Идеология в сумках почтальонов: к прагматике почтовой марки

The postage stamp issued by the USA in 2002 to commemorate Hawaiian athlete and cultural icon, Duke Kahanamoku, represented the culmination of a 30-year plus lobbying campaign involving a wide cross-section of interest groups. Via this prominent example, this paper examines postage stamps as an under-explored form of social memory and historical evidence and questions the weight and importance of stamps relative to other types of social memory. Intuitively, postage stamps might appear to be a relatively insignificant form of evidence; certainly, they have not been widely utilised by historians, including Pacific historians. Through an examination of the origins, semiotics and impact of the Kahanamoku stamp, this paper argues that stamps have the potential to reveal broad, underlying cultural forces and meanings, and re-evaluates their commemorative and interpretive effectiveness alongside other, complementary forms of social memory.

Postage stamps primarily issued by governments as receipts of postal prepayment, are important sources of global material and visual culture. Other than its utilitarian purpose, postage stamps represent the issuing countries, commemorate important occasions, individuals and places, serve as a medium of advertising, propaganda and an important archival entity. Produced by people of a specific community for purposeful communication, a postage stamp is inherent of symbolic visual content, therefore can be viewed as an artefact of the culture that it was produced in. With regard to the density of cultural information they hold, postage stamps are recognized as a tangible movable cultural heritage item by UNESCO. When looking at philatelic practices of Sri Lanka, Christmas marks a notable commemoration. Christmas is celebrated religiously by over 2 billion Christians in Sri Lanka, as well as culturally by many non-Christians. Complementing the National Christmas celebrations, Sri Lankan government issues a Christmas postage stamp, annually. Since its inauguration in 1980, there have been a total of 36 issues of Christmas stamps, making it one of the longest continuing sequels of commemorative stamps in Sri Lanka. In this study 5 issues of Christmas postage stamps representing five decades were analysed to learn how the information intrinsic to culture is inscribed within them. At the end of the study it was found that Christmas postage stamps of Sri Lanka are planned as carriers of material as well as conceptual elements of Christian culture, while offering miniature visuals of cultural integration in the island to the audiences.

<p>This study explores the role of the ubiquitous postage stamp as a messenger of health promotion and education. It examines the way that postal material has been modified to act as a medium for health education, with images and texts appropriate to the specific health problems. The methodology used included a search for all postage stamps listed in established catalogues that fitted the described criterion. Selection for further study was drawn from those stamps that covered the topics of infection, immunisation, tobacco cessation, growth and nutrition.</p><p>It was clearly recognised that by simply presenting information on a stamp, would not necessarily bring about the desired behavioural change. Thus, the currently accepted health promotion models were examined to find an appropriate explanation for/ and a rationale to explain the use of postage stamp in health promotion and education. The strategy called “media advocacy” was the nearest best fit for the bulk of postage stamps carrying health information. This finding could explain why stamps have been perceived, over many years, as being a useful and successful element in health promotion and education by their frequent and continued use over a period of some fifty years. </p><p>Postage stamps are frequently used worldwide and have a clear role in carrying health information and thus play a small, but important and unique, role in the field of health promotion. </p>

This paper discusses the form in which the postage stamp contributes to the construction of the Brazilian journalism representation. It takes into account for this purpose a conception of this artifact both as a media and as a semiotic text, and its close relationship with the press. The identified and analyzed sample consists of regular and commemorative postage stamps issued by the Brazilian General Post Office during the twentieth century. This work proposes to correlate a recurring theme with the Brazilian historical context, with regard to journalistic practices. As a conclusion, we consider that the visibility of journalism made possible through postage stamps not only points out the relevant people and their contributions to journalism practices, but also makes a clear association with the ideals of a journalism of outrage focused on great social causes.

