ОПТИМІЗМ В СИСТЕМІ ПОНЯТЬ ПОЗИТИВНОЇ ПСИХОЛОГІЇ

Gratitude is the source of all the virtues and contains universal value. Recent studies in positive psychology has proved that gratitude is not only a personal mental quality, but also an important element of being happy. Gratitude is best to be shape for children at the age of 6-12-yearsold, especially through learning gratitude courses. Researches also confirm that acquiring the feeling of gratitude can heal common characters of being spoiled among children of this period of time. The healing is certainly an assurance for them to live later on in their life in well-being. Hence, learning gratitude is a worthwhile practice in one's life. This paper discusses the meaning of gratitude from many points of view including philosophy, culture, religion, and psychology in order to reach a distinct view. Then the paper will further take ideas from theories of moral emotion, cognitive emotion, and the broaden-and-build theory to expand the construction of the idea of gratitude. After confirming values of gratitude, it suggests some methods to exercise gratitude in daily life which is referred to by educators in their teachings.

The objective of this paper is to find out how Positive emotions, forgiveness, resilience and gratitude play a very essential role for a society to act positively. These together are extremely important for mental health and an overall balanced personality. Chronic stress from negative attitudes and a feeling of helplessness & hopelessness can upset the body's hormone balance and deplete the brain's chemicals required for feelings of happiness as well as have a damaging impact on the immune system. This article brings out that how healthy attitude not only helps a person to cope up with the worst circumstances and negativity but to also overcome it with brilliance. Here we have shed light on the importance of positivity for an individual to have better living conditions and hence, a stable society, and we also have discussed how one can have a positive outlook for various difficulties in the current living conditions.

This study examined how emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being contribute to students' behaviours and attitudes. Two hundred and forty-two students from a college of education, in Kwara State, Nigeria responded to a set of questionnaires consisting of measures of emotional intelligence (EI), self-efficacy, psychological well-being (i.e. happiness, life satisfaction and depression) and students' behaviours and attitudes Hierarchical regression analyses conducted for each dependent variable showed that emotional intelligence, self- efficacy, happiness and life satisfaction over and above depression predicted students' behaviours and attitudes. This research indicates the need to emphasise positive psychology in improving the positive elements in students proactively rather than retroactively trying to solve problems that emerge in order to improve the quality of higher education.

The purpose of the article is to analyze modern concepts that are used to describe the optimal functioning of an individual. The most common concepts in positive psychology are: happiness, psychological well-being, flourishing. The plurality of terminology is associated with the existence of different approaches to determining the existential goal of human life: pleasure or benefit. Attempts to operationalize the components of well-being cause some difficulty. They are difficult to separate from predictors and psychological consequences of well-being. Attempts to overcome the methodological limitations of each of the approaches are concentrated in two directions. The structural-tiered approach focuses on identifying structural components, types of well-being, and finding ways to relate them to each other. The integral approach tries to find a new generalizing definition for all concepts of optimal human functioning. Personal well-being is a concept that unites all the signs of optimal conditions and human functioning. First, subjectivity is the individual experience of their own functioning in everyday life as a result of self-determination in the present and expectations for the future, which depend on the implicit concept of well-being. Second, the affective component is emotional and evaluative attitude to individual events and life in general. Third, a prerequisite is the positivity of such an assessment – the presence of certain positive experiences as a result of perception of an objective life situation, the balance of positive and negative emotions. Fourth, the presence of external and internal criteria: on the one hand, compliance with the system of values inherent in this culture, on the other, the assessment of daily efforts and living conditions. Fifth, self-determination is the ability of a person to determine the nature of the optimal interaction between him and the environment, to some extent to control it and be responsible for the consequences. Personal well-being is interpreted as an existential multi-concept that reflects the balance between the subject’s search for satisfaction in various spheres of life according to the implicit concept of well-being and the disclosure of personal potential and harmony between inner and outer world, based on significant emotional characteristics and positive personality traits. Key words: happiness, psychological well-being, flourishing, subjective well-being, personal well-being.

In this article, we analyze the relationship between positive psychology and peace psychology. We discuss how positive emotions, engagement, meaning, personal well-being, and resilience may impact peace at different levels, ranging from the personal and interpersonal to community, national, and global peace. First, we argue that an individual's positive experiences, personal well-being, and personal resilience, as defined in current positive psychology, may in fact contribute to personal and interpersonal peace but can also entail detrimental consequences for other individuals, communities, and nations. Second, we describe how peace psychology contains traces of positive psychology, especially with its focus on the pursuit of social justice. Third, reviewing and extending the concept of community resilience, we outline directions for further conceptual and empirical work in positive psychology inspired by peace psychology. Such work would do well to transcend positive psychology's current bias toward individualism and nationalism and to conceptualize well-being and resilience at the level of the "global community." This extended "positive peace psychology" perspective would have important implications for our understanding of how to overcome oppression and work toward global peace.

