Производство боеприпасов на заводе «Красное Сормово» в 1941–1944 гг.

"While military, political and economic issues constitute the agenda in the general framework during war periods, subjects such as culture, education and art are naturally pushed to the second or even the third plan. While the school buildings were sometimes used as military shelters during the war days, they were sometimes used as an arsenal and sometimes as a hospital. It seems plausible that the money allocated to education in the ordinary budget should be spent on other sectors during the war. The human element in education is also a force to be utilized in times of war. Teachers or students were sent to the front and used to reinforce the army, and female students or female teachers were sometimes evaluated in ammunition production, logistics or transportation, and sometimes they were employed in the treatment of wounded soldiers such as nurses. Considering that the Ottoman Empire participated in almost non-stop wars in the last ten years, it will be understood how much of a blow the educational activities took on the above-mentioned situations. When we look at the issue in the Turkish War of Independence, it will be seen that the conflicts with the occupying forces in many regions have created a similar situation. The main purpose of this study is to show the course of education and training activities in the city of Antalya, which was occupied and freed from the Italian occupation during the years of the National Struggle. Another purpose of the study is to show the viewpoint of the people and administrators on education in the city of Antalya, which was occupied by a foreign state before the negative effects of the First World War, to reveal what kind of work the teachers do in this field, to indicate the situation of schools and students in this painful period. While creating the study, archival sources were consulted as much as possible, the local press of the period was examined and research works were used. It was aimed to reveal the original aspect of the issue by comparing the memories that touched on this subject, even if only a little, with other documents and information."

The purpose of the research is to reveal the features of the creation and activity of the Russian military industry for the production of artillery weapons and ammunition in the 18th century. The article deals with issues related to the accelerated development of industry under Peter I, especially metallurgy, associated with the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Attention is drawn to the fact that due to the construction of a group of state-run private iron foundries and ironworks, four industrial districts were formed – Tula, Olonets, the Urals and St. Petersburg. These districts had for a long time been the main arsenals for the production of artillery weapons for the Russian army. The author focuses on the aspects of improving the quality of products produced by weapons factories in the 18th century. Scientific novelty consists in an interdisciplinary consideration of the issue involving the works of authors whose works were published in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods and in the introduction of previously unpublished sources into scientific circulation. It is concluded that the development of the organisational structure of the Russian army caused an increase in the production of artillery weapons and ammunition and the creation of the necessary amount of stocks of these weapons to meet the current needs of the army and navy.

The purpose of the research is to establish the characteristic features and signs, the inherent mechanism and strategies of managing financial and economic security, which should be used by domestic enterprises in the war period and in the post-war recovery period in the conditions of the development of Industry 4.0 trends in the realities of the BANI world. Defects in the organization and functioning of the financial and economic security management mechanism were identified, which began to be clearly investigated during the work of business entities in wartime conditions. Additional elements of the financial and economic security management mechanism of the enterprise in the conditions of Industry 4.0 and BANI World are proposed. The peculiarities of the strategy and mechanism of managing the financial and economic security of enterprises in various models of the world system are specified. The outline of the GUARDIAN strategy for the implementation of the tasks of strategic management of the financial and economic security of enterprises was developed and the expediency of its use in the realities of Industry 4.0 and BANI World was substantiated.The development of a new paradigm of strategic management of financial and economic security for the post-war recovery of business entities in the conditions of BANI World, taking into account the trends of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, allows expanding the limits of the application of the tools of effective security-oriented management. In order to successfully optimize traditional approaches to financial and economic security management in the post-war period, it is necessary to transform the financial and economic security management mechanism to ensure its readiness to counteract the impact on the enterprise's corporate resources from the threat of military aggression, global pandemics, the development of the trend of Industry 4.0 and BANI world.

The article draws artistic parallels between the Second World War and the Russian-Ukrainian wars, where the influence of Shevchenko's word, embodied with the help of kobzar art, is especially relevant. It has been proven that T. Shevchenko's words are organically woven into modern military folklore, forming an inseparable synthesized unity. During the war period, there is an active appeal to folk origins, so were the most popular during the Second World War such dumas: "About the Bandurist Cossack", "About Marusya Bohuslavka", "The Escape of Three Brothers from the City of Azov, from Turkish Captivity" etc. The poetry of T. Shevchenko was also very popular at that time. During World War II, folk singers took part in hostilities, were part of partisan units, traveled through the occupied territory. People's kobzars professed the Shevchenko ideals of struggle and freedom, thus raising the fighting spirit of the soldiers. Shevchenko's words inspire on the battlefield even today. In the last period, the art of kobzar became quite developed. Here, first of all, it is worth mentioning T. Kompanichenko, a soldier of the territorial defense, a kobzar, the leader of the Khoreya Kozatsky band, the author of "Duma about the Savur-grave", "Duma about the Holodomor", modern war songs ("Armored ranks", "We will boldly go into battle", "Bayraktars and Javelins", "Carmina belli" and others). In the repertoire of modern kobzars, as in the period of the Second World War, Shevchenko motifs are prominent. Illustrative in this respect is the work of the bandur player Yu. Gerasimenko. His song "Gen in the Steppe" depicts the death throes of an old kobzar who worries about the future of his state. His work "Save the Song" expresses Shevchenko's opinion about the immortality of the Ukrainian duma and song. In the song repertoire of this bandurist, the Shevchenko motive of thinking about the future fate of Ukraine is also felt. The work also focuses on the fact that during the war period, the folklore genre of duma became especially widespread and appeared as a historical document that reflects the social changes of the era. The article also examines the functioning of the duma genre in modern military literature using the example of O. Ptashchenko's poetry.

