외국인 학습자를 위한 한국어 피동의 담화 교육 연구

This paper examines the use of a type of formulaic expression, called ‘lexical bundles’, in classroom discussions among English native and Malaysian non-native speakers. Lexical bundles are frequently used in academic discourse, and contribute to the production of coherence in speech and written language, as well as playing a central role in the comprehension of academic speech. Previous research has shown that L2 speakers often show a capacity to approximate native-like efficiency by using lexical bundles in their speech and writing. However, it has not been analysed as to what degree L2 speakers follow native expressions or rather use their own variations or versions of formulaic expressions. In order to investigate this gap, the most frequent four-word lexical bundles were identified and analysed in two different corpora of classroom discussions by native and non-native speakers, and compared in terms of discourse function. The findings show that native speakers used more lexical bundles than their non-native counterparts did. Native speakers also used more discourse organizing bundles, while non-native speakers more frequently used lexical bundles as stance expressions. These findings are discussed in terms of the pedagogical implications of exposing L2 speakers to a wider variety of lexical bundles, and the discourse functions inherent in their use.

Putting PUT to Use: Prototype and Metaphorical Extension Yasuhiro Shirai University of California, Los Angeles This paper investigates the relationship between prototype meanings and frequency of use with a view to establishing a foundation for the problem of 'prototype acquisition.' Prototype theory has been widely used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and first and second language acquisition. However, the question of how people acquire and then use prototypes has not been extensively investigated. In this paper, one polysemous basic verb, PUT, was selected, and an attempt was made to investigate whether prototypes of polysemous lexical items are determined by their frequency of use. To determine the prototype of the verb PUT, a free elicitation test was used, in which native speakers of English (N=42) were asked to write the most typical sentence using PUT. The results yielded the following as the prototypical argument structure of PUT: Subject Inhuman] PUT PTRANS Object [+solid] Locative [-^horizontal surface] [+small] I+alienable] To investigate the meanings of PUT actually used in native speaker discourse, tokens of PUT in the UCLA Oral Corpus (spoken data) and the Brown Corpus (written data), each of which contain approximately 120,000 words, were analyzed. A major finding was that the prototype of PUT does not correspond to frequency of use. Specifically, PTRANS (= physical transfer) is not as frequent as NON-PTRANS which is a metaphorical extension from the prototype. This result is surprising since 87.8% of the native speakers surveyed produced PTRANS sentences as the prototype of PUT. The implications of the findings for both prototype theory and the acquisition of polysemy will be discussed. Issues in Applied Linguistics © Regents of the University of California ISSN 1050-4273 Vol. 1 No. 1 1990 78-97

In contrast to the requirements for scientific accuracy, terms, particularly in the humanities, often reflect the specific socio-cultural context of their use and seemingly equivalent terms can have significant conceptual differences within multilingual scholarly and professional communities. One such term is native speaker , which is crucial to the English Language Teaching (ELT) academic discourse. The main objective of this study is to explore the structure and meaning of the concept underlying the term native speaker and its dynamic functioning in discourse to identify differences in their understanding. The material consisted of English and Russian-language research articles on ELT from 1970 to 2020. The study was conducted using a linguosynergetic approach, which considers discourse as a self-developing and self-organizing, nonlinear, open and unstable system. The methodology included three stages. First, the authors conducted an axiomatic analysis of the contexts in which the term native speaker is used. Then, they modeled the concept in different synchronous slices. Finally, they compared the data obtained. The results showed that the differences concern not only the periphery of the concepts, but also their very core. In Russian ELT discourse, the concept retains a relatively stable structure. This reflects the role of the native speaker in the educational process, as a learning model and a preferred teacher. In English ELT discourse, the term native speaker has acquired a negative connotation, and conceptually, it acts as an opponent to the term non-native speaker , forming a dual concept with it. The conclusions сan serve as a basis for further comparative studies on interlanguage terminological systems in the humanities field.