Objective To identify the influencing factors of the subjective well-being of geriatric patients with fractures and to provide a theoretical basis for targeted nursing interventions .Methods The Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness （ MUNSH ） , Social Support Rating Scale （ SSRS ） , Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire （ MCMQ ） and general questionnaire were used to survey 45 geriatric patients with fractures within one-week after hospitalization .Results The score of subjective well -being was （25.77 ±12.03 ） in the participants.Among the targeted group of geriatric patients with fractures , the subjective well-being was positively correlated with subjective support and objective support （r=0.547, 0.649, respectively;P〈0.05）, and negatively correlated with the resignation coping style （r=-0.707,P〈0.05）. The subjective well-being was negatively correlated with the factors of spouse and living conditions （ r =-0.311, -0.347, respectively;P〈0.05）, while it was positively correlated with income （ r=0.535,P〈0.01）.Conclusions Favorable social support and coping style , sound family structure and living conditions as well as relatively high income will help to improve subjective well-being of geriatric patients with fractures . Nurses should provide targeted nursing intervention , while the society and families should care the elderly . Key words: Elderly; Fractures; Social support; Subjective well-being

Altruism/selflessness is not an issue of religions and moral teachings alone. Various researches within positive psychology have shed light on the rich potential of altruism for one's health, happiness and well-being. In line with the previous works, this study aims to explore the potential of altruism in enhancing a crucial dimension of psychological well-being: meaning in life. To this end, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) was used along with the Altruism Questionnaire (AQ). Data was collected from 432 participants from two different countries; India (N=216, 50% women) and Italy (N=216, 50% women), aged between 30 and 60 (Indian Mage = 44.48, SD = 8.66; Italian Mage = 44.24, SD = 7.73). The sample was balanced for education and profession. Findings show that across cultures a higher perceived level of altruism leads to higher level of presence of meaning. However, there was no corresponding negative correlation to search for meaning, as often found in previous studies. Findings show that altruism is a promising pathway towards psychological well-being, underscoring the need of altruism promotion strategies.

The association between socio-cultural factors and well-being among young adult Middle Eastern migrants in Australia

Based on the framework of psychological capital theory from the perspective of positive psychology, this study explores the influence mechanism of wellbeing literacy on the subjective well-being of college students. In recent years, with the increasing social attention to psychological well-being, wellbeing literacy, as the core element of individuals’ ability to achieve -well-being, has gradually become a focal point in positive psychology research. As a new model for well-being science and practice, wellbeing literacy can provide a tangible way to evaluate mechanisms learned from well-being interventions. This study attempts to investigate both the influence of wellbeing literacy on college students’ subjective well-being and the mediating role of self-esteem and resilience in this relationship. A total of 1030 college students were surveyed using the wellbeing literacy, self-esteem, simplified resilience, life satisfaction, and positive and negative emotion scales. The study results reveal that (1) Wellbeing literacy significantly impacts subjective well-being both overall and directly; (2) Self-esteem significantly mediates the relationship between wellbeing literacy and subjective well-being; (3) A significant chain-mediating effect exists through self-esteem and resilience; (4) The chain-mediating role explains the mechanism underlying this relationship. These findings confirm that wellbeing literacy not only directly promotes subjective well-being, but also cascades through self-esteem enhancement and subsequent resilience improvement. This study provides empirical support for current well-being theory, and recommends stepwise interventions focusing on well-being language cultivation: consolidating the foundation of self-esteem through cognitive reconstruction in early stages, and strengthening stress response training to improve resilience in later phases. Future research can further verify the timing effects of pathways in combination with a tracking design. As a new model for well-being science and practice, wellbeing literacy can provide a tangible way to evaluate mechanisms learned from well-being interventions.

This article reviews how research from traditional psychological disciplines has been extended and applied to the area of positive psychology (PP), specifically in the area of subjective well-being (SWB). Moving from a universal to cultural perspective, then to a group, and finally an individual perspective, this article draws theories from evolutionary, cultural, social, and personality psychology. The evolutionary perspective that negative emotions (i.e. evolved psychological mechanisms) are an impediment to positive psychology’s goal of building positive experiences has been extended and modified. Research in PP now recognizes the pitfalls of excessive positive emotions and happiness, and how negative emotions can contribute to optimal human functioning. The cultural approach investigates cultural variations in conceptualizations of SWB and highlights that the benefits and detrimental effects of positive and negative emotions are not universal. Theories on social dynamics further our understanding of how evaluative judgments influence well-being, and address a fundamental question in PP: Is the goal of increasing people’s well-being viable? Finally, personality theories explain individual differences in well-being and the practice of PP. In sum, the recognition that PP encapsulates the negative, and growing awareness of the importance of culture, social context, and the individual, heralds the evolving conceptualization of PP.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the people-centered ideology and continuously improve the people's sense of gain, happiness and security. Enhancing the people's sense of happiness is the core and purpose of the development of China's socialist cause. Moreover, since United States psychologists first proposed the concept of "positive psychology" at the beginning of this century (Seligman & Czikszentmihalyi, 2000), advocating the exploration of the potential positive power of human beings, rather than just studying psychological or behavioral problems. The mainstream of psychological research has also begun to trend towards positive psychology, instead of studying negative psychological states such as depression and anxiety as in the early days, more and more psychologists are committed to focusing on positive human qualities and emotions such as happiness and joy, in order to eventually make human beings happy. Subjective Well-being (SWB) is the main content of people's quality of life, and as one of the three major research objects of positive psychology, it has attracted great attention and attracted more and more researchers. By studying the relationship between attachment, comprehension of social support, self-esteem and subjective well-being, it is hoped that it can provide some help and inspiration for the mental health education of junior high school students, so as to promote their physical and mental health development.

