ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАГРОЗ ЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ БЕЗПЕЦІ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The subject of the study is the state and prospects of development of legal and economic foundations of regulation of legal relations in the sphere of national security of Ukraine. Methodology. In the process of research were used general scientific and special legal methods. Dialectical method made it possible to compare the level of legal protection of private and public interests as a type of national interests in comparison with the objects of national security. By means of analysis were determined quantitative and qualitative parameters of measures implemented within the framework of ensuring national security of Ukraine in the sphere of protected national interests of legal and economic nature. Synthesis provided the formation of common features that mediate the existence of the main categories in the sphere of national security, taking into account the time period in which the relevant measures are implemented. Comparative-legal method allowed us to identify common and distinctive features in the implementation of measures of legal and economic nature to ensure national security at different times and in the future. The purpose of the article is to establish the state and determine the prospects of development of legal and economic provision of regulation of social relations in the sphere of national security, taking into account geopolitical and internal challenges of the corresponding period of the existence of Ukrainian statehood. The results of the study showed that the state of legal and economic security of national security of Ukraine needs to be adjusted and improved taking into account the needs of the time in the geopolitical space, which is reflected in the organizational, legal and legislative work of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the research of scientists. Conclusion. The legal and economic foundations of Ukraine's national security developed under the influence of a number of factors, among which the determining ones are: international standards; creation of a legal regulation mechanism harmonizing private and public interests as part of national interests; prompt response to external and internal challenges, creation of the most effective conditions for the existence of civil society, including economic, involvement of institutions of democratic civil control in this activity. It is established that the formation of legal and economic security of national security of Ukraine took place in three stages: the initial period, when the general rules of normalization of legal relations in this area were laid down; the period of unification and systematization of normative regulations in this sphere, taking into account the proportionality of public and private national interests included in the content of national security, with the priority of the latter, in particular in the field of economic security; the period of adaptation of the regulatory framework in the field of national security to the geopolitical challenges that Ukraine faced after the Revolution of Dignity. The defining features of these stages are characterized. It is established that the legal regulation and economic provision of national security of Ukraine today is determined by the following features: in the first place among the national interests are the state sovereignty, territorial integrity, democratic constitutional order, which are associated with a real threat to these interests due to the existing aggression; a number of strategic documents in the relevant areas of national security, the content of which contains a qualification of threats, directions of state policy and appropriate response measures, in particular to ensure economic security, were categorically defined; the legal status of subjects of national security has been normalized and significantly expanded; the content of the powers and functions of these subjects is reduced, and the content of the activities of citizens and public organizations is ignored; for the first time elements of democratic civil control in the sphere of national security are introduced into the legal field. Analyzed modern scientific developments on the national security of Ukraine, which allowed to highlight promising directions of development of measures of legal and economic nature aimed at ensuring national security, including the prevention of threats in the sphere of influence of geopolitical vectors of the modern world system on the formation of Ukrainian statehood, preventing the impact of negative factors of internal and external origin, in particular: separatism; cybercrime; corruption; economic and financial threats; energy crisis; COVID-19 pandemics, etc. In addition, a characteristic feature of such measures should be their ex-ordinary effectiveness, which is mediated by the involvement of all branches of government and institutions of civil society through deep coordination of such activities, the use of international experience, cooperation with international organizations of a military-economic type, the dissemination of the jurisprudence of international courts, using the example of the European Court of Human Rights, etc.