ABSTRACTPsycholinguistic research has shown that sentence processing is incremental (e.g., Altmann & Kamide, 1999). In Japanese, a verb-final language, native speakers use case markers to incrementally assign thematic roles and predictively activate a structural representation of upcoming linguistic items. This study examined whether second-language learners of Japanese, guided by case markers, generate predictions as to whether the upcoming verb involves the active or passive voice. The results show that the native speakers made predictive eye movements before the verb, but the learners did not; the learners were less efficient in using case-marker cues than the native speakers and relied more on verb morphology information. These results suggest that case markers guide thematic role assignments, expediting the processing for Japanese native speakers. Learners may depend more on information from the verb to compensate for the inefficiency in case-marker-driven predictive processing.

Interaction and feedback in mixed peer response groups

Readers are invited to submit letters for publication in this department. Submit letters online at http://joem.edmgr.com. Choose “Submit New Manuscript.” A signed copyright assignment and financial disclosure form must be submitted with the letter. Form available at http://www.joem.org under Author and Reviewer information. To the Editor: The US Navy developed aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in the 1960s containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl subsances (PFAS) and synthetic foaming surfactants that allowed for improved firefighter safety, particularly for firefighters involved in liquid fuel and crash fire rescue operations and those using nozzles during structural firefighting.1 PFAS are also commonly used to water and stain-proof specific textiles such as the materials used to construct firefighter turnout gear.2,3 AFFFs have evolved to include a number of different formulations (including AFFFs that meet Military Specifications [MILSPEC], alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foam [AR-AFFF], etc.) that often, but not always, rely on PFAS compounds for proper foam performance. AFFFs used to fight class B petroleum fires have historically contained longer chain PFAS such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)4–6 that are associated with adverse health outcomes.7,8 PFOS use in new AFFFs and other products were banned in the European Union in 2011 and Canada in 2013, and major US manufacturers of AFFF indicated they would no longer produce PFOA-based fluorosurfactant foams after 2015.9,10 However, AFFFs typically have a long shelf life of up to 25 years.11 In addition, current fluorinated AFFFs contain shorter chain PFAS chemicals with less information on potential toxicity. Little is known about AFFF use and knowledge of legacy and current PFOA and PFOS chemicals among firefighters. Some PFAS are associated with cancer, such that in 2016 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified PFOA as Group 2B indicating they are possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on limited evidence in humans that it can cause testicular and kidney cancer, and limited evidence in laboratory animals.7,12,13 Since the IARC designation, some additional cancer studies have suggested an increased risk of testicular cancer with increased PFOA exposure, whereas others have suggested possible links to thyroid cancer and kidney cancer.14–16 Epidemiologic studies have associated firefighting with an increased risk for a variety of cancers, including testicular and kidney cancer, among others, but the exposures responsible for these increased rates have not been identified.17,18 To date there is limited knowledge about the use of PFOA/PFOS containing foams within the US fire service. This is of greater concern in airport facilities where AFFFs that meet the MILSPEC are required for use on Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-regulated airports and military airports. Concerns about AFFF use and PFOA/PFOS chemical exposure center around the potential negative impact on firefighter health as well as on the environment from the discharge of foam solutions generated from the combination of water and foam concentrate. When PFOA/PFOS-containing AFFF are repeatedly used in one location over an extended period of time (such as in firefighter training facilities), the PFOA/PFOS can move from the foam substance into soil and then into groundwater.19–21 The amount of PFOA/PFOS that enter the groundwater depends on the type and amount of AFFF used, where it was used, and the type of soil and other factors. At firefighter training facilities, where AFFF is often repeated discharged onto concrete training areas, long-term release of PFAS into the surrounding soil and water from the concrete is anticipated to occur on the order of decades.22 As an initial first step to study the concern about AFFF use and PFOA/PFOS knowledge, we assess the awareness and knowledge of perfluorinated chemicals and AFFF use among Florida fire departments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Design and Participant Recruitment A cross-sectional study design was used to collect health and safety survey information from 142 firefighters attending the Florida Fire Chiefs’ Association Health and Safety Conference held on December 10 to 12, 2018, in Orlando, FL. Our research team distributed paper surveys during the conference initially by placing a blank survey at each seat in the main conference ballroom, and through distribution at a dedicated exhibitor table located in the immediate entry/egress of the main conference meeting room. The annual Florida fire chiefs meeting is open to all Florida firefighters and is largely composed of attendees from senior-level positions within Florida fire services, including fire chiefs, assistant chiefs, fire prevention officers, shift officers, individual firefighters/paramedics, health and safety officers, and fire investigators. To encourage completion of the survey, conference organizers made an announcement to attendees on the main conference stage twice a day. A t-shirt with the research team's Firefighter Cancer Initiative logo was provided to each firefighter that completed the survey. A verbal consent process was used given the anonymous nature of the survey, where the first page of the survey contained the consent information; firefighters were provided a copy upon request. A total of 11 surveys were removed from the final analytic dataset used in this study given three surveys were from firefighters outside the