Migration Reform in the UK to Attract Highly Qualified Workers

Introduction: the division of insurance into indemnity insurance and insurance of fixed sums is as common in European legal doctrine as the differentiation between property and personal insurance in Russian law. The article investigates the functions and main features of indemnity insurance and modern trends in legal regulation of this type of insurance. Purpose: to demonstrate the evolution of the compensation insurance model, caused, among other things, by the penetration of the pro-consumer approach in insurance law; to assess the current state of Russian legislation on insurance contract and the proposals for its reform (formulated in Draft revision of Chapter 48 of the Civil Code) from the perspective of the indemnity insurance model. Methods: the authors apply a comparative legal research method to the legislation and doctrine of Russia, Estonia and other EU member states, model acts of insurance law (Principles of European Insurance Contract Law[1]), and also use methods of retrospective analysis. Results:the authors conclude that the indemnity insurance model is still based on long-established principles (necessity of insurance interest, good faith, etc.), although their interpretation may change over time. In addition, the strengthening of pro-consumer ideas has a significant impact on contractual relationship in indemnity insurance: the standard of requirements to the policyholder (insured person) and his liability for breach of contractual duties have been softened, while the level of requirements to the insurer as a professional subject is increasing. This is reflected in formalization of the information duty of the policyholder at the pre-contractual stage, replacement of the all-or-nothing principle by the principle of proportionality when imposing sanctions on the policyholder, including mandatory testing for the causal link between the breach of contract and materialization of risk or increase in damage. It is concluded that the Russian legislation on insurance contract requires a conceptual reform, including through the consistent introduction of the proportionality principle in all cases when sanctions are applied to the policyholder.

The article deals with the actual law enforcement problems associated with violations of legal norms by the bodies engaged in operational-investigative activities in the course of conducting and documenting operational-investigative activities «inspection of premises, buildings, structures, areas and vehicles». The analysis of norms of the Federal law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ «About operational search activities», the criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation, departmental normative acts, decisions of the European Court of human rights and the constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and also the practice of prosecutorial supervision over implementation of laws in the implementation of operative-search activities, identified various approaches to the assessment of the legality of the survey of housing in the framework of the operational-search measures «inspection of premises, buildings, structures, areas and vehicles». On the basis of the obtained data, the problems were identified and some prospects for the development of the operational search activities were identified. The authors in this paper propose possible solutions to the identified law enforcement problems and measures to further develop the possibility of using the information obtained during the operational-search activities «inspection of premises, buildings, structures, areas and vehicles» for the formation of criminal procedural evidence in criminal cases. The authors state their position on the basis of the analysis of the current operational-investigative, criminal-procedural legislation and prosecutorial-Supervisory practice. The methodological basis of the study was made by General scientific and special methods of knowledge of law enforcement problems of conducting and documenting operational search activities «inspection of premises, buildings, structures, areas and vehicles», including the method of system-structural analysis, synthesis method, analysis method, comparative legal method, formal logical method, statistical method. As a result of the study revealed that the information obtained in the course of operational-search activities «inspection of premises, buildings, structures, areas of terrain and vehicles», can be the basis for the formation of criminal procedural evidence in criminal cases only in compliance with the legal norms of the bodies engaged in operational-search activities during the production and documentation of the operational-search activities. At the same time, the admissibility of evidence formed on the basis of the results of operational investigative activities presented in criminal proceedings is made dependent on the implementation of certain legal norms in the production of the operational investigative measures under consideration. In the legal literature, innovations in the legislation of Russia related to various aspects of conducting and documenting operational search activities «inspection of premises, buildings, structures, areas and vehicles» traditionally cause a lively discussion. However, up to the present time in science and did not have a consensus on the concept and essence of the considered operational search activities. Analysis of the practice of prosecutorial supervision over the execution of laws in the implementation of operational-search activity indicates different approaches to assessing the legality of the operational-search activities. Thus violations of the legislation in practice of the bodies performing quickly-search activity during carrying out quickly-search action «inspection of rooms, buildings, constructions, sites of the district and vehicles» is very difficult task. First of all, due to the high requirements of operational-search and criminal procedure legislation, the results of operational-search activity, to the process of proof in General, and to certain types of evidence that are formed in criminal proceedings on the basis of the results of operational-search activity.