Today, the influence of dynamic changes in geopolitical and geo-economics’ conditions requires new requirements to ensure the national security of the state and its sustainable development. One of the central places in the structure of the national security of Ukraine is its economic security, which guarantees the independence of the country, the conditions of stability and effective functioning of society. In this regard, tracking of trends in the economic sphere, detection of the main risks and threats to economic security, identification of measures dealing with reduction of their negative impact are relevant both from a scientific and practical point of view. This article considers the key threats to the economic security of the state in the context of globalization, the long-term influence of which reduces the economic security of the state, makes it vulnerable to external challenges, and significantly weakens its position on the world stage.The importance of ensuring the state economic security and counteracting the negative impact of threats that may harm it has been proved. It has been noted that ensuring of economic security is a priority of the state. The essence of economic security of the state and its importance for national security in general has been described. The current legislative documents, which identify the main real and potential threats to the national security of Ukraine at the present stage, including in the economic sphere have been considered. The interference of threats to the state economic security, which are divided according to the scope of their occurrence into internal and external, has been assessed. It has been determined that external threats are associated with adverse processes in the world economy, and internal threats are dealing with the activities of public authorities, macroeconomic and microeconomic instability of the market economy, they are stipulated to those processes that occur during economic policy. It has been noted that the current conditions for the development of the state security, due to new challenges and threats, need to improve and implement new measures to combat the negative influence of major threats to the national economic security. As a result of the study, the main measures to counter the main threats to the state economic security were identified.

SOURCES OF FINANCING INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ENTERPRISES

The author of the article substantiates the relevance and timeliness of the systematization of the subjects of national security and defense of Ukraine.
 On the basis of generalization and analysis of the current legislation in the field of national security and defense, the author has defined the system of subjects of national security and defense of Ukraine as follows:
 1) management subsystem (the President of Ukraine);
 2) controlled subsystem: security forces – law enforcement and intelligence agencies, state agencies of special purpose with law enforcement functions, civil defence forces and other agencies; Defense Forces – the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as other military formations, law enforcement and intelligence agencies, special purpose agencies with law enforcement functions formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine; defense-industrial complex; citizens and public associations;
 3) auxiliary parts of the system (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, judicial agencies, international institutions).
 It has been offered to amend Part 1 of the Art. 12 of the Law of Ukraine “On National Security of Ukraine”, supplementing the four interconnected components of the security and defense sector with a fifth one – leadership in the field of national security and defense. At the end of the list contained in Part 2 of the Art. 12 of the Law of Ukraine “On National Security of Ukraine”, we consider it necessary to add the phrase “and other authorized agencies”, since the existing list of agencies that are part of the security and defense sector is not exhaustive. The main subjects of national security and defense of Ukraine have been characterized.

Relevance of the research. For Ukraine, the relevance of the topic is enhanced by the need to develop a long-term model of economic recovery and modernization, which would be based on the principles of sustainability, economic sovereignty, social security and integration into the European security space. In the EU countries, in turn, there is a growing awareness of the need to strengthen economic and energy security, adaptation to the new reality, where the policy of “soft power” no longer ensures stability. Therefore, the issue of economic security is becoming key for the formation of modern economic policy of both Ukraine and the European Union. Problem statement. Modern economic challenges require a new scientific paradigm — an integrative model of security economics, which would allow states to maintain stability and competitiveness, providing protection from threats and creating a basis for long-term development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of economic security is considered in various conceptual planes, for example, during the period of F. Roosevelt's “New Deal”, when economic stabilization was considered an element of national security in the USA. Ukrainian researchers, in particular, Ya. Zhalilo, consider economic security as the ability of the economy to self-reproduce and resist destabilizing factors. Other scientists focus on the resilience of the economic system to external and internal threats (O. Skoruk, Z. Gbur), methods of their neutralization, mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness and socio-economic stability. Research task. Theoretical justification and empirical analysis of the concept of security economy in the context of modern geopolitical challenges, as well as identification of key areas of economic policy of Ukraine and the European Union countries. Main material presentation. The article analyzes Ukraine’s national strategies in the field of economic security since 2014, and shows how the military conflict forced the state to move towards the integration of defense, energy, financial and social mechanisms into a common economic paradigm. Particular attention is paid to post-war recovery programs, including grant initiatives, stimulating small and medium-sized businesses, supporting critical infrastructure and attracting international assistance. It highlights research approaches to the analysis of economic growth as an ambiguous indicator of well-being and security, in particular with regard to environmental, social and institutional consequences. The concept of “economic socialization” is considered, which involves the development of human capital, social cohesion and citizen participation in decision-making as a key condition for sustainable development. In the context of the EU, the emphasis is on changes in the security paradigm, which were manifested through the adoption of the Strategic Compass, strengthening the defense potential, energy transformation and the conclusion of security agreements with Ukraine. It is shown that the security economy is becoming a new model of cooperation between Ukraine and Europe, focused on long-term stability, strategic autonomy, and the protection of democratic values. Conclusions. Economic security in the post-war recovery period will obviously be closely linked to social stability. After the war, many people face unemployment, loss of housing, and a decline in living standards. The state must ensure social support, the creation of new jobs, access to education, and health services. This will help avoid social tensions and ensure internal stability. Keywords: security economy, economic security, post-war recovery, economic growth, social cohesion, public policy, institutional stability.