State of Florida and eight survey respondents indicated they did not know if their department used AFFF, the main study outcome variable. Survey Instrument and Study Measures We designed a 97-item survey instrument, Firefighter Assessment of Strategies Trumping Cancer (FAST-C), with the goal of documenting fire department and individual firefighter-level decontamination practices among Florida firefighters. Survey measures were adapted from previously validated or administered surveys of occupational safety and health and worksite health promotion.23–25 New measures assessing awareness and knowledge of PFOA/PFOS and AFFF use were adapted from other occupational health and safety measures26,27 and assessed for content and face validity with Florida fighters before survey administration. AFFFs Use and Knowledge Measures We asked survey respondents “Does your fire service department use AFFFs?” with response options “Yes, No, or Don’t Know.” We assessed the frequency of AFFF use with the question “Approximately how many times each year does your fire department answer calls in which you need to use AFFFs?” with response options “0 to 1, 2 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15, 16 to 20, 20+, or Don’t Know.” Measures assessing AFFF brand, formulation, PFOA/PFOS components, and decontamination post-AFFF fire suppression use were assessed with the following questions all with “Yes, No, or Don’t Know” response options: “Do you know the brand or manufacturer of the AFFF that your fire department currently uses?”; “If your department uses/stores AFFF, are you aware if it is the original formulation or the newest formulation?”; “Do you know if the AFFF, which you currently use, has PFOA or PFOS as a main component?”; and “After incidents where AFFFs are employed, do you and others in your fire department exchange or wash your gear?.” Lastly, we assessed the firefighter's interest in the following current trade profession discussion on AFFF and PFOA on turnout gear with the two questions: “Do you follow the current discussion about AFFF” and “Do you follow the current discussion about PFOA and turnout gear?” with response options “Yes, No, or Don’t Know.” Organizational Characteristics We evaluated four organizational characteristics of the fire department: workforce size, total health and safety officers, fire department geographic location, and employment type. Workforce size was defined as the number of active firefighters (nonadministrative positions) employed within the fire department. Total health and safety officers were defined as the total number of health and safety officers employed within the fire department, where the officer is a firefighter whose job function includes the health and safety of their fire department workforce. The geographic location where the fire department is located within Florida was operationalized as rural area only, urban area only, suburban area only, and mixed area (ie, urban, suburban, and rural). Employment type was a measure assessing if the fire department was composed of career firefighters only, volunteer only, or mixed career/volunteer. Data Analysis Descriptives, Bivariates, and Correlations We conducted exploratory statistical data analyses for continuous variables, expressed as mean with its standard error, and for categorical variables, represented as frequency and percent of the sample. We examined the main outcome of use of AFFF stratified by workforce size, total health and safety officers, fire department geographic location, and employment type. For categorical data, we conducted chi-square analyses to compare groups, and used t tests for continuous data. We used a Levene test of homogeneity of variance across groups for each variable.28 We used Spearman product-moment correlation to examine the relationship between workforce size, number of health and safety officers and frequency of AFFF use. The significance level was set at 5%. All statistical analyses were done on SPSS v21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). This study research protocol was reviewed and approved by the University's Institutional Review Board. RESULTS A total of 131 Florida firefighters representing 67 Florida fire departments (13.7% of all Florida fire departments) completed the survey. Respondents were predominately in the 36 to 45 years old age group (36.7%), male (85.4%), career firefighters (96.9%), and current rank of chief/battalion chief/division chief (35.4%; Table 1). Over 80% of survey respondents indicated their fire departments use AFFF as part of their fire suppression activities. Fire departments using AFFF were predominantly an all career workforce (93.1% vs 76.9%, P = 0.015) and had no health and safety officers on staff (7.1% vs 0.0%, P = 0.050) compared with fire departments not using AFFF.TABLE 1: Florida Firefighter and Fire Department Characteristics Stratified by Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) Use Among Attendees of the 2018 Florida Fire Chiefs’ Association Health and Safety ConferenceA third (33.3%) of fire departments using AFFF indicated that they used it on two to five calls per year and almost 17% of departments used it greater than 16 times per year (Fig. 1). Departments that used AFFF greater than 16 times per year were predominately medium-sized departments (101 to 500 firefighters, 50.0%), had one health and safety officer (60.0%), and were located in an urban area (43.8%). Among fire departments that use AFFF, there were more small- (1 to 100 firefighters, 48.0%) and medium-sized (101 to 500 firefighters, 43.1%) than large-sized fire departments (8.8%). Among all respondents, 24.5% knew the brand or manufacturer of the AFFF, 17.6% were aware of the original or newest formulation, 4.6% were aware that their AFFF brand had PFOA or PFOS as a main component, and 48.0% of firefighters indicated their department members wash their turnout gear after incidents where AFFF was employed. Survey respondents reported that 30.0% of them follow the current professional firefighter trade discussion about AFFF use, and 33.8% follow discussions on the presence of PFOA on turnout gear.FIGURE 1: Frequency of AFFF use and knowledge/awareness of AFFF/PFOS issues among Florida firefighters.Among firefighters who reported on the brand of AFFF used by their department, the types include Universal Gold 1%/3% AR-AFFF (37.5%), FireAde Class A foam (20.8%), Ansul-A Municipal Class Fire (12.5%), Ansulite 1 × 3 F-601A AR-AFFF (12.5%), CHEMGUARD C3B 3% AFFF (8.3%), Fire Aide/National Gold (4.2%), and FireAde 2000 AR-AFFF (4.2%). The annual frequency of using AFFF for fire