ЕКОНОМІКО-ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

The subject of the study is the migration situation in EU. Against the background of global socio-economic transformations, the EU is facing multifaceted problems in managing migration processes, acting as one of the most attractive areas of modern migration. Mass migration flows are a natural companion of globalization and the policy of openness promoted by many States. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive analysis of migration processes in the EU, focusing on the theoretical foundations, dynamics and current issues. Special attention is paid to the transformation of migration legislation in the EU member states in the period 2020-2023. The revealed data on new migration projects in the EU countries make it possible to trace the dynamics of changes in official EU legislation on this issue and formulate proposals for resolving the crisis situation. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach and the theory of multilevel management. The systematic approach was used in the work to identify the causes and consequences of the transformation of EU migration legislation within the framework of an integrated set of migration processes. The theory of multilevel management considers the issue both at the national level and at the level of the European Union. The novelty of the research lies in the development of scientific discourse on migration processes in the European Union. An in-depth analysis of migration dynamics in the EU, and as a result, the reasons for the transformation of migration legislation, expands the understanding of migration control mechanisms, and also evaluates the participation of EU member states in the formation of migration policy. The research contributes to the awareness of the interactions between migration and other socio-economic processes, which is significant for the academic community and the creation of educational programs. The practical significance of the study lies in its contribution to the formation and improvement of the EU migration policy. Based on the collected data and analytical conclusions, recommendations can be made to improve the current mechanisms of migration management, strengthen integration processes and maintain social balance.

Purpose of research. To offer theoretical and methodological tools for assessing the contribution of external labour migration to inclusive development.Methods.The study used methods of statistical, econometric analysis, comparative analysis, graphical method of analysis, as well as General theoretical method of analysis of Russian and foreign literary sources. The main information sources for the study were the data of the official website of the Federal state statistics service, as well as the data of the Unified interdepartmental information and statistical system.Results.The main results of the study are as follows: – Development of a theoretical two-circuit model of migration flow regulation with an emphasis on attracting qualified personnel to the industry. – Econometric results recorded the feedback of migration with economic growth and indicators of inclusive development – manufacturing, high-tech products and innovative exports in the Russian regions. – Results were also obtained, indicating a weak regulation of migration processes in the Russian regions, the effectiveness of which is fixed at the level of 25% out of 100%. – For the inclusive development of the Russian regions, thresholds were obtained for: attracting qualified personnel to the manufacturing industry up to 32% of the total number of workers in the field, the regulation of migration and economic processes by state institutions should be in the area of responsibility at 75% against 25%, the HDI in the regions should be at the level of 93% of 100%. – Threshold values are allowed to form and to work out the forecast of development for the Sverdlovsk region for the perspective till 2025Conclusion.In General, according to the study, it was concluded that it is necessary to change the course from attracting low-skilled migrants to qualified ones, to strengthen the role of state institutions to regulate migration processes, as well as to increase the level of human capital in Russia. For further economic development, qualitative changes in human capital, industrial development, diversification of the national economy and the development of the country’s scientific and technological potential are needed.

Business economics belongs to the group of economic sciences. Business economics is a scientific field that deals with the business of a company in conditions of limited resources and market laws. It is a complex comprehensive discipline that studies economic conditions, economic processes and economic relations within a company. Within the business economics, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of all economic phenomena, categories and relations in the company and its wider economic and functional environment is performed. The paper studies the direct and indirect impact of business economics in the development of modern companies and organizations.