Introduction . History of economic sanctions goes back to the old times, when Athens blocked trade for those entities, whose way of conduct was not acceptable to them. The authors prove, that further active application of economic sanctions, which developed in the 20th century, is more related to the activity of certain states, in particular the USA. The sanction practice was encouraged by the approach of the American presidents, for example, manifested in the well-known speech by President Woodrow Wilson where he named economic sanctions as silent, but deadly method of fight. An Important role in the economic relations between the USSR and later - Russia and the USA was played the Jackson-Vanik amendment which imposed serious trade relation limitations that existed until it was repealed in 2012. However, in 2014 the history of the trade sanctions pressure over Russia from the USA got a new impetus. The authors review several presidential Executive Orders, which imposed economic sanctions against Russia. A new U.S. Law “Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act" (CAATSA), adopted in 2017 is scrutinized by the authors as well. Materials and methods . The methodological basis of the research includes general scientific and special methods of cognition in the sphere of constitutional law, including method of system structural analysis, comparative legal method, formal logical method, historical and legal methods. Results. The authors stress the high importance of the extraterritorial legal force of the U.S. economic sanctions acts, which allows application thereof beyond territory of the USA. The authors make a conclusion that modern U.S. sanctions against Russia without any doubt should be considered as an element of pressure with the purpose of intervening into Russia's internal and external policy. Discussions and conclusion . The use of economic sanctions as a tool of coercion against another state is grounded; the negative impact of economic sanctions on the state that imposes them is evidenced, the proposition that the extraterritoriality of the US laws is in conflict with the sovereign law enforcement practice of other states, including the Russian Federation, is substantiated.

Close social ties are known to increase survival, reduce chronic diseases, and promote healthful eating. Little research has explored whether adverse changes in these relationships lead to less healthful eating in older adults, with attention to gender differences. Prospective study using 3 waves of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) in a sample of middle-age and older adults (45-85 y) reporting daily intake of fruit or vegetable (F/V) intake (at least one time per day) at baseline using dietary data collected by CLSA's Short Diet Questionnaire. We used multivariable multilevel logistic regression with interaction terms (social tie x gender) to determine whether adverse changes in close social ties (marital status and living arrangement) between baseline (2011-2015) and follow-up 1 (2015-2018) led to developing less healthful eating measured by non-daily intake of F/V at follow-up 2 (2018-2021) (n = 15,672); models adjusted for biological, behavioural, socioeconomic, and socio-political confounders. Distinct transitions by gender precipitated a change from daily F/V intake (healthful eating) to less frequent intakes (unhealthful eating). Compared to women remaining partnered, women remaining non-partnered over 3 years had 21% higher odds of reducing healthful intake of vegetables at 6-year follow-up (OR 1.21 [95% CI: 1.07, 1.38]). Becoming divorced increased the odds of reducing healthful intake of fruits among women (1.76 [1.16, 2.66]) compared to referent. Women remaining lone-living were less likely to reduce healthful fruit intake (0.86 [0.74, 0.99]), compared to remaining co-living. Compared to men remaining partnered, men who became divorced or widowed had 91% greater odds of reducing healthful vegetable intake (1.91 [1.25, 2.92] and 1.91 [1.17, 3.13], respectively). Men who remained non-partnered or became widowed were also more likely to reduce healthful fruit intake (1.20 [1.03, 1.41] and 1.99 [1.26, 3.15], respectively), compared to referent. Finally, men who became lone-living and co-living were more likely to reduce healthful intakes of vegetables (1.42 [1.06, 1.91] and 1.55 [1.04, 2.32]) and fruits (1.48 [1.11, 1.96] and 1.48 [1.00, 2.18]), compared to men remaining co-living. Findings showed that adverse changes in close social ties led to the development of less healthful eating among aging adults in Canada, and these prospective associations appeared to be gendered. Public health and nutrition interventions should consider the social context as a risk factor to address gender disparities in food intake in the aging population.