suppression had a moderate, positive correlation to the number of active firefighters in the department (r = 0.405; P < 0.001). We also found that annual AFFF use has a small/moderate, positive correlation to the total number of health and safety officers employed in the fire department (r = 0.288; P = 0.003). A sensitivity analysis to assess agreement between firefighters responding for the same fire department (approximately two firefighters per department) yielded near-perfect agreement (κ = 0.98) in the responses to the AFFF use, knowledge, and organizational characteristics measures. DISCUSSION This is the first study to survey frequency and use of AFFF in fire departments. A large proportion of participating Florida fire departments currently use AFFF during fire suppression activities, with the most frequent use of AFFF occurring two to five calls per year for specific fire suppression calls. Fire departments with heavy AFFF use (16 or more times per years) were predominately medium-sized departments (101 to 500 firefighters) with at least one health and safety officer on staff, and located in an urban geographic area. The vast majority of firefighting foam that is currently in stock or in service in the United States is AFFF or AR-AFFF, with many AFFF products containing PFAS.10,27,29 We found among Florida firefighters, who recalled their department's brand of AFFF, approximately 46% used contemporary AFFF products. AFFF products and other fluorinated foams are of concern because they contain PFAS. This raises the need for further research in conducting national surveillance of the types and frequency of AFFF used by US fire departments, as well as to conduct continuous biomonitoring of PFAS chemical exposures in firefighters. Firefighter respondents in our study indicated low awareness of AFFF health effects and the relationship to perfluorinated chemicals. Some PFAS pose a risk to groundwater and surface water quality, but they are also highly persistent chemicals, that may be mobile within the work environment and bioaccumulate in organisms.29 Numerous animal and human studies have evaluated both noncancer and cancer health effects related to exposure to a limited number of PFAS, including PFOA and PFOS.30,31 Little to no health-effects data are available for many PFAS. For example, Rotander et al evaluated firefighter blood levels for 11 PFAS compounds and reported elevated concentrations for PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid and its salts (PFHxS) compared with the general population; however, they did not observe any association with studied health effects.32 One study examining PFOS and PFHxS levels in veteran firefighters working at different fire stations in San Francisco as part of a longitudinal biomonitoring program concluded that firefighters who used personal protective equipment (PPE) have lower levels of PFAS in the serum likely due to PPE use.3 Fire departments that used AFFF in this study were more likely to have no health and safety officers than departments that did not use AFFF. In addition, although it is currently not known if washing turnout gear removes PFAS compounds from gear, this study found that less than half of the departments that used AFFF in specific fire incident responses reported washing their turnout gear after using AFFF. It may be possible that health and safety officers play a unique role in educating and training their fire department's workforce on AFFF use and possible health effects. In a recent firefighter health promotion intervention, the use of an expert-led sleep program that included health and safety officers had the greatest reach and effectiveness in educating and screening firefighters.33 Health and safety officers can play a critical role as champions within their fire service to further document the use, exposures, and health effects of AFFF where there is currently limited understanding of AFFF use. Given the low knowledge and awareness of PFOA/PFOS, researchers should consider exploring how health and safety officers in a fire service could educate and train on AFFF use. Data collected from this study were self-reported and subject to recall bias from respondent firefighters. The sample size is relatively small but included survey respondents from 67 departments that captures close to 14% of the Florida fire departments. In addition, sensitivity analyses of Florida fire departments participating in this survey were similar in geographic location (ie, rural, suburban, urban) compared with those departments that did not participate in the survey. A similar sensitivity analysis of survey response data among firefighters from the same fire department found near-perfect agreement for survey items about AFFF use, knowledge, and organizational characteristics. Despite these limitations, this study sheds new light on the practice and type of AFFFs use in Florida fire departments. It is the first to document awareness of and knowledge in the types of AFFF and PFOA/PFOS chemicals associated with foam use using survey data collected largely from the leadership of various Florida fire departments. This pilot survey project also identifies a potential approach in using fire department health and safety officers as a vehicle to educate, train, and possibly surveil for AFFF use and exposures in fire departments. This study identified relatively low awareness and knowledge of AFFF use and PFOA/PFOS chemicals in Florida fire departments. There is an urgent need to conduct national surveillance for AFFF use across US fire departments. Surveillance should include point sources of AFFF exposure (ie, fire suppression, training activities, etc.) that may be impacting firefighter health and safety. Biomonitoring activities among fire departments that use AFFF and AR-AFFF could shed further light into any acute or chronic health effects experienced by AFFF exposure. As we found low levels of awareness and knowledge of PFOA/PFOS chemicals in our sample of Florida fighters, further education and training in the proper use of AFFF is needed. Lastly, the number of health and safety officers, regardless of fire department workforce sizes, seems to be associated with AFFF use, suggesting these officers may play a unique role in educating firefighters on AFFF and PFOA/PFOS exposures. Acknowledgments The authors thank Mrs. Debbie Pringle from the Coral Springs—Parkland Fire Department for her support in coordinating our research team's attendance at the Florida Fire Chiefs Health and Safety Conference, and also thank all the Florida firefighters who took the time to participate in the research study.