Today taxes play a very important role, provide financial resources to the state budget and ensure its proper functioning. Taxes are the most important source of state income. In order for the state to develop and fulfill basic obligations towards citizens, it must have financial means at its disposal. The tax system, as a collection of taxes in a given country, must be created in a clear and transparent way so as to facilitate taxpayers' actions. The tax must be set at an appropriate level so that it does not adversely affect taxpayers, and must also provide adequate resources to the state budget. Corporate income tax, on the one hand, is a burden and a barrier to the development of legal persons who run a business, but is also a source of state budget revenue. Corporate income tax was introduced in Poland along with the establishment of a free market economy. This is an income tax that does not take into account the minimum tax-free amount and does not differentiate tax entities. Corporate income tax in Poland has undergone a number of important transformations, especially after the accession of Poland to the European Union. Tax rates have been systematically reduced since the early 1990s. Corporate income tax should be particularly convenient for entrepreneurs, and should not act destructively because the number of entrepreneurs in the state determines the level of economic and industrial development. This is even more important since, after Poland's accession to the European Union, the transfer of a business to another EU member state no longer constitutes a problem. Attractive income tax also attracts foreign investors for whom the aspect related to easy accounting is vital. The aim of the publication is to discuss the issues related to the Polish corporate income tax i.e. tax management in an enterprise, the application of discounts and exemptions and also issues related to state income from corporate income tax and the income lost due to relief and dismissals. The paper also touches upon issues related to the construction of Polish corporate income tax, subject, object and the basis of this tax. It also covers the scale and rates of taxation, exemptions and reductions from corporate tax and a summary of the efficiency and favorability of entrepreneurs for the provisions of this tax. The work is based on a critical analysis of literature on the subject.

This paper bases on the research related to the change of US - EU relations under Donald Trump administration in the United States and its effect on the EU member states' pursuing autonomous policies. Recent analyses reveal that under the Trump administration, there has been a change of traditional economic and political relations with the EU member states. How this policy change affected the EU member states has not received much attention. The analysis reveals Trump's questioning the function of NATO and putting tariffs on the products of the EU, supporting Brexit process and having close relations with the far-right leaders of Europe present important evidence of this policy change. This change has been visible in parallel with the leading European countries' creating their own foreign and domestic policies related to increasing the power of anti-EU political parties such as in Poland, Hungary, and the United Kingdom. The analysis thus suggests Trump’s approach to these countries encouraged them to pursue autonomous policies. Moreover, current President of the US, Joe Biden’s connivance of European politics shows the continuation of this policy even without direct support to the far-right leaders of Europe. With the neoclassical realist theory informed analysis, this paper aims to present the effect of Trump administration's restructuring attempts of US - EU relations on EU member states' pursuing autonomous policies.

Abstract. This paper reports a study into the trends and patterns of the impact of external labor migration on the effectiveness of the functioning of Ukraine’s labor market, as well as defining those areas where migration processes could be coordinated in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The scale and characteristics of the external labor migration in Ukraine have been considered. A tendency has been identified towards increasing the number of potential labor migrants among the population of Ukraine. The main destinations for migrant workers are the EU, primarily Poland, Italy, and the Czech Republic. It was found that the main labor migrants are men aged 30 to 49 with secondary and secondary specialized education, which indicates a significant outflow of «labor» from Ukraine. The main motives that encourage Ukrainians to work abroad have been determined. The main one has been investigated, related to the low level of wages in Ukraine, which is several times lower than the level of remuneration in the recipient countries. The positive and negative consequences of labor migration for Ukraine as a labor donor country have been given. Among the direct positive consequences, the main ones are the reduction of pressure on the labor market and the decrease in unemployment. Among the negative ones is the migration of the most active part of the labor force, the migration of young people and the most qualified specialists, which causes a shortage of labor in Ukraine’s labor market. The ways to improve the coordination of migration processes have been proposed, in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The first is to improve the information support of the labor migration management process; the second is to promote economic growth and social development in Ukraine. The implementation of these measures could reduce the motivation for labor migration and provide conditions for the return of migrant workers. Keywords: labor migration, migrant, labor outflow, labor market, migration policy. JEL Classіfіcatіon J45, J61, J69 Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 23.