The purpose of the proposed paper is a historiographical study of the Soviet Union Red Army and the NKVD provocative role at the initial stage of the Second World War – period of the German-Polish war and so-called Soviet troops «liberation campaign» in the southeastern provinces of Poland in modern Ukrainian historiography. An important place in the implementation of the Soviet plans for the occupation of Western Ukraine in September 1939 was given to the formation of «decent» motives for the inclusion USSR in the Second World War on the side of the aggressor – Germany, by means of manipulative and propaganda tools. Violating previous bilateral agreements with Poland and their international legal obligations, the Soviet special services and party structures actively undermined the internal political position of the Polish state in the territories of Eastern Galicia and Western Volhynia through the press and visual propaganda in the first weeks of September 1939, when the Polish Army put up a courageous resistance to German army from the west. The work, based on a careful study of modern Ukrainian historiography, analyzes in detail the provocative context of Soviet propaganda narratives according to the main themes, scope of application and objects of influence.

The Siege of Leningrad is one of the most tragic and heroic events in the history of the Second world war. From September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, the city was surrounded by Nazi troops, which led to disastrous consequences for its inhabitants. More than two and a half million people were cut off from the outside world, deprived of food, water and medical care. Despite the unbearable conditions, the Leningraders showed incredible resilience, courage and solidarity, which became a symbol of the human spirit in the fight against a ruthless enemy. In this article, I want to share my thoughts on the Great Patriotic war, focusing on one of the most tragic and significant episodes in the history of Russia – the siege of Leningrad. Emphasizing that the blockade is the key moment for understanding the scale and consequences of the war, as well as its impact on the fate of millions of people. The article is based on the personal experience of my family, my relatives who were directly involved in the events of the Great Patriotic war. Great-grandfather – Dmitry Nikolaevich Viktorov was a war veteran who went through the front and was awarded the medal «For the Victory over Germany». Second great-grandfather – Ilyin Nikolai Yakovlevich, has the sign «Resident of besieged Leningrad», despite the fact that he was only five years old during the war. This article tells about the importance of the siege of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic war and its impact on people's lives. I share the memories of my relatives who took part in this tragic event. The article emphasizes the importance of preserving the memory of the blockade and the people who survived and helped each other in difficult times. This article also describes the importance of bread as a symbol of survival and cohesion, glorifying the power of human will and the desire for a normal life in wartime conditions. Despite its poor quality, it kept the city alive, and every piece was worth its weight in gold. This highlights how people valued the smallest resources in conditions of extreme need. The preservation of monuments and cultural heritage during the blockade also shows that Leningraders not only fought for their lives, but also for the preservation of their history and identity. The blockade is not just a historical fact, but a deep wound that reflects the importance of remembering those events for future generations. This helps us to remember the price of freedom and peace, as well as how important it is to preserve human dignity in the most difficult conditions. Analyzing the vital activity of the city under siege, emphasizing not only the suffering and deprivation, but also the examples of courage, solidarity and mutual assistance shown by its residents. The importance lies in the fact that the study of the blockade forms patriotism and an active civic position among modern readers. Understanding the historical context and heroism of the Leningraders contributes to the realization of the value of freedom, unity and the human spirit in the struggle against difficulties. The article is intended to inspire a new generation to preserve historical memory and actively participate in the life of society, strengthening patriotic feelings and civic responsibility. It is important to foster patriotic feelings among young people so that they become defenders of their values and actively participate in building a better future for their homeland. Patriotism is not just an emotion; it is a call to action for the common good.