This paper aims at a lexical description of frequent uses of frequent lexical verbs in Swedish on the background of Czech, with some implications for the lexical description of such verb uses verbs in general. It results in a draft of a production lexicon of Swedish frequent verbs for advanced Czech learners of Swedish, with focus on their uses as light verbs. The introductory sections (1 and 2) discuss semantic shifts in highly frequent lexical verbs, whose most literal or ‘primary’ uses express motion, location, or physical control; e.g. stand, put, go, hold. These verbs are called basic verbs, which is a term coined by Viberg (Viberg, 1990) that suggests that they typically denote events belonging to basic level categories described by Lakoff (Lakoff, 1987). The ‘literalness’ of verb uses is judged according to how much they are the ones speakers pick first to illustrate the meaning of that given verb (cognitive salience, a term coined by Hanks in (Hanks, forthcoming). Hanks pointed out an interesting discrepancy between the cognitive salience and the actual frequency of a given verb usage in large corpora. This discrepancy is extremely significant in basic verbs. Some of their uses exhibit such a low cognitive salience, that they are not even noticed by native speakers. This has consequences in second-language acquisition. Foreign learners, even the advanced ones, often lack competence in using the most frequent lexical verbs of the second language in their most frequent patterns. Basic verbs often act as light verbs. Sections 3 to 7 are dedicated to light verbs and light verb constructions. Section 8 discusses the morphosyntactic variability in predicate nouns (i.e. the nominal components of light verb constructions) and their possible semantic impact on the entire light verb construction. Different aspects of polysemy of basic verbs are dealt with by contrasting Swedish examples to Czech in Section 9. Special attention is paid to uses of basic verbs that denote relations between abstract entities. Section 10 focuses on grammaticalizing uses of lexical verbs. It gives a Swedish example of context-induced reinterpretation – an interesting semantic shift that often leads to grammaticalization. © 2009 PBML. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Silvie Cinkova, A Contrastive Lexical Description of Basic Verbs: Examples from Swedish and Czech. The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics No. 92, 2009, 21–61. PBML 92 DECEMBER 2009 All the aspects of basic verbs discussed in Sections 1–10 are integrated in a structure of a Swedish-Czech lexicon, which captures verbs and predicate nouns in two respective interlinked parts. Sections 11-14 give its detailed decription.