INTRODUCTION. Forced migration is one of the most difficult global problems. There is a clear interdependence between the problem of refugees and the issue of human rights, since human rights violations are one of the main reasons for the mass exodus of people from their countries of origin. It is also clear that counties that provide asylum have a sustainable practice of respecting the human dignity. Forced migrants have rights that must be respected during all stages of the exodus. We are talking about the fundamental rights and freedoms proclaimed in international and regional human rights treaties, primarily the protection of human dignity and the restoration of the minimum rights of people who left their countries of origin. This article discusses the problems of realization of the minimum rights of forced migrants, that is, those rights that guarantee survival and an adequate standard of living. The authors conduct a detailed study of national legislation in the field of forced migration of such European countries as Italy and Spain. In particular, this article analyzes recent legislative changes adopted in this countries in the field of asylum and the consequences for the realization of fundamental rights of refugees and asylum seekers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This research is based on the analysis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, European Social Charter of 1961, European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2000, UNHCR standards for receiving asylum seekers, and also an in-depth analysis of the national legislation of Italy and Spain in the field of forced migration. The methodological basis of the research consists of both general scientific (comparative historical and statistical methods, methods of generalization and systems analysis, case-study approach) and specific scientific (formal legal and comparative legal methods, method of interpretation of legal norms) research methods. RESULTS OF RESEARCH. On the basis of the analysis of international treaties, European and national legislation, judicial practice of states, as well as doctrinal studies of different researches, the authors formulate some conclusions related to the main problems of legislative regulation and the implementation of minimum rights of forced migrants in such EU member states as Italy and Spain. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Despite the existence of international and, in particular, European standards in the field of human rights, practically those rights that are necessary for survival and maintenance of an adequate standard of living of people who have applied for asylum are not always fully respected. The experience of the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Spain shows that fundamental rights of refugees can be often violated both during the examination of asylum applications and after their satisfaction. The absence of a unified legislative base, the tendency to pursue a more restrictive policy in the field of forced migration and unresolved problems of asylum legislation entail significant impediments for the realization in these countries of the basic rights of one of the most vulnerable category of people as forced migrants.

The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis of interaction between non-governmental organizations (hereinafter - NGOs) and public authorities in the EU member states. The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to borrow the experience of constitutional and legal regulation of the organization of relations between civil society and the state. On this basis, the author's vision of defining these public institutions is proposed. The article provides a general description of the legal models of NGOs. Accordingly, four NGO models have been identified: the corporate model (continental European), the liberal model (Anglo-Saxon model), the social democratic model (Scandinavian) and the Mediterranean model. A generalization has been made about the spread of the corporate model in the EU Member States, which is characterized by close cooperation between public authorities and NGOs. The peculiarities of the constitutional and legal bases of relations between NGOs and the state in different EU countries are established. In the Republic of Poland, the constitutional and legal regulations are designed to ensure strong and effective cooperation between NGOs and the authorities. As for the Slovak Republic, in this country the legal basis guarantees significant autonomy of NGOs. Much attention is paid to the urgent problems of relations between NGOs and the authorities. Such problems include: - imperfection of legal regulation of civil society structures; - incomplete construction of the mechanism of interaction with public authorities; - limited financial resources, etc. The need to codify the regulations governing the activities of NGOs was emphasized. The article emphasizes the significant role of NGOs in the process of public administration in the EU. The existence of an extensive mechanism of NGOs abroad testifies to the success of their practical activities aimed at establishing fruitful cooperation and reducing conflicts between the state and civil society.

Introduction . History of economic sanctions goes back to the old times, when Athens blocked trade for those entities, whose way of conduct was not acceptable to them. The authors prove, that further active application of economic sanctions, which developed in the 20th century, is more related to the activity of certain states, in particular the USA. The sanction practice was encouraged by the approach of the American presidents, for example, manifested in the well-known speech by President Woodrow Wilson where he named economic sanctions as silent, but deadly method of fight. An Important role in the economic relations between the USSR and later - Russia and the USA was played the Jackson-Vanik amendment which imposed serious trade relation limitations that existed until it was repealed in 2012. However, in 2014 the history of the trade sanctions pressure over Russia from the USA got a new impetus. The authors review several presidential Executive Orders, which imposed economic sanctions against Russia. A new U.S. Law “Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act" (CAATSA), adopted in 2017 is scrutinized by the authors as well. Materials and methods . The methodological basis of the research includes general scientific and special methods of cognition in the sphere of constitutional law, including method of system structural analysis, comparative legal method, formal logical method, historical and legal methods. Results. The authors stress the high importance of the extraterritorial legal force of the U.S. economic sanctions acts, which allows application thereof beyond territory of the USA. The authors make a conclusion that modern U.S. sanctions against Russia without any doubt should be considered as an element of pressure with the purpose of intervening into Russia's internal and external policy. Discussions and conclusion . The use of economic sanctions as a tool of coercion against another state is grounded; the negative impact of economic sanctions on the state that imposes them is evidenced, the proposition that the extraterritoriality of the US laws is in conflict with the sovereign law enforcement practice of other states, including the Russian Federation, is substantiated.