The article examines the essence of the international labor market and emphasizes that the international labor market in the context of the development of the modern information and communication paradigm is at the stage of changing the structure, demand and supply of human capital. It is noted that the development and deepening of the international division of labor, the strengthening of the innovative component of modern international business directly affect the functioning of the international labor market. The movement of goods, services, capital, and information flows leads to the movement of human capital, as well as to the growth of labor migration. World economic theories regarding the functioning of the international labor market are considered. At the same time, it is noted that there is no unified view on the definition of the international labor market and measures to improve it. It was concluded that when interpreting the definition of «international labor market», it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities and specifics of human resources, as well as the emergence of new forms and types of employment in the conditions of globalization and digitalization of the world economic space. An analysis of economic concepts and theories regarding the need for state intervention in employment and migration processes has been carried out. The key factors influencing the functioning and development of the international labor market are analyzed. It was noted that the development of information and communication technologies caused the creation of new forms and types of employment, increased flexibility and mobility of labor resources. The processes of globalization and digitalization contribute to the strengthening of the openness of national labor markets and the creation of barrier-free movement of labor resources. The impact of digitization of all spheres of economic life on the growth of leading international companies' demand for intelligent and qualified personnel, who are ready to experiment, make creative, innovative decisions and learn throughout their lives, was also investigated. Acute issues related to the departure of highly qualified personnel from countries with a low level of economic development to countries with a high level of economic development are analyzed. It is noted that this situation leads to the washing away of labor potential in human capital exporting countries, a decrease in economic and social labor standards, as well as a decrease in financial reserves for the formation of the budget of the labor donor country. The influence of the demographic factor on the development of the international labor market is considered. It was concluded that the structure and number of labor resources by region of the world is quite varied. It was determined that in countries with a high level of economic development, there are trends to a decrease in the birth rate, as well as to an increase in indicators: life expectancy, quality of life, the share of labor migrants in the total number of working population. It is noted that in the conditions of socio-economic transformations associated with digitalization, structural and sectoral changes are taking place in the world economy, and in particular, in the international labor market.

The objective of the research is to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the system of legal enforcement of military service as a method of forming the armed forces and influencing democratic processes in society, as well as to formulate well-founded proposals and methods for solving the identified problems. Research methodology The research was conducted using the method of content analysis, which is used in the study of sources that are invariant to the structure and content of the object of scientific research. Content analysis combines nomothetic research methods with idiographic methods. The method of conceptual analysis should be developed within the framework of the above- mentioned analytical study, as it is used to identify existing comparative and theoretical concepts of ensuring the order of conscription. The analysis of the legal mechanism of ensuring the fulfilment of military service in the countries of the world, as well as the institutional mechanisms of ensuring the fulfilment of military service in Ukraine is carried out using the formal-logical method. The provisions of the legislation of Ukraine and other countries were analysed using the comparative legal method. The subject is the legislation of Ukraine and the legislation of foreign countries in the field of military conscription. Conclusions. The author of the mentioned study comes to the conclusion that an important element of the model of the legal enforcement of military duty - the subject, whose function is the duty to protect the state, to ensure its security, is the entire Ukrainian people; military service is not a function, but a constitutional duty of such a circle of subjects as citizens of Ukraine; this constitutional duty consists in 1) ensuring the defence of Ukraine; 2) protecting the sovereignty of Ukraine; 3) protecting the territorial integrity of Ukraine; 4) protecting the integrity of Ukraine; the fulfilment of this duty involves voluntary or conscript military service; military service is a form of fulfilment of the duty of a citizen of Ukraine; the special status of military personnel should be established in the legislation of Ukraine, as well as the procedure for completion of military service by citizens of Ukraine should be regulated.