This article examines how the Japanese government and its people attempt to instrumentalize postage stamps as a tool of propaganda to promote their own political ends. Traditional explanations of the Japanese decision-making process have stressed the élitist nature of the decision-making process in the form of an iron triangle comprising the bureaucracy, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and big business ( zaikai ). While acknowledging the importance of these three poles, this article points to other sources of influence and highlights a number of ideological battles fought out on the face of a postage stamp, including daijin kitte (ministerial stamps) which have endorsed the home-towns or electoral districts of various ministers of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT), and stamps reflecting Japan's security milieu in the post-WWII period. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that the Japanese government and its people are sensitive to the images chosen to appear on the face of postage stamps and that a plurality of actors seeks to exert an influence on the decision-making process.

This must-have third revised and newly expanded edition of the only single reference source for information about state symbols features over 300 information updates plus three new chapters, updated license plate illustrations, and a newly formatted design for ease of use. Libraries that hold earlier editions of this work need this edition to keep their information on the states and territories current. With the addition of new chapters on state and territory universities, state and territory governors throughout U.S. history, state professional sports teams, and a complete revision of the chapter on state and territory fairs and festivals, the work now totals 17 chapters of essential information that is a treasure trove for students. This completed redesigned reference work features chapters on state and territory names and nicknames, mottoes, seals, flags, capitals, flowers, trees, birds, songs, legal holidays and observances, license plates, postage stamps, miscellaneous designations, fairs and festivals, universities, governors, professional sports teams, and a bibliography of state and territory histories. The work features full-color illustrations of every state and territory seal, flag, flower, tree, bird, commemorative postage stamp, and license plate (updated for this edition).

The postage stamp can serve as a means of promoting the social, educational and philanthropic aspects of the fight against diseases in general and infectious diseases (such as AIDS, associated with HIV infection) in particular. The recent but eventful history of this virus and the disease that it causes has prompted the issue of a considerable number of postage stamps worldwide - barely fewer than the number dedicated to combating tuberculosis and malaria. The present semiotic review of 356 international postage stamps on HIV/AIDS is the first to have used a multicriterion evaluation grid based on the interpretation of indices, icons, and symbols. The stereotypes and the most novel representations and the messages conveyed on the cultural and ideological levels are thus characterized with regard to the disease's historical, scientific and epidemiological contexts. This analysis concludes with a humanist plea as an illustration of Hippocratic and Galenic values: prevention, education, solidarity, empathy, healthcare, and research.

Philately is one channel for governments to educate the populace and affect social awareness. This article examines how postage stamps may be used in educating both local and international populations about social causes and is measured by evaluating the consequent philanthropic behavior towards medical needs and goals of a specific nation. Philanthropic donations to medically-related organizations are evaluated for the year of issuance of a postage stamp on the same topic as well as donations for following years. The research results find that for the majority of medical organizations studied, philanthropic contributions increase in the zero to two years following a topically related stamp's issuance, indicating the effectiveness of philatelic materials for educating the population and raising social awareness of medical causes.

The author examines the aesthetic evolution of Chinese postage stamps, tracing the connection between traditional cultural elements and modern design trends. The study covers the period from the first "Big Dragon" stamps in 1878 through the revolutionary changes of 1911 to the post-war era, highlighting how stamps reflect China's cultural and political transformations. The research focuses on the harmony of form and content, as well as the synthesis of historical traditions and contemporary design. Using historical, visual, and comparative analysis, the author provides a fresh perspective on the aesthetics of stamp design, a topic that remains underexplored in academic research. A unique aspect of the study is the use of Chinese literary sources, offering an original approach to understanding the evolution of stamp design. The findings reveal that Chinese postage stamps are not merely functional objects but also cultural artifacts that encapsulate national identity and historical memory. They reflect the impact of government reforms, economic shifts, and changing visual aesthetics, serving as a medium for preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. The study concludes that stamps are a valuable resource for understanding the interplay between tradition and modernity in Chinese design, offering insights into the country's historical and cultural evolution. By analyzing the artistic language of stamps, the research demonstrates their role as both artistic expressions and historical documents, bridging the past and present in China's visual culture. This work contributes to the broader understanding of how design aesthetics evolve in response to societal changes, making it a significant addition to the fields of cultural and design studies.

