북한의 주택배정제도와 비공식 주택시장 발전의 제한성*

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Researchers have explored public housing in large U.S. cities in great detail, including its history, design, effect on neighborhoods, role in urban renewal, the livelihoods of residents, and the consequences of mismanagement, demolition, and rebuilding. Based on these studies, scholars have largely concluded that public housing failed to achieve its goals. Yet, a parallel history of public housing construction and preservation in small towns and rural areas, a history that might challenge the dominant narrative of failure, remains unexplored. This article reviews the existing rural public housing literature, identifies important gaps, and explores its legacy. We find that while federal public housing policy in small towns and rural areas played an important role in the supply of affordable housing in these communities, little research has documented its impact. Rural public housing offers an alternative narrative less marked by problems and failures and more by solutions and successes, an idea that deserves much more attention from housing researchers in the future. Takeaway for practice: In the coming years, planners working in rural places will face numerous questions about not only how to house low-income households, but also how to preserve existing housing units in safe and sanitary conditions so that they remain viable. We identify a set of questions and issues pertaining to housing conditions in rural areas that, if answered, could offer planners valuable new insight into future federal housing policy more sensitive to community needs.

According to the Art. 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone is guaranteed the right to housing, which can be realized by building, owning or renting it. In addition, at the constitutional level, Ukraine undertook to assist citizens in need of social protection in purchasing housing. In particular, such citizens may be provided housing by the state or the local self-government bodies free of charge or for a fee that is affordable for this category of persons in accordance with the law. This approach to the regulation of social relations regarding the provision of housing for the citizens of Ukraine indicates the importance and expediency of considering issues related to the legal regime of housing, in particular, the concept of housing, social housing and affordable housing. The housing of an individual is a residential building, apartment, other residential premises, intended and suitable for permanent or temporary residence in them. Social housing is housing of all forms of ownership (except social dormitories) from the housing fund of social purpose, which is provided free of charge to citizens of Ukraine who need social protection, on the basis of a contract of employment for a certain period. In turn, in accordance with the Part 1 of the Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine "On preventing the influence of the global financial crisis on the development of the construction industry and housing construction", affordable housing is defined as built and those that are built with state support, residential buildings (complexes) and apartments. Taking into account the constitutional prescription, based on the content of which features the provision of housing by the state or the local self-government bodies free of charge or at an affordable price for citizens in need of social protection, the payment must be made in accordance with the law, the characteristics of "affordable housing" and "social housing", as well as mechanisms the acquisition of rights to them must be effectively regulated and detailed precisely at the level of special legislative acts.

Klantgestuurd voorraadbeleid en empowerment. Over Te Woon en andere initiatieven van woningcorporaties

Pursuant to the enforcement of the wholly amended Special Act on Private Rental Housing (Act No. 13499) on August 28, 2015, the legislature stipulated that rental housing constructed by private rental business operators with public support prior to this date would continue to be (deemed) public rental housing subject to the former law. The amendment of the Special Act on Public Housing (Act No. 17734), on December 22, 2020, introduced a supplementary provision that applied the amended regulations on Conversion for Sale to (deemed) public rental housing pursuant to the previous transitional provisions. This did not clearly specify whether the Conversion for Sale regulations of the former Act on Rental Housing would be replaced by the Conversion for Sale regulations of the amended Special Act on Public Housing or if they would continue to be applied insofar as they do not conflict with the new law. However, a significant dispute over the interpretation of this issue exists. In this regard, given that a clear legal basis is required to restrict property rights under the Constitution, it is reasonable to interpret that if Article 6 of the supplementary provisions of the amended Special Act on Public Housing is not clear about Article 21, Paragraph 2 of the former Act on Rental Housing, then the said provision, which entails a restriction of property rights, no longer applies. Article 21 of the former Act on Rental Housing and Article 50-3 of the amended Special Act on Public Housing have corresponding structures, and viewing them as in a substitutive relationship is natural. The supplementary provision also does not suggest an intent to maintain the application of the former law solely to insolvent rental housing in relation to conversion for sale. Furthermore, if the Conversion for Sale of Insolvent Rental Housing remains applicable, related penal provisions pursuant to the principle of legality in criminal law should be stipulated. The legislature did not explicitly stipulate the continued application in the amended law. Based on these points, it should be interpreted that Article 21, Paragraph 2 of the former Act on Rental Housing is no longer applicable to the (deemed) public rental housing now governed by Article 50-3 of the amended Special Act on Public Housing. The fundamental cause of these issues is in the ambiguous nature of the transitional provisions, suggesting a need for more precise legislation in the future.

Background: Over the past decade, various studies have shown that the disease burden and health inequalities in urban areas are strongly influenced by structural factors such as poverty, housing quality, and the built environment, rather than individual behaviour alone. The integration of public health, community development, housing policy, and urban planning has become increasingly important to address neighbourhood distress and promote healthier and more equitable cities. Aims: This study aims to systematically analyse international literature that examines the relationships between community development, housing environments, and health-oriented urban planning, and to map their contributions to the five levels of prevention in public health (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary). Methods: This study employs a systematic literature review approach of articles discussing the integration of public health, community development, housing, and urban policy in urban contexts, namely Morello-Frosch (2014), Gómez (2018), Thorpe (2018), and Santamouris (2025). Results: The findings show that interventions in housing environments and community development play a major role in primordial and primary prevention by improving basic environmental conditions, reducing risk factors, and supporting healthy behaviours. Interventions in public housing and community programmes also contribute to secondary and tertiary prevention by facilitating early detection, improving chronic disease management, and enhancing residents’ quality of life. Conclusion: The integration of community development, housing policy, and health-sensitive urban planning represents an effective multilevel prevention strategy to improve urban public health. The findings emphasise that housing and spatial planning policies should be positioned as core instruments, rather than complementary elements, in healthy city strategies, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia.