The article deals with the problem of developing the European Union’s identity. The confirmation of the hypothesis can be considered as an argument for the necessity to interpret the European identity in the context of an imagined community. The ideas of developing the European Union’s identity as a joint national identity of the EU member-states which are differently engaged in the global post-industrial economy, interpreted the EU and their relations therewith in many ways, served as the theoretical background of the article. Therefore, these member-states possessed substantively divergent national identities. The expansion in the range of issues which did not require the unanimous approval of the EU member-states but solely by voting after the principle of qualified 50 majority was to promote the enforced cooperation between the EU member-states. These vectors were chosen due to the changes on the international arena which occurred during the researched period of time and echoed rather in the abovementioned areas than in the economic policy, since the state received the freedom of action in the search of a new balance of powers. Besides, the EU institutions governing the common foreign and security policy and the European defense remained weak even after the Maastricht treaty has been revised and the Amsterdam treaty has been signed. The monetary union serves in the capacity of an identity instrument of the EU. The multi-ethnic identity represents the feature of the migration processes in the European Union

The authors article is a contribution to 50 years´ anniversary of signing the Rome Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, to better understanding the European Union, the relationship of the Union and the Member States. The issue of the European Union´s Constitution deadlock including the special issue of the weighting of votes as well as the issue of Poland´s and the Czech Republic´s position on the US offer to install a US led anti-missile system in the two EU Member States : these issues are demonstrating the one crucial identity issue of the relationship of the European Union and its Member States, the relationship of the whole and the parts. Viewing at transdisciplinary comparative reflections on the relationship of the whole and the parts in philosophy, philosophy of economics and in natural science as well as in the law and policy making system of the European Union: the author concludes that the parts do not constitute the whole as an end in itself, they are subject, however, to a functional dialectical role to achieve common objectives, they are bound by the rationalism´s principle of effectiveness which is one of the constitutional essentials of the Treaty establishing the European Union as the legal incorporation of the functional dialectical approach of combining integrative, cooperative and competitive interactions between the Member States. The author has a deeper look at the biology/cytology system of the cell as a complex network of intracellular and extracellular structures the individual components of which are highly interconnected and practice the dynamics of the dialectical relationship of the cell and its structural components of interconnected cooperative and competitive levels of the complex network: ensuring the vitality of the cell and preventing the cell´s intracellular components from losing their independent identity and getting mixed in the cytoplasm. What prevents the smaller Member States of an enlarged European Union from losing identity, from mixing in the “cytoplasm” of the larger European Union: it is the Union´s complex multileveled network system of the functional approach of the dialectical dynamic cooperative and competitive relationship of the Union and the Member States, the whole and the parts, and that dialectical functional relation prevents the enlarged European Union from being dismantled, as well. Part of that system the Membership of which Poland´s Government had signed is the legal and political commitment to respect Treaty obligations: to consult each other within the EU´s Council before undertaking bilateral actions having direct impact on the Common Foreign and Security Policy, to consult within the EU´s Council a common position before consulting the matter within NATO and,actually, before accepting the US offer to install a anti-missile shield in Central Europe.

Abstract. The article identifies the features of financial management in international economic activity in terms of limiting economic relations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. It is clear that the current state of the economy requires the spread of international economic activity at both macro and micro levels, as only provided that the integrated system of economic relations between the national economies of different countries and the benefits of international cooperation, it is possible to avoid economic and social problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. It is noted that Ukraine’s active participation in world economic processes requires economy. In turn, the transformation processes in Ukraine require a clear coordination of actions in all areas and parts of the financial system, which is the conceptual basis of a new model of economic and social development of the state. Such a model should combine the constant improvement of the welfare of society and every citizen and the formation of a competitive national economy in Ukraine, which would be organically integrated into global economic processes and take a worthy place in them. It is determined that Ukraine’s international economic activity has a very great potential in the development of economic relations, despite the existing problems, the solution of which is the key to future success in the development of trade in the international market. A SWOT-analysis of Ukraine’s international economic activity was conducted, which revealed trends in the development of foreign economic activity. The financial mechanism of development of the international economic activity (IEC) which is an element of management and the regulator of foreign economic relations is offered. The concept of IEC financial management is proposed, which substantiates the purpose and main tasks, which are specified at the micro and macro levels. It is concluded that many problems of financial management in international economic activity should be addressed primarily at the macro level, i.e. public institutions. Keywords: financial management, international economic activity, financial mechanism, concept. JEL Classіfіcatіon F30, G20 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 10.