На международном уровне сохраняется неопределенность в вопросах валютно-правовой ответственности, что во многом связано с различиями в правовом регулировании. С 2018 года в Европейском союзе вступят в силу новые правила расчета ликвидности банков и коэффициентов соотношения заемных средств и активов, которые меняют его монетарную политику. Новые правила устраивают далеко не всех. Несколько крупных французских банков уже обратилось в Европейский суд с иском, чтобы эти правила изменить. По заявлениям финансовых аналитиков, Европейский центральный банк стоит на пороге отказа от «ультрамягкой» денежно-кредитной политики в сторону нейтральной и далее готовится к ее ужесточению. В большинстве случаев в качестве нарушителей валютного законодательства выступают компании, осуществляющие внешнеэкономическую деятельность. Однако гражданско-правовых мер может быть недостаточно для защиты нормального функционирования и развития внутреннего валютного рынка. По этой причине в законодательстве Российской Федерации предусмотрена ответственность за нерепатриацию денежных средств. Однако не все страны предусматривают такую ответственность. Между тем ввиду возрождения идеи частных денег в виде криптовалюты и других современных денежных суррогатов вопрос о том, как защитить национальную экономику, требует самостоятельного анализа. Поэтому актуальность поиска общих подходов в сфере валютного регулирования возросла. Предметом исследования является система валютно-денежных отношений с точки зрения обеспечения ее стабильности, в том числе уголовно-правовыми средствами. Цель анализа состоит в том, чтобы наглядно показать механизмы защиты внутреннего валютного рынка и проблемы валютно-денежной системы. Статья подготовлена на основе сравнительно-правового и формально-логического методов и метода системного анализа. По мнению авторов, это может способствовать выработке единообразного подхода к проблеме, без которого достичь успеха будет чрезвычайно трудно. Сделан вывод, что ввиду новых вызовов в мировой экономике и появления криптовалюты необходимо переосмыслить феномен валютных преступлений, изучить опыт борьбы с денежно-кредитными преступлениями в других странах и оценить общие механизмы борьбы с валютными преступлениями.

The purpose of the paper is to clarify the place and role of religious and secular education in the process of intercultural dialogue in the formation of the legal culture of the transitional period in the state, in particular the period of activity of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Methodological basis - the basis of the methodology of the research is the general theoretical methods, principles and approaches to the definition of the constitutionally-legal consolidation of the state and church status in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In particular, the formal-logical method was used to study the conceptual apparatus defined by the article's theme. Functional and comparative legal methods are used for comparative analysis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In the process of studying legal culture and legal awareness as an element of culture in the state a structural and functional method was used. The most important is the historical-retrospective method. This method has allowed to specify the previously mentioned methodological principle of historicism and to know the laws of the genesis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. Scientific novelty consists in the systematic analysis of the factors that influence the cultural and educational process in the formation of a citizens' sense of justice. At the same time, it was first established that the main factor of the historical and cultural process in the First Czechoslovak Republic, the formation of legal culture and legal consciousness was Catholicism. It was he who also influenced the constitutionally-legal consolidation of the right to education and upbringing, a change in the educational ideal took place: the spiritual life of man became the subject of in-depth study and acquired the highest priority of religious significance. Conclusions. In the First Czechoslovak Republic, the cultural-educational process served as a paradigm of intercultural dialogue for people of different ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The role of education in this context is defined as a strategic resource for improving the well-being of individuals in the formation of tolerance and mutual respect in the process of observance of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Intercultural dialogue, in this case, is a combination of components, in particular spiritual and secular education, in shaping a person's respect for language, religion, culture, and world outlook.