Positive Illusion, as an important mechanism of cognitive adaptation in positive psychology, enhances positive information feedback, thereby boosting self-worth. This study involved 803 college students from Shaanxi Province, China, surveyed between March 1 and August 31, 2023. The Positive Illusion, Psychological Resilience, and Subjective Well-Being scales were utilized to examine the characteristics and interrelationships of these constructs through path analysis. The findings indicated that college students' levels of Positive Illusions were generally moderate to low (t = 75.04, p < .001), Psychological Resilience levels were low (t = 129.96, p < .001), and their Subjective Well-Being was generally good (t = 222.33, p < .001). Significant positive correlations were found between Subjective Well-Being and Psychological Resilience (r = 0.48, p < .01); Positive Illusions and Psychological Resilience (r = 0.59, p < .01); and Subjective Well-Being and Positive Illusions (r = 0.49, p < .01). Idealization, Controllability, and Optimism in Positive Illusions partially mediated the relationship between Psychological Resilience and Subjective Well-Being, with mediation effect proportions of 16.13%, 12.43%, and 12.69% respectively. Pathways for enhancing college students' Subjective Well-Being are explored, offering relevant theoretical and practical guidance for mental health.

Gross National Happiness, by definition, is closely linked to mental health, which is a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to his or her community. Across cultures, concepts of mental health, as with GNH, include subjective well-being; perceived self-efficiency; autonomy; competence; inter-generational independence; and self-actualisation of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others. It is generally agreed that the concept of mental health is broader than a lack of mental disorders. Mental health must address the entire spectrum of issues affecting the mental well-being of all sectors of society.

Objective To analyze the status and the influencing factors of subjective well-being of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods Totals of 156 elderly patients with COPD were selected by convenience sampling. The general information questionnaire, the Subjective Well-being Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and the Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to get patients′ general information and the status of subjective well-being, anxiety and depression were measured. Results The score of subjective well-being of elderly patients with COPD was 1 to 6, and the average score was (3.53±1.332). The standard score of anxiety was 40 to 72, and the average score was (50.86±7.23). 67 patients had anxiety, with an incidence of 43.0%, within which 48 patients (30.8%) had mild anxiety, 14 patients (9.0%) had moderate anxiety, and 5 patients (3.2%) had severe anxiety. The standard score of depression was 38 to 74, and the average score was (50.64±8.29). 66 patients had depression, with an incidence of 42.3%, within which 38 patients (24.4%) had mild depression, 22 patients (14.1%) had moderate depression, and 6 patients (3.8%) had severe depression. It showed that economic conditions, educational level, religion, relationship with children, anxiety and depression were the influencing factors of subjective well-being for elderly patients with COPD (t=18.553, 15.690, 3.711, 13.111, 4.335, 9.783, 8.440, respectively; P<0.05). Conclusions The elderly patient with COPD have a low level of subjective well-being and high incidence rate of anxiety and depression, which may seriously affect their physical and psychological health. As a result, medical and health service institutions should take effective measures to improve the health status and subjective well-being to increase their life qualities. Key words: Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; Anxiety; Depression; Subjective well-being

There is a gap in our understanding of people’s longitudinal emotional reactions before and during an ongoing war. The paper analyzes the impact of the Iron Swords War between Israel and Hamas on measures of Israelis’ subjective well-being, including fear and anxiety. Two questions are probed: (1) How are the affective components—negative and positive emotions—which tend to fluctuate, and the more stable components—global life evaluation and meaning in life—affected by war? (2) What protects people’s subjective well-being in wartime? Unique longitudinal data from 1189 individuals who reported their subjective well-being before and during the war is employed. The participants reported their pre-war investments in hedonic capital, including efforts in six life domains—health, friends, community, active leisure, the value of work per se, and work-life balance—as well as their religiosity level. Both our questions are addressed by the results. First, all subjective well-being components worsened significantly during the war compared to pre-war measures. Evaluation of life decreased by 9.6%; meaning decreased by 2.8%, positive emotions decreased by 25.5%, and negative emotions increased by 85.9%. Second, regression analysis demonstrates that all of the pre-war efforts investigated, except those allocated to improving work-life balance and active leisure, have a longitudinal effect on at least one component of subjective well-being during war. Effort at work significantly affects both meaning (p < 0.01) and positive emotions (p < 0.05). Effort within the community significantly affects negative emotions (p < 0.01). Effort in friendships significantly affects positive emotions (p < 0.01), while effort in health significantly affects meaning (p < 0.05). The results are robust for unmet expectations, socio-demographics and objective war-related control factors. Pre-war religiosity longitudinally affects all war-time subjective well-being components, a result which was also found in a difference-in-difference analysis.