The article is devoted to the study of the development of national legislation on ensuring the functioning of the economic security system of Ukraine in the period of independence. Attention is drawn to the necessity and expediency of acquaintance and analysis of key normative legal acts of different legal force, which are directly or indirectly related to the economic component of national security. It emphasizes the need to identify the major historical events that have served as a prerequisite for building a national economic security system and those that, at appropriate times, have influenced its improvement. Political and economic factors have been determined, which made it expedient to adopt (approve) the basic acts for ensuring the state’s economic security system. The role of the Constitution of Ukraine is defined as the fundamental document that laid the legal basis for the development of the state’s economic security system. In the context of scientific research, particular attention is paid to the laws of Ukraine “On the basics of national security” and “On national security of Ukraine”, as the basic normative legal acts to ensure the system of economic security of the state at different times. Key backgrounds for each of them have been identified and their role in building and improving Ukraine’s economic security system has been improved. A number of acts, which were of significant importance for the development and systematic improvement of Ukraine’s national economic security system in the conditions of independence providing protection of the domestic economy and promoting its necessary development. Keywords: ensuring the functioning of the economic security system of Ukraine, the economic security of Ukraine, development of legislation to ensure the functioning of the economic security system of Ukraine, the economic security system of Ukraine, subjects of ensuring the economic security system of Ukraine.

The purpose of the article is to build an assessing model for national economic security and to assess the national economic security of Ukraine during 2019–2021.The concept of national economic security is examined. Its relationship with the concept of state economic security is disclosed. Existing approaches to assess the economic security of the state are reviewed. Using epistemological contextualism by P. Unger for assessing national economic security is demonstrated and justified. Using index-based and indicator-based methods for this purpose is substantiated. Sources of provisioning national economic security are justified, serving as the basis for selecting indicators for assessing national economic security. Requirements for indicators to assess national economic security are suggested. For each of the identified sources of provisioning national economic security, a set of indicators is proposed, and for each such indicator, its selection is justified. The assessment time period is substantiated to eliminate the distorting influence of military actions against Ukraine on the assessment results. The qualitative interpretation of the values of each selected indicator is justified. Based on the calculated values of the proposed indicators for 2019–2021, visual linear profiles of Ukraine's national economic security have been constructed.

The article examines modern geo-economic changes in the modern world in connection with the transition to a new technological structure, the importance of finance in ensuring the economic security of Russia. The Government of Russia is recommended to study carefully the experience of economic reforms in China, as well as the management structure of sectors of the economy in this country in order to adopt positive experience to ensure Russia's economic security. It is shown that the goal of the development of the Russian economy should not be the formation of a consumer society, but a society of high culture, prosperity, enlightenment and the fulfillment of traditional conservative values. Effective employment of the population is the foundation of the social state and its national, economic and financial security. One of the important areas of strengthening the national, economic and financial security of Russia is: deepening economic integration with Belarus, the meaning of which is to create an advanced innovative economy of the Union State. The American national security strategy states that US national security can only be ensured if the country is of the world leadership (dominance). In the foreseeable future, science will determine the socio-economic structure, competitiveness of the country's economy and, therefore, its national, economic and financial security. Further modernization of the Russian economy is possible only on the basis of large new investments. In this regard, the Government of Russia is recommended to tighten control over the export of capital abroad.