Introduction: Growing migration flows require states to use effective methods to protect national labor market. Their use is based on the principle of employment priority for own citizens of the receiving country. Therefore, the states use different methods to coordinate the flows of labor migrants in a quantitative and qualitative way. In various countries the implementation of this approach differs. They may include a quota system, a scoring system, bans, testing and other ways of employee selection. A comparative study of regulating methods adopted in Russia, Britain and the United States has made it possible to identify their common features based on the unity of objec tives solved by receiving states, as well as their peculiarities that allow assessing the effectiveness of each method of national labor market protection. Materials and methods: The methodological basis of the research consisted of the following general scientific and special methods for legal phenomena and processes analysis in the sphere of international labor law: the method of system-structural analysis; method of synthesis of social and legal phenomena; comparative legal method; formal-logical method; method of comparative law. Results of the study: The results of the study showed that the methods of regulating labor migrants' flows in Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States have common features that describe this process: their role is to select specialists with higher professional and business qualities. The similarity of methods in use is determined by the unity of tasks that the states receiving migrants have to resolve. The key task among them is the protection of the national labor market. At the same time, the methods of protecting the labor market used by states have a different content. Thus, the implementation of protective mechanisms takes various forms (scoring system, setting quotas). The comparative analysis has shown that in this country the state regulation of external labor migration is not based on accurate forecasts of the state and needs of the labor market. It seems that the reason behind this situation is the absence of such criteria for the selection of immigrants as age, education, skill level, etc., although they are used in foreign countries. In this regard the Russian Federation should take into account the positive experience of the United Kingdom and the United States in using certain mechanisms of selective labor migration. Discussion and conclusions: Intensity of migration flows in Russia and around the world as well as a global migration crisis makes it necessary to address the foreign experience of legal regulation of external labor migration, since it may also be useful for Russia. It seems that the scoring system used by the UK for selection of foreign workers and the mechanism for attracting entrepreneurs and investors contributing to the economy of the country developed under the Program for the granting permanent resident status to investors operating in the United States may become effective methods of economically oriented migration policy in our country.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of state regulation in the market of non-banking financial services. At the same time, attention was paid to the creation of a specially authorized state body in the form of the National Commission for Control of the Market of Non-Banking Financial Services. The purpose of the article is to reveal the legal status, the order of formation, and clarify the main principles of the National Commission's activity. Achieving the outlined goal became possible thanks to the use of a complex of methods of scientific knowledge, in particular, the dialectical method (for comprehensive knowledge of the nature of the National Commission for Control over the Market of Non-Banking Financial Services), the formal-legal method (for establishing the content of legal norms), the formal-logical method (for identification of shortcomings in national legal regulation), comparative legal method (for studying the experience of other countries and determining the prospects for implementing their principles of activity in the national legal field). It has been studied that the special status of the commission is that it ensures the stability of the entire non-banking financial system of Ukraine, establishing the requirements that such institutions must meet, namely requirements for: liquidity, solvency, capital, asset quality, risk level of operations, profitability. The work examines the relationship between the commission and the National Bank of Ukraine, their cooperation in the market, which consists in the development of regulatory and legal acts and their approval. The need for the National Bank of Ukraine to delegate its powers to the National Commission for Control of Non-Banking Financial Services in relation to: registration of market participants, licensing of non-bank financial institutions, determining the procedure for issuing and canceling a license, approving the terms of operation of such institutions. In view of this, a new model of state regulation on the market of non-banking financial services was proposed in the form of concentration of all control functions on the market in a single operationally independent regulator - the National Commission for Control of Non-Banking Financial Services, which is in close cooperation with the National Bank of Ukraine and by the National Securities and Stock Market Commission. Also, the article emphasizes that regulation by the National Commission for Control of the Market of Non-Banking Financial Services should be complemented by a system of self-regulating participants in the market, which are an additional tool to state regulation.