Chinese characters are the cement of Asia; they are found in numerous scripts and languages. Yet, the number of characters involved is huge, thus causing a memorisation issue. Both foreign learners and native speakers have to cope with this issue. Aiming at mitigating this issue, we have recently started to describe a novel way to approach Chinese characters: the algebraic way. Such a scientific approach to these characters is innovative in itself, and we propose in this paper a concrete implementation of an input method editor (IME) based on this algebra: aIME. Furthermore, we shall experimentally measure the relevance of our IME and its performance by comparing it to several other existing IMEs. From the results obtained, it is clear that the proposed input method brings significant improvement over conventional approaches.

The purpose of this study is to enhance French linguistic and cultural competence by utilizing proverbs, one of the manifestations of “lexiculture”. In particular, this study examines the “lexiculture” of French proverbs related to 1, animals, 2, food, 3, objects that are frequently used by native French speakers in order to form useful educational materials for language and cultural education. To this end, this study first investigated a total of 90 French proverbs related to 1, animals, 2, food, 3, objects.&#x0D; Next, through a survey, a total of 69 French proverbs related to these three topics that are frequently used by native French speakers were selected. In this process, the following two standards for measuring the frequency of use were established: first, whether it is frequently used in daily conversations, and second, whether it is often used by people in their 20s to 50s who use standard language. Finally, the “lexiculture” of these 69 French proverbs was compared with the “lexiculture” of Korean proverbs, and related proverbs were cataloged according to frequency of use.

Objective: The objective of this article is to build up the concept field of media texts’ headings referring to COVID-19 in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is based both on the principles of frequency of use of tokens and nominal word combinations, which reflect the development of events related to the pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headings which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methods: The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has given an opportunity to define the way and language means of presentation of the mentioned concept and its concept field. It also has made it possible to demonstrate the language means, which show the journalists’ intentions to present information to the audience, and has allowed to describe the interconnection between language interpretation character and variants of texts axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, particularly the analysis of left and right combination of words in the text, has identified subjective and objective relationships in the concept’s presentation, and the measure of saturation of the concept field with metaphoric and metonymic models, which are based on axiological principles. Component analysis has disclosed the peculiarities of structure of meaning of separate semantic variants of words. Results: In the result of studying 467 headings of articles in mass media the concept field COVID-19 was built. It was fulfilled on the base of presentation of a medical term as a concept. Definition of axiological variability of headings as the basis of seleection of lexical and grammatical means, and presentation of core concept in its subjective and objective relationships inside the sentence/ utterance were done. Conclusions: The language means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and varied functions. The commonness is in informing the population about development of events and the difference is in the ways of transferring the evaluative component of information. The grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headings with negative and partially positive content.

A plethora of innovative pedagogical tools got invented of late enriching the episteme of English language teaching, while making the acquisition easy and comfortable for the English language learners. In the present research paper, it is studied how discourse analysis of English fictional texts can be used as a useful pedagogical tool to improve the communicative competence of English language learners. Regular practice of doing the analysis of different discourses from the texts helps the readers/learners to develop the speaking skills in English, through the acquisition of grammatical and semantic knowledge with enhanced vocabulary and specifically with socio-cultural contexts. The analyst has to move from the semantic study of the constituents of narratives, talk exchanges, structures of speech to the linguistic, cognitive, historical, social, rhetorical, psychological reasons for the distinctive forms and functions of discourse in context. Some of the textual extracts are taken here from the selected texts such as pieces of narrative and conversational discourses; and the major objective here is to prove how the different bases and modes of discourse analysis applied help the English language learner to achieve the communicative goal easily.