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of migration reform in the UK during the first years after its exit from the European Union (20202021). Changing immigration rules and procedures became a difficult task for the UK, as it required British lawmakers pay simultaneous attention both to the needs of the country's internal labor market and to the close economic and social ties between the country and other EU member states. After Brexit, the new immigration policy was built on the principle “people before passports”, which was supposed to abolish unconditional privileges for EU citizens, implement a selective approach to labor migrants and create convenient and transparent conditions of entry to the territory of the UK for citizens of any state interested in education, highly qualified labor activity or business development. The author examines how this principle has been put into practice and assesses the effectiveness of the new immigration rules for the UK in 2022-2024. The article analyzes the country's domestic legislation and statistical data.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes in the field of international and European law: the method of system-structural analysis; the method of synthesis of socio-legal phenomena; comparative-legal method; formal-logical method; statistical method.Results of the research. The analysis revealed that after the reform immigration policy of the UK has become more practical, as it has allowed to attract highly qualified specialists, talented students and promising entrepreneurs to the territory of the country regardless of the country of their citizenship. Using a wide range of tools (such as an extensive visa system and an electronic platform for selecting candidates for visas), the updated migration policy of the UK aims to regulate migration flows with the maximum benefit for the country and increased opportunities for fulfilling the professional potential of foreign labor migrants.Discussion and conclusion. The article substantiates the application of new tools for regulating external migration in the UK; analyzes their main advantages and disadvantages.

The formulation of the problem is due to the fact that there are gaps in the legal regulation of migration processes, and in the conditions of modern reality, a clear distinction between concepts is required. The insufficiency of terms does not give a correct legal interpretation, in addition, there is a problem related to the protection of the legal status of a migrant. The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical and comparative legal aspects of the legal regulation of migration processes. The methodological basis of the presented work was made up of modern general scientific methods and techniques of cognition. The system method, the method of analysis, statistical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods and other methods were used. The legal status of a migrant in the Russian Federation is considered. A distinction is made between the concepts of “migrant” and “illegal migrant”, “illegal migration”, and their definitions are formulated. The analysis of the legal status of a migrant in the Russian Federation and in other countries, in particular, the United States, was carried out. The legal acts regulating migration processes in Russia, in particular, labor migration, are considered. The legal statuses of “refugee”, “forced migrant”, “foreign citizen”, “stateless persons” are defined. It is proposed to grant certain migrants a special status, which will provide benefits in various areas. It has been established that if the identified gaps in legal regulation are eliminated, there will be a positive effect from the development of legislation related to ensuring the migration security of Russia.

The subject. The article is devoted to the study of the polluter pays principle from the point of view of the mechanism for its implementation to ensure the right to a favorable environment. The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of implementation of polluter pays principle in Russian legislation in comparison with the OECD countries. The methodology. The study is based on the comparative legal method, which allows us to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the models of legal regulation of relations in the field of environmental protection chosen by different countries and international organizations. The study also relies on general scientific and private scientific methods, including formally legal method, interpretation of legal acts. The main results and scope of their application. The content of the polluter pays principle is determined, as well as the goal of its establishment and the methods used by legislator to achieve this goal. The effectiveness of the polluter pays principle is determined by an integrated regulatory approach. It includes several elements: not only the obligation to compensate for the harm caused in full, but also to take all necessary measures to prevent the possibility of harm at all stages of the activity, including design, construction, etc. The analysis of international legal regulation, as well as the regulatory legal acts of different countries shows that this principle is implemented in the legislation of many countries and an effective mechanism for its application is created in developed countries. Genuine implementation of this principle lets create balance between economic and environmental relations and protect the vital interests of human and society. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation of relations on environmental protection in terms of applying the polluter pays principle allows us to conclude that there is a rather formal approach to its implementation into Russian legislation. There is no comprehensive approach to the regulation of economic activity at all stages of its implementation, from planning and design to decommissioning and waste management. This, in turn, does not allow creating a balanced management mechanism of environmental protection in Russia. In this connection, a list of priority measures to create an effective legal regulation mechanism is proposed.