Replacing the unserved part of the sentence with a milder type of punishment as a type of early release from further serving a sentence is relevant in the context of the humanization of domestic criminal and penitentiary policy, as well as in demand by modern judicial practice. This institution performs a number of important tasks to correct and stimulate the law-abiding behavior of convicts, which causes interest in the identified problems of law enforcement of its norms and the search for ways to solve them. The article uses the results of a sociological study conducted by the author from January to May 2023. The aim of the work is to study the practice of applying the replacement of the unserved part of the punishment with a milder type of punishment and to determine ways to improve it. The methodological basis of the study was the empirical method, the statistical method, the comparative legal method, the method of interpretation of legal norms, the methods of formal and dialectical logic. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the doctrinal positions of scientists, the current regulatory framework, the criminal legislation of foreign countries, statistical data, materials of judicial practice, the results of a sociological study conducted by the author, specific ways are proposed to improve the replacement of the unserved part of the punishment with a milder type of punishment, including additions and amendments to Art. 80 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Formulation of the problem. European migration processes, which Ukraine is actively involved with, require research, as they lead to redistribution of labor resources between countries, cause a series of serious demographic and socio-economic problems. The purpose of the research is to determine the historical and legal preconditions for the development of a modern state of regulation of economic migration processes and its contractual and legal support for identifying promising areas of economic cooperation. The object of the research is the economic relations of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland as subjects of international economic cooperation in the historical legal context of state formation. Methods used in the research. The methodological basis for the study is the system of scientific methods used in the complex to achieve the goal and solve the tasks. So the dialectical method made it possible to justify the cause of the consequential events in the process of the formation and development of Ukrainian-Polish economic relations. The historical method has been used in studying the historical experience of the chronology of events and facts that allowed to distinguish the periods of development of such relations. In order to obtain research findings, also general scientific system and logical methods are used. The study of legal provisions, treaties, separate norms and concepts required the application of special legal and comparative legal methods. The international conventions of bilateral treaties, legislative acts of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, reference books, etc. have become an empirical basis. The hypothesis of research. Ukrainian research hypothesis European links in migration processes have a long history due to geographical closeness and common border. The ties between Ukraine and the EU member states had periods of rise and fall. Their main feature was evolution in the continuous expansion and deepening of interregional cooperation in economic life. The statement of basic materials. The development of economic migration processes of their contractual legal and institutional support Ukraine began in the last decades of the twentieth century. Changed the composition of the workers in which interested European countries in the field of high technologies, biotechnology, education, health care taking countries have increased the flow of skilled labor migrants. One of the main motives for emigration for qualified specialists in Ukraine is the difference in the level of remuneration, socio-cultural system, legal system, ecological situation, the state's economy. Originality and practical significance of the research is to use its theoretical positions in the scientific research area for further general theoretical studies of the formation and development of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation as a theoretical basis for improving the further regulation of economic migration processes, including at the interregional and transboundary level when making legal decisions. Conclusions of research. A comprehensive study of the source of domestic and foreign historiography has proved that the economic migration processes of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are historically predetermined by the process of two states with a common history and a common border based on the principles of economic relations and are in close connection with the internal socio-economic and political development of the two neighboring states.

INTRODUCTION. Forced migration is one of the most difficult global problems. There is a clear interdependence between the problem of refugees and the issue of human rights, since human rights violations are one of the main reasons for the mass exodus of people from their countries of origin. It is also clear that counties that provide asylum have a sustainable practice of respecting the human dignity. Forced migrants have rights that must be respected during all stages of the exodus. We are talking about the fundamental rights and freedoms proclaimed in international and regional human rights treaties, primarily the protection of human dignity and the restoration of the minimum rights of people who left their countries of origin. This article discusses the problems of realization of the minimum rights of forced migrants, that is, those rights that guarantee survival and an adequate standard of living. The authors conduct a detailed study of national legislation in the field of forced migration of such European countries as Italy and Spain. In particular, this article analyzes recent legislative changes adopted in this countries in the field of asylum and the consequences for the realization of fundamental rights of refugees and asylum seekers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This research is based on the analysis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, European Social Charter of 1961, European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2000, UNHCR standards for receiving asylum seekers, and also an in-depth analysis of the national legislation of Italy and Spain in the field of forced migration. The methodological basis of the research consists of both general scientific (comparative historical and statistical methods, methods of generalization and systems analysis, case-study approach) and specific scientific (formal legal and comparative legal methods, method of interpretation of legal norms) research methods. RESULTS OF RESEARCH. On the basis of the analysis of international treaties, European and national legislation, judicial practice of states, as well as doctrinal studies of different researches, the authors formulate some conclusions related to the main problems of legislative regulation and the implementation of minimum rights of forced migrants in such EU member states as Italy and Spain. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Despite the existence of international and, in particular, European standards in the field of human rights, practically those rights that are necessary for survival and maintenance of an adequate standard of living of people who have applied for asylum are not always fully respected. The experience of the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Spain shows that fundamental rights of refugees can be often violated both during the examination of asylum applications and after their satisfaction. The absence of a unified legislative base, the tendency to pursue a more restrictive policy in the field of forced migration and unresolved problems of asylum legislation entail significant impediments for the realization in these countries of the basic rights of one of the most vulnerable category of people as forced migrants.