Generating data from a comparable corpus comprising original English speeches and English simultaneous interpretations of Chinese speeches from the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), this study aims to explore the use of formulaic expressions, specifically four-word lexical bundles, in both original speech and interpreted speech. By analyzing the overall frequency and typical discourse functions of these bundles in the two English varieties, the results showed that interpreters used lexical bundles more frequently than native English speakers, suggesting a higher level of formulaicity in interpreted speeches. This higher formulaicity may be explained by normalization and risk-management strategy. In addition, this study found that interpreters used a greater variety of four-word bundle types across the three broad functional categories than native speakers. This result indicates that interpreters and speakers may utilize distinct devices in producing their speech on comparable topics. That is, interpreters preferred to use lexical bundles to achieve fluency, while native speakers showed greater linguistic variability and relied less on these pre-constructed chunks of language. These findings highlight the importance of formulaicity in simultaneous interpreting and how such pre-constructed lexical bundles function to help interpreters achieve adequate rendition.

Valency is a major source of lexical errors in foreign language learning. Accordingly, the research question is how the syntactic and semantic properties of a word can be retrieved from the corpora and represented in a Chinese valency dictionary to facilitate foreign learners' vocabulary acquisition. Within the three aspects of the valency framework — logical-semantic, syntactic and semantic-pragmatic valency — this study examines 60 cases of Chinese lexical misuse extracted from the HSK (Chinese Language Proficiency Test) Dynamic Compositions Corpus. The results suggest that the majority of cases of misuse occur in the dimension of semantic-pragmatic valency and that this semantic-pragmatic misuse can be ascribed to various factors such as semantic collocations, emotive variables, text styles, registers, and other contextual factors. The results are then utilized as syntactic, semantic and pragmatic information to be presented in a Chinese valency dictionary. Specifically, the results obtained from a case study of a misused word by referring to a large-scale native Chinese speaker corpus help retrieve a relatively full list of complementation patterns, based on which the study designs a Chinese valency entry that embodies three basic elements — quantitative valency, qualitative valency and valency patterns.

Authorial self-representation has been a much-discussed topic in research on academic discourse, most of which has concentrated on the personal pronouns, ignoring some implicit authorial self-representations such as passive voice. To make a systematic and comprehensive exploration of the authorial self-representation in abstracts of research articles, this paper examines both the explicit (first-person pronouns) and implicit (impersonal pronouns and passive voice) representations of the authorial self, and explores various author roles with their discourse functions in abstracts of research articles of applied linguistics. Meanwhile, this paper takes move into consideration by adopting Hyland (2000)’s classification of abstract moves to find out the influence of abstract move on authorial self-representation. The findings are as follows: 1) Authorial self-representations are unevenly distributed among the five moves. 2) writers of research article abstracts tend to choose implicit ways to represent themselves. 3) As for the author role, the frequency of author as researcher and writer is significantly greater in all the moves than as arguer and promoter. However, all the four role with different forms of authorial self-representation serve specific discourse- related purposes. It is hoped that the findings of this study can both raise awareness and be pedagogically suggestive for abstract writing and teaching.

Thematization, the relative frequency of a discourse referent, and topicalization are conceptualized as related discourse functions. In a probe recall experiment, a word with a thematized referent was a better recall probe than a word with a nonthematized referent. Also, an agent noun was a better prompt than a recipient, and this semantic variable interacted with topicalization such that a semantic recipient was a better prompt when it was topic than when it was comment. In a second experiment, subjects' choice between semantically equivalent active and passive sentences was influenced by thematization. Thematized nouns were chosen as topics more often than nonthematized nouns, and nouns used as paragraph titles were chosen as topics slightly more than nontitle nouns. It is suggested that twin discourse functions are served by thematization and topicalization, the former providing stable referential focus and the latter providing momentary referential focus.