecting a sequence of images or points in an image grid, which enhances security due to the complexity of graphical choices over traditional textual passwords. Graphical Password Based Authentication (GPA) incorporates a combination of image-based cues and persuasive elements which encourages a user to select a secure password. Our system addresses a major security concern, shoulder surfing, by creating and using hybrid images. Index Terms—Password Space, Click-Point Distribution, Guessing Attacks, Recall Study, Shoulder Surfing Attacks, PCCP (Persuasive Cued Click Points), Hotspots, Hybrid Images, Cued Recall, False Accept Points, Deep Residual Networks (DRN), Edge Detection, Hybrid Textual-Graphical Authentication, Brute- force Attacks, Pattern Matching .

a graphical password system with a supportive sound signature to increase the remembrance of the password is discussed. In proposed work a click-based graphical password scheme called Cued Click Points (CCP) is presented. In this system a password consists of sequence of some images in which user can select one click-point per image. In addition user is asked to select a sound signature corresponding to each click point this sound signature will be used to help the user in recalling the click point on an image. System showed very good Performance in terms of speed, accuracy, and ease of use. Users preferred CCP to Pass Points, saying that selecting and remembering only one point per image was easier and sound signature helps considerably in recalling the click points.

The authentication textual passwords are the most widely used technique. However, this type of legacy authentication is vulnerable to various attacks, such as shoulder-surfing attacks. Hence, graphical password authentication is one of these approaches which has been suggested to overcome the issues related to textual passwords. Nevertheless, the hackers have also developed new techniques that can be finally broken the graphical password, for instance, listening to the transmitted information between the client and the server. In this paper, Passnumbers graphical authentication password is proposed. Passnumbers approach involves two new stages, which are first, using the coordinates of a graphical grid cells-based numbers for entering the password. The second stage is represented by deploying a new technique to encrypt the password based on the image pixels. The performance evaluation reveals that the proposed Passnumbers can provide high resistance against several graphical password attacks including shoulder surfing and eavesdropping attacks. Passnumbers is evaluated using several metrics including security and usability.