Article Commentary| February 03 2021 Responding to Socioeconomic Diversity in the European Union (and to Steven Klein’s Essay) with Democracy-Enhancing Conflicts Law Collections: Section: Politics, Governance, and the Law Christian Joerges Christian Joerges 1Hertie School, Berlin, Germany; Bremen University, Germany Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar 1.joerges@hertie-school.org; cjoerges@zerp.uni-bremen.de Global Perspectives (2021) 2 (1): 18788. https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.18788 Article history Received: October 20 2020 Accepted: November 12 2020 Connected Content related: European Law and the Dilemmas of Democratic Capitalism Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Christian Joerges; Responding to Socioeconomic Diversity in the European Union (and to Steven Klein’s Essay) with Democracy-Enhancing Conflicts Law. Global Perspectives 1 February 2021; 2 (1): 18788. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.18788 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentGlobal Perspectives Search Topics Politics, Governance, and the Law Keywords: karl polanyi, european integration, conflicts law, integration through law These comments summarize exchanges with Steven Klein that accompanied the development of his work on Karl Polanyi following a presentation on “The Crisis as Polanyi’s Double Movement” in my Law and Governance course at the Hertie School back in March 2017. Our exchange echoes our shared interest in the work of Karl Polanyi. Since we are both operating in different disciplines, we had to take the disciplinary specifics of our readings of this maître penseur into account—that is, to come to terms with our substantive and methodological affinities and differences. Interdisciplinary exchanges between social theorists and jurists are, of course, anything but new. They are nevertheless still demanding. Friedrich Kratochwil has provided us with a noteworthy characterization of the pitfalls of interdisciplinary exchange, as well as its potential. In a comment on Anne-Mary Slaughter’s seminal contributions to international relations theory, he distinguishes between (a) the “Chinese menu approach,” where studies... You do not currently have access to this content.

The world is aging at an unprecedented rate, with older adults representing the fastest-growing segment of the population in most economically developed and developing countries. This demographic shift leaves much uncharted territory for researchers who study social relationships and health. Social relationships exert powerful influences on physical health in later adulthood, a critical consideration given age-related increases in the prevalence of chronic health conditions and physical disability. A large body of research indicates that older adults report greater satisfaction with their social networks than do younger adults, and that they often take measures to minimize their exposure to negative social encounters. These emotionally satisfying and generally positive social ties afford some health protection against a backdrop of mounting physical limitations and play an important role when juxtaposed with the potentially health-damaging frictions that sometimes emerge in older adults' social relationships. Although most older adults report that they are satisfied with their social ties, some older adults experience frequent conflicts or ambivalent exchanges with members of their social networks, and these experiences detract from their health. In addition, many older adults will experience the loss of one or more close relationships during the course of their lives, with ramifications for their health and, often, for the reorganization of their social lives over time. Understanding how both the strengths and vulnerabilities of close social relationships affect health and well-being in later life is an important goal, particularly in view of the accelerating rate of population aging worldwide. (PsycINFO Database Record