The article discusses the methods of scientific and artistic propaganda (Museum and local history tour, lesson at the exhibition, lecture, conversation with slides). Museum employees at places of temporary storage of monuments carried out educational work among the population. Working with the audience in the Museum serves as a support for the positive state of mind of people in the conditions of intense wartime. Meeting with evacuees collections of art monuments allowed residents of Perm, Gorky, Solikamsk and other regional centers in 1941–1945 to expand their horizons, aesthetically evaluate the famous masterpieces of Russian art, which had a beneficial effect on the entire cultural climate of the provincial society. During the great Patriotic war, the main part of the art collections of the State Russian Museum was evacuated to Molotov (Perm). Paintings, sculptures, works of iconography are placed in the Perm Museum of local lore, in the Trinity Cathedral of Solikamsk. Conducting excursions and consultations at temporary exhibitions, conversations with slides are methods of scientific and educational work. This work was important and necessary for the residents of Perm. The meeting with art organized for visitors of the Museum in Perm by the staff of the Russian Museum provided great spiritual support during the great Patriotic war, which can be regarded as an unprecedented case of aesthetic education of the younger generation and spiritual support of the residents of Perm in wartime conditions. The relevance of the material presented in the article is undeniable. In the last years of the twenty-fi rst century, there have been increasing calls for a review of the role of the Soviet Army in the great Patriotic war (1941–1945). It is necessary to take responsibility for historical truth. The importance of the Victory, which brought liberation from Hitlerism not only to our Homeland, but also to the Western world, is great, and the merits are invaluable. It is necessary to preserve the truth for future generations of residents of the former Soviet space, as well as citizens of other countries. Special importance in the preservation of memory belongs to documentary sources, which include archive materials. Along with them, works of art created during the war or in the first post-war years play an invaluable role in restoring the truth.

Didžiojo karo veiksmų Rytų Prūsijoje poveikis Rusijos ir rusų kolektyvinių įvaizdžių turiniui, remiantis Vokietijos tekstualiniu 1914–1939 m. diskursu, analizuotas fragmentiškai ligšioliniuose tyrimuose. Todėl straipsnyje*, taikant metodologines įvaizdžių ir archetipų (Carlas Gustavas Jungas) teorijos bei karo psichologijos (Jennifer Diane Keene, Charlesas Webelis, Charlesas Fischeris) prieigas, siekiama atskleisti Rusijos ir rusų „invazijos“ Rytų Prūsijoje įvaizdžių, stereotipų bei mitologemų genezės prielaidas ir šių predikatinių nuostatų semantinius bruožus 1914–1939 m. Vokietijoje publikuotuose atsiminimuose apie Didįjį karą.

At the final stage of the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years in the USSR, a large-scale restoration and expansion of the nursery network was carried out. However, in war time conditions, nursery construction was short of the necessary material and human resources, which significantly hampered the operation of the nursery as a medical institution. Despite the challenges, the nursery network has played an important role in protecting the health of young children. The article reflects the contribution of pediatric scientific institutions to nursery construction.

The purpose of the article is to find out the determining role and basic content of geospatial support of legendary airline Alaska – Siberia in the period of Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), its scientific and practical foundations, created in the period of prewar development of domestic geodesy, its organization structures, ensuring proper level of topographic and geodetic territorial knowledge of the country, and also scientific and industrial culture of its development. One of the most important objects of geo-spatial support in the prewar and initial period of the Second World War was the Alaska-Siberia transcontinental air bridge, which became the result and symbol of the military cooperation between the USSR and the USA, which delivered in the period 1942–1945 to Soviet Air Force about 10 thousand fighters, bombers and transport aircrafts, which played a huge and victorious role in the Second World War. The prewar achievements of Soviet geodesy and cartography in the field of topographic and geodetic knowledge of the country, minimization of "white spots" in the areas of the future air route, problems and solutions in relation to surveys, design and construction of airfields, which determined the required network of AlSib nodal points, are characterized. A number of names of participants in the creation of the route have been identified, among which, in particular, Safronov Sergey Niko-laevich, a surveyor engineer, later a well-known teacher and scientist, associate professor of NIIGAiK – SSGA, now SSUGT, was named.

Third phase: World War I The period of the First World War can be considered as the third phase in the campaign against sleeping sickness in the Belgian Congo. Unfortunately, the war began just at the time when the colonial administration was in the process of addressing the problem of a medical service and public health policy in the Congo. An outstanding feature of the period of the war was the manner in which the colonial administration contradicted its own public health policy and, in fact, aggravated human sleeping sickness in northern Congo. The reprise of the Congo in 1908 had not been widely popular amongst Belgians at home but the war revealed, for perhaps the first time, the fact that their government needed the labour and resources available in its colony. Evacuated to Britain because of German occupation, the Belgian government looked to its African colony for material assistance in the war effort. North-eastern Congo was suddenly of great importance for three reasons: gold, rubber and labour. We can get some idea of the effect of the war by examining the figures for gold production in northern Congo during the war. In 1913, the total sales from Kilo-Moto amounted to 4,676,852 francs, but by 1918, the sales were 12,394,256 francs and in 1919, 19,796,000 francs. In six years, the sales had quadrupled. But the constantly increasing demands for gold, rubber and men forced the colonial administration to contradict much of its own recent public health policy in the north-east. The labour demands required an intensification of the movement of population throughout the northeast, and that meant that the recently imposed cordon sanitaire became a hindrance to the war effort.