The influence of innovation activity and activity on their economic security is studied. On the basis of a thorough analysis of scientific research, the components of the economic security of enterprises are grouped and the expediency of stimulating the innovative development of Ukrainian enterprises in order to ensure the economic security of enterprises and the national security of Ukraine on the basis of the formation of innovation policy at the level of the State and enterprises is indicated. It is noted that the introduction of innovations in business activities It is associated not only with scientific and technological progress and increased competition in many industries, but also with the economic and political situation in the country and ensures the economic security of enterprises. The necessity of formation of innovation policy of enterprises to ensure the economic security of enterprises and the level of their competitiveness is reflected. The existence of strategic challenges related to the formation of mechanisms for the implementation of innovative products, the involvement of domestic and foreign customers of scientific and technical products in the technological modernization of industry, which will ensure the economic security of enterprises on an innovative basis, has been proved. The main groups of reasons for the development of innovation policy and implementation of innovations and the risks that affect the economic security of enterprises are grouped. Keywords. Innovation policy, innovative products, economic and national security, risks, components, challenges, competitiveness, development.

The article analyzes the current trends in the field of transformation of professional competencies being formed by educational institutions of higher education among specialists in the field of economic security and risk analysis. Actual requirements of employers in the labor market in the field of economics are described. The main reasons for the need to change the list and composition of professional competencies are identified. On the example of the current Russian educational standard, the shortcomings of the existing regulatory framework are identified. Scenarios of the development of the educational environment in the absence of changes are analyzed. Measures are proposed to actualize professional competencies and maintain and increase the level of competitiveness of specialists in the field of risk analysis and economic security in the labor market.

Aim. The work aimed to study the consequences of implementing products using artificial intelligence technologies in economic security systems.Objectives. The work seeks to analyze the development directions and results of artificial intelligence technologies; to assess the capabilities (beneficial effects) of these technologies in economic security systems of organizations; to identify specific threats to economic security, associated with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in organizations; to develop recommendations for mitigating these threats.Methods. The study employed comparative and retrospective analysis, economic-statistical and index methods, as well as special methods for studying economic security, expert-analytical and system approaches.Results. It has been established that the use of artificial intelligence in economic security systems can produce a significant beneficial effect. The advantages of its use in the field under consideration are associated with the fact that in formal analysis (from the standpoint of its rate, accuracy, consistency and taking into account the maximum possible number of factors), the artificial intelligence products surpass human capabilities. This results in a gradual replacement (moreover in the future) of human intelligence with artificial intelligence in the field under consideration, at least in cases of tasks that do not require non-standard, creative solutions, based sometimes on the paradoxical nature of human thinking. At the same time, such a development of events gives rise to a number of specific threats to economic security, namely “engagement” of many products using AI technologies; the possibility of manipulating information; loss of critical thinking skills by officials; the growing importance of cyberattacks.Conclusions. The development of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence technologies, has an ambiguous impact on economic security at all levels of the economic system. Overcoming the problems identified in the study requires activities in a number of fields, namely the formation of national products using artificial intelligence technologies, within the implementation of state policy to achieve technological sovereignty; strengthening the information component of systemic measures to ensure economic security; revision of approaches to the formation of competencies of specialists in the field of economic security, who use (or can potentially use) artificial intelligence products in their activities.

The article considers the problems of standardization in the field of economic security. The aim of the article is to develop a scientific and methodological approach to the development of a single national standard for economic security of enterprises adapted to international security standards. According to the results of the study, the systematization and a list of international security standards that can be applied in the field of economic security and their compliance with the functional components of the economic security system of the enterprise. The scientific and methodical approach on development of the general (national) standard on economic safety of the enterprise taking into account the European safety standards is offered. The study provided an opportunity to propose a partial solution to the problem of standardization of economic security of enterprises and identify further areas of research on the general problem, which may be issues related to improving the scientific and methodological apparatus needed to develop standards of economic security of enterprises; development of methods that are necessary for the development of standards for each functional component of the economic security of the enterprise; development (improvement) of methods for assessing the risks of managing the economic security system; development (improvement) of legal documents on economic security.