Wayne Hensley's opening statement (Summer 1974 Quarterly) used the phrase unimportant We questioned the conclusions of his article intuitively and agree that he is dealing with seemingly unimportant details. In our own experience in the area of mail surveys we have encountered a few respondents who were tempted to save the inner postage stamp and reuse it for their own purposes. In such cases, the use of a metered postage on the return envelope might result in a higher response rate. In general, though, we question how many respondents, other than those with philatelical interests, really pay attention to the form of postage used. The students in a marketing research class at Kansas State University, covering the area of survey design, were asked if they paid attention to the form of postage; only 3 out of 30 students would admit they normally pay attention to such matters. Hensley found significant differences among different combinations of types of postage. We wonder whether he was hypothesis testing or hypothesis generating. When we tested the null hypothesis that all of the nine combinations would have equal response rates, we found that we could not reject the null hypothesis (X2 = 5.24; 8 d.f.; p .75). Furthermore, the test of independence for the 3 X 3 table (Hensley's Table 1) found that the null hypothesis again could not be rejected (X2 = 4.47; 4 d.f.; p > .25). Consequently, there is some doubt that the response rates to the different combinations were not essentially randomly generated. By examining almost any set of data, an experimenter can find some type of statistically significant differences and possibly only Hensley's persistence led him to find combinations (diagonal versus non-diagonal, metered commemorative versus regular metered and regular commemorative) that were significantly different. The lack of relationships found in our simple tests makes us skeptical as to the validity of Hensley's conclusions. Hensley's study at most indicates that a second experiment should be carried out to specifically test his conjectures.

This thesis examines the mythologising and racial constructions of influential Pacific islander aquatic athletes in early twentieth-century Australia and their on-going cultural meanings in Australia, the Pacific region and internationally. Alick Wickham (Solomon Islands) and Duke Kahanamoku (Hawai'i) are credited with radically altering Australia's sporting history by respectively introducing the crawl (freestyle) swimming stroke and surfboard riding in colourful, dramatic and seminal circumstances. Their contributions are cited in a diverse range of commemorations, which link their memories to Australia's pre-eminence as a swimming and surfing nation, and, indirectly, to the building of a national identity associated with water and sport. The conceptual tools of myth, race and social memory are utilised to aid this re-evaluation of Wickham and Kahanamoku and their cultural legacies. It is argued that the crawl and surfing narratives are myths, defined not as delusions, falsehoods or outright fabrications but as accentuations of particular versions of the past at the expense of alternative explanations. Both stories give centrality to an individual and overlook historical antecedents and evolutionary processes in the introduction and development of the crawl stroke and surfing. In this sense, the origins of these sporting activities bear comparison with other sport creation myths that exist in the historiography of baseball and rugby union. The myths are interpreted as cultural discourses about the 'natural' aquatic abilities of Pacific islanders. This racial stereotype - the Nimble Savage - arose from early European encounters with the Pacific region, when descriptions of the affinity of islanders with water began to emerge as a recurring trope in the logbooks and records of voyagers. While the Nimble Savage emerged from actual encounters with islanders, and had greater potency in describing some people and regions than others, it culturally pervaded the imaginary 'South Seas' and was bound up with ways in which the Pacific colonised the Western imagination as well as with the discursive themes of the 'primitive' body and the 'natural' athlete. It denotes an aquatically athletic cousin of the Noble Savage, with all of its romantic and 'positive' connotations, and simultaneously suggests its coexistence, convergence and overlap with the familial array of other 'savages', racial conventions and descriptors that have been applied to, or informed, studies of Pacific islanders. The Nimble Savage stereotype clearly differentiates popular racial representations of Pacific islander sportsmen from stereotypes that have characterised other racial groups, and contributes to understandings of the intersection of race and sport. This stereotype found succinct expression in the developing swimming and beach cultures of the newly independent Australia, and shaped constructions, representations and memories of islander individuals such as Wickham and Kahanamoku. Finally, the thesis examines social memory as the vehicle for the creation, maintenance and perpetuation of these myths and racial ideologies. Social memory, understood as acts or performances of commemoration, includes books, articles, movies, documentaries, artworks, postage stamps, statues and other built physical structures, exhibitions and hall-of-fame inductions. Social memory reveals contemporary cultural meanings and significance as well as pays homage to the past. The social memory of Wickham and Kahanamoku places a selective emphasis on the crawl and surfing myths, while their other athletic achievements are overlooked, downplayed or acknowledged mostly in passing. This thesis examines specific instances of these social memories in order to elucidate their role in myth perpetuation, their cultural roles in varying national and local contexts, and their reflection of the Nimble Savage stereotype.