When World War II appeared imminent, the modernist writer known as H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) declined offers of refuge and chose to remain in London. As devastating as this noncombatant experience was, as a Londoner during the Great War H.D. had learned how prolific she could be during periods of war. A Curious Peril attends to the critically ignored fiction and nonfiction she penned in the aftermath of the Second World War, arguing that our neglect of the narrative prose of this period of her career has bolstered an incomplete portrait of her oeuvre. Though H.D. is not typically considered a “political” thinker, this postwar work brings her interest in the otherworldly to bear on the material, political world—the world of imperialism, nationalism, and perpetual war. Abandoning for a short period the ancient classical settings for which she is best known, H.D. is seemingly impelled by the experiences of the early 1940s to produce a spate of writings in which the history of modern Europe takes center stage, writings that are molded into and by innovative and hybrid forms and genres that ultimately critique the ethical paradigms that had guided her before the war. Her postwar work marks a definitive shift from the modernist to the late modernist, gesturing at crucial points to the postmodern. As such, this experimental body of work—born in the trauma of world war, composed by a writer with acutely ambivalent national ties—constitutes a vital case study for current theorizing of late modernism.

Introduction: Research on Russian Orthodox Church history of the period of the Great Patriotic War has ample complex of sources come into scientific operation fully enough. However, it should be noted that researches chiefly focus their attention on documentary sources whereas it must be admitted that memory-based oral literature, such as orally transmitted pieces of evidence devoted to the history of Russian Orthodox Church parishes in the rear, for example, is somewhat lacking. The purpose of our research is caused by the necessity to fill the lacunas in the field of the church history in Mordovian study of local lore during the period of 1941–1945 as well as to enrich information which is presented rather sparingly. Materials and Methods. The materials of the article are orally transmitted sources collected and processed by the students and teachers of Saransk theological seminary. Interdisciplinary nature of the problem of our research determined the coherence of methodological aims of social knowledge such as hermeneutics, historical anthropology, sociology, etc. Results. The article describes the results of the work connected with collecting and analyzing several narrative complexes of memory-based and orally transmitted pieces of evidence linked by the period of the Great Patriotic War and the theme of life in the rear parishes of Mordovian region. Collecting information was carried out by means of free interviewing methods, frequently used in cultural and anthropological researches. Discussion and Conclusions. The significance and value of orally transmitted historical sources concerning the church history of the Great Patriotic War period are hard to overestimate. Interviewees reconstruct not only the events of the past but also transmit, along with the whole complex of their emotional experiences, linked with these events, their mental references. All this is essential for better understanding social history, the history of family on the one hand, and the history of culture, on the other, inasmuch as oral pieces of evidence supplement documentary information with anthropological constituent. This is the most valuable thing while studying themes, closed for the public before, such as Russian Orthodox Church history of the first half of the XX century, for example.

The building of combat-ready reserves for the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War is analyzed based on the results of an archival research on universal military training in North Ossetia. Using the materials from the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania and the State Archive of the Modern History of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, a historical perspective on the military training in the region without disruption to industrial production under the wartime conditions is provided. Special attention is paid to variations in the organization of military training across the North Ossetian ASSR territory. The quality of pre-conscription training in North Ossetia during the early years of the war, the development of infrastructure for universal military training, the resolution of organizational challenges, and the role of universal military training in ensuring the timely preparation of combat reserves for the front are assessed. Key obstacles and limitations in the implementation of universal military training, as well as strategies employed to overcome them, are identified using the archival records and existing historiographical sources. It is concluded that the Soviet leadership not only successfully trained and integrated the conscription pool into the Red Army but also developed an effective system of universal military training for all citizens, which enabled the rapid deployment of combat reserves.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Departments for Combating Embezzlement of Socialist Property (OBKhSS) operated actively within the structure of the Main Directorate of Militia under the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the Soviet Union. OBKhSS personnel safeguarded public wealth, contributed to strengthening the USSR’s economic power, and recovered significant material assets and large sums of money for the state. They inspected trade facilities, warehouses, and supply bases damaged by air raids, ensuring that the remaining valuables were accounted for, inventoried, and directed to their intended purposes. With the onset of the war and the introduction of rationed supplies of food and consumer goods, the militia was tasked with intensifying efforts to combat profiteering. At that time, the legal norm in force (Article 107 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, 1926) did not establish an upper limit for liability in cases of profiteering. In wartime conditions, the practice of imposing penalties for this offense became significantly more severe.