To what extent does a nation's economic security drive its holistic security framework? The existing literature on national security highly concentrates on conventional military security, with the triviality of other dimensions of national security failing to gain adequate foreground in the academic debate. Traditionally, the economic dimension of national security was associated solely with defence spending, demonstrating the defensive orientation. Meanwhile, the economic power was just there to ensure the conventional security approach of militarization. While observing the definition of security from a broader vantage point, the intricate and complex interplay between national security and the economy can be underscored. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to demonstrate how the perspective of national security has evolved to incorporate the economic dimension of national power and security. The objective of this paper is to unfold the ever-growing significance of economic security and portray it as a prerequisite to other forms of security, including military security. Thus, this article systematically understudies the relationship between economics and security, particularly in the case of Nepal, while positioning and forecasting Nepal's economic security and recommending actionable measures. The qualitative research approach, employing secondary data from academic books, journal articles, research reports, working papers, and newspaper articles, examines how a robust economy is crucial for sustaining and leveraging other national power elements, with military prowess no exception. Methodologically, the research study stresses the cases of advanced economies and the poorest economies globally through a nomothetic explanation to oversee how their economic growth leads to advancement in military capability and holistic national security, gaining a positive momentum through a causative portrayal. The study finds that Nepal faces significant economic insecurity due to the debt crisis, reliance on aid, imports, remittances, capital deficiency, and underdeveloped sectors. To enhance economic security and safeguard national security, Nepal should focus on managing interdependence, leveraging its geostrategic position, and prioritizing economic diplomacy and capital investment guided by effective leadership.

The article discusses the relationship between the strategic guidelines for sustainable development and the national security of Ukraine in the face of modern challenges, such as war, economic instability and environmental threats. For a full disclosure of the research topic, the approaches of scholars to the definition of strategic guidelines and strategic planning were analyzed, the main differences and interconnection of these concepts were clarified. In addition, the key views of scholars on the definition of «sustainable development» and its relationship with national security were considered. Particular attention was paid to the definition of the main strategic guidelines from the standpoint of sustainable development and national security of Ukraine in the present day conditions. Emphasis was placed on the need to combine long-term sustainable development goals, such as economic sustainability, social equality and environmental security, with national security priorities. The authors underline that sustainable development is an important condition for ensuring the stability of the State, as it helps to reduce internal and external threats through economic growth and protection of natural resources. Simultaneously, national security is a key prerequisite for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, as it provides stability and safe conditions for socioeconomic and environmental progress. The main results of the study are the identified key strategic guidelines for sustainable development, including the development of an innovative economy, green energy, biodiversity protection and increasing social justice. Important components of national security, considered in the article, are the modernization of defense forces, cybersecurity and energy independence. It is concluded that the integration of guidelines for sustainable development and national security is necessary to achieve a stable and secure future of the country. The article also outlines the prospects for further research in the direction of determining the optimal ways to combine these strategies in the context of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

Introduction: taking into account the ongoing digitalization as the major context, the ar- ticle analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of criminal policy in the field of economic security. Purpose: to identify the trends in the modern criminal law impact on so- cial relations in the field of economic activity and to propose ways to improve legislation aimed at implementing criminal policy on economic security in the context of digitalization. Methods: general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, interpretation, formal logic; method of histori- cal and legal analysis; methods of legalistic (technical) analysis and legal modeling. Results: we have identified the following trends in criminal policy in the field of economic security: the deviation (shift) of the rules of criminal law and criminal procedure; the absence of a set of al- ternative measures of influence on legally protected relations; the insufficiency of digital me- chanisms in the criminal law impact on social relations. Conclusions: there should be expected amendments to criminal and criminal procedure legislation aimed at maintaining the balance of private and public interests. However, an appropriate level of this balance can be achieved only with timely counteraction to emerging risks and threats to economic security (corruption, capi- tal outflow, insecurity in the insurance and loan sectors, currency circulation, etc.), while en- suring the coordination of criminal law, administrative, civil, financial regulations, as well as the optimization of law enforcement (administration of law).