Throughout the Cold War, the United States encountered unexpected challenges from Italy and France, two countries with the strongest, and determinedly most anti-American, Communist Parties in Western Europe. Based primarily on new evidence from communist archives in France and Italy, as well as research archives in the United States, Alessandro Brogi's original study reveals how the United States was forced by political opposition within these two core Western countries to reassess its own anticommunist strategies, its image, and the general meaning of American liberal capitalist culture and ideology. Brogi shows that the resistance to Americanization was a critical test for the French and Italian communists' own legitimacy and existence. Their anti-Americanism was mostly dogmatic and driven by the Soviet Union, but it was also, at crucial times, subtle and ambivalent, nurturing fascination with the American culture of dissent. The staunchly anticommunist United States, Brogi argues, found a successful balance to fighting the communist threat in France and Italy by employing diplomacy and fostering instances of mild dissent in both countries. Ultimately, both the French and Italian communists failed to adapt to the forces of modernization that stemmed both from indigenous factors and from American influence. Confronting America illuminates the political, diplomatic, economic, and cultural conflicts behind the U.S.-communist confrontation. |Brogi's book looks not only at Italian and French Communist resistance to Americanization, but it also reveals how the United States was forced by the anti-American Communist Parties in France and Italy to reassess its anticommunist strategies, its image, and the general meaning of American liberal capitalist culture and ideology.

The research is devoted to the analysis of phraseological units of Russian and English which include the name of the element water. The beginning of the paper represents a review of research works devoted to the investigation of the element. Most of the works appear to be cognitive studies of the element water making use of the field method in considering material by forming semantic fields which include a certain number of language units. The specific feature of the present paper consists in analysing the name of the element water itself. The aim of the present paper is to distinguish semantic (semiotic) manifestations of the element water as part of idioms; to reveal the aspects of human life the element correlates with; to consider the image potential of the element water in its phraseological embodiment, to reveal its cultural connotations. The empirical material includes 39 Russian and 33 English idioms from reliable lexicography sources which were analyzed. To achieve the aim the introspective method together with the parallel analysis of the actual idiom meaning and its inner form, taking into consideration historical etymology data, was applied. Methodology of the paper rests upon the generally accepted fact that meanings of idioms are based on connotations (particularly cultural) of their parts or situations described in them. It is obvious that cultural connotations can be revealed from a word and serve as a motive to the appearance of an idiom in case the word is a symbol recognized in this culture. To determine the notional characteristics of the term analysis of the works devoted to symbol and symbolic meanings of words (A.F. Losev, Yu.M. Lotman, N.D. Arutyunova, M.L. Kovshova, Ts. Todorov, A.V. Medvedeva, D.A. Tarakanova) was undertaken. According to the analysis the basic and interconnected characteristics distinguishing the notion of symbol are: 1) sign nature, 2) belonging to the sphere of culture, 3) generalisation, 4) similarity between form and content, 5) ability to be recognised by native speakers. Sharing ideas of A.N. Bara-nov and D.O. Dobrovolsky who consider the feature, i.e. direct or indirect belonging to the world of things, to be the most important feature of a symbol, the author agrees with their classification that includes four groups of symbol categories in language and culture: 1) symbols of culture, 2) symbols of language, 3) cultural and language symbols simultaneously, 4) non-productive language symbols. Based on the described methodology analysis of the material made it possible to identify classes of phraseological units including the component water joint with symbolic / property meanings. Section of phraseological units including idioms with symbolic representations of the element water consists of four main groups and four subgroups. Section with non-symbolic (property) representations of the element water consists of seven main groups and three subgroups. According to the results of the research a conclusion about the high degree of semantic development of the element water in Russian and English language cultures was made. In its symbolic and non-symbolic aspects the element water reflects various spheres of human existence such as: Life, Time, Truth, Space, Purity; it corresponds with the ethic, aesthetic values of people, with some aspects of agricultural activities, with features of human character. Specific for Russian language culture are the images of water connected with where evil spirits live, for English language culture the images of water as material values and the water body to travel in a vessel.

Background: The aging population has become a prominent social problem in the world. The United Nations has sought to solve the aging problem since the 1980s in response to the growing aging of the world's population. With various changes and developments such as socioeconomic structure and demographic structure, the succession and development of traditional filial piety culture faces many practical problems such as population aging, economic pressure, and population flow.As times change and family structure change, traditional filial piety culture is anachronistic in modern society, but in filial piety culture, it cannot be stopped from a great tradition that respects the humanistic emotions and humanism of the elderly. Purpose: The text re-examines and reinterprets the philosophical basis behind Confucian thought by combining the plight of supporting the elderly in modern society with an aging society as a specific research background. By fusing the traditional filial piety idea of Confucianism with the guarantee of human rights in modern society, it provided solutions to various problems arising in the process of caring for parents in modern society. Methodology/Approach: Approach from the content of filial piety and the difficulty of caring for parents in an aging society, and briefly analyze the expression and cause of filial piety deficiency in modern society. From this, we revealed the lack of caring for the elderly and the difficulties facing the culture of filial piety in an aging society, and thought about how filial piety can adapt to an aging society with the development of society and the times. Furthermore, the values and meanings of Confucian filial piety culture in caring for parents were also discussed. Findings/Conclusions: T h e filial p iety c ulture h as b een a s ocial consciousness th at h as existed in Confucian culture for thousands of years and has had a serious impact on people's values, ways of th inking, beh avior, a nd c ustoms. Th e filial p iety c ulture m akes c hildren and parents maintain a n intimate relationship, and despite various problems caused by the aging population in modern society, the filial piety of oil prices still has important theoretical and practical values. No matter how human civilization develops in the future, supporting and respecting the elderly should be an important sign of a civilized society and a social virtue of modern people. In modern society, Confucian filial piety must return to an important position in family ethics thought, and on that basis, filial piety still exerts important value in modern society. Implications: The culture of filial piety helps improve family relations, harmonize family relations, and stabilize society. The filial piety culture can increase the moral virtues and social responsibility of the people, encourage justice by developing a good social climate, and, above all, alleviate social problems caused by the aging population.

Exploring the political, social and familial ties in early modern Ottoman society, this book is a timely contribution to both the history of emotions and the study of the Ottoman Empire. Spanning compassion in political discourse and shame in judicial courts, to affection in the home, and hate in divorce cases, Emotions in the Ottoman Empire considers the role of emotions in both micro and macro settings. Drawing on Ottoman primary sources such as advice manuals, judicial court records and imperial decrees, this book argues that emotions in early modern Ottoman society were not just linguistic expressions of inner feelings but acted as tools for social and political communication. Using emotions it also reveals the experiences of everyday, ordinary people; why shame was always expressed by men, why gratitude played such an important role in local guilds and why Ottoman women used public baths as emotional refuges. Highlighting a culture that has