Introduction. Digitalization of the construction industry, including individual housing construction, is becoming a global trend. Digital Twin (DT) technology allows to create a virtual copy of a physical object and synchronize it with real data online. Aim. To analyze the use of digital twins in private housing construction, identify the challenges of digitalization, and determine promising areas of development based on foreign research and case studies. Materials and methods. The article is based on foreign research analyzing the technological architecture of a digital twin and the necessary software and hardware components for its creation. Results. The analysis shows that creating a digital twin requires a carefully collected database (DataRoom), the integration of sensors, IoT devices, and analytical tools, as well as real-time data synchronization and AI model training based on the owners' behavior. Cloud platforms provide scalability for the system, but there are also barriers to implementation. Practical significance. The article shows that digital twins of private homes are becoming part of the smart home concept, improving the operation and interaction of residents. It offers recommendations for real-time data processing, optimizing operational modes, adapting control to the behavior of owners, and intelligently predicting consequences. Conclusions. The digital twin of a private house occupies an important place in the technological and social context, transforming approaches to construction and resident interaction. It combines the functions of a passport, a manager, and an analyst, making the house smart, adaptive, and secure, capable of responding to internal and external challenges, acting as a "digital shadow".

In advanced capitalistcountries, the term ‘social housing’ normallyrefers to social rented housing, and itsprovision can be examined within the context ofthe type of housing welfare regime that hasevolved within the country under consideration.However, in large parts of Latin America –because of minimal affordability and limitedinvestment – ‘social housing’ is very much amarginalised tenure and – apart from a smallsocial-rented sector – comprises illegalshelter in shantytowns, assisted self-buildhousing, and low-cost owner-occupation. Itwould therefore be unproductive to examinesocial housing in Latin America within thecontext of any of the welfare regimes thatprevail in the developed world. Within the region, large-scale migration intothe major urban areas created a substantial andgrowing housing deficit among the poor in thelatter half of the twentieth century. At first,there was an attempt to satisfy housing needsby the provision of social rented housing, butit was soon recognised that such accommodationwas unaffordable to the majority of the poor,while municipal governments were constrained bybudgetary considerations from increasing oreven maintaining its supply. At the same time,it was realised that informal housing could beupgraded more cost-effectively, and that forits future development the ‘legalisation’ oftenure was essential; while self-build formalhousing could be constructed through theprocess of community funding. By the 1990s,even the middle-income segment wasdisadvantaged in the housing market asunemployment and interest rates rose and realwages fell, and therefore – through theintroduction of means-tested demand-sidesubsidies – the term ‘social housing’ wasextended to the conventional owner-occupiedsector. Clearly, welfare regimes in Latin America areat a rudimentary stage in their development,although there is a tendency for governments toembrace neo-liberal housing policies. But at atime of fiscal constraint, it is a cause forconcern that macroeconomic priorities mightmake it more difficult for a large proportionof the population of the region to satisfy itshousing needs.

This paper examines changing housing provision and policies in Northern Ireland during the period 1998–2007. The theoretical framework derives from the political economy of housing and the focus is on the extent to which devolution has impacted upon housing provision and policy since 1998. The distinctive history of housing provision in Northern Ireland since partition is reviewed. The period since the Good Friday Agreement has been characterized by periodic suspensions of the Northern Ireland Assembly and most housing policy initiatives, as between 1971 and 1998, have come from direct rule ministers following Westminster developments. Some distinctive features of social housing administration have been retained, with the Northern Ireland Housing Executive still playing a major role, despite a high level of sales to tenants. Housing provision in Northern Ireland has come also more to resemble the situation in the Republic of Ireland, where a long economic boom has been associated with rapid growth in house prices despite greatly increased levels of new building. It is concluded that there is no significant evidence that devolution after 1998 has resulted in distinctive housing policy or housing provision developments in Northern Ireland and that, as in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland, housing provision has become increasingly market-driven.

The success of the Ghanaian public road construction phase and other preconstruction phases have been studied. However, the success of the Ghanaian public road project consultant selection phase has not received any attention, even though it is prone to corruption. The goal of this study is to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) that, from the standpoint of a developing country, affect the success of the Ghanaian public road consultant selection phase. Data on the degree to which key success criteria identified in literature have an impact on the success of the Ghanaian public road consultant selection phase from the viewpoints of 156 sector practitioners in Ghana were acquired using a self-administered questionnaire. After that, the relative importance index was used to analyze the data. According to the study, external environmental, project management, and procurement-related factors influence the success of the Ghanaian public road consultant selection phase. The government and organizations that administer public construction projects will now have a better grasp of the CSFs that affect the performance of the Ghanaian public road construction project consultant selection phase and be able to use them as a guide to improving the effective and efficient delivery of public road construction projects. In managing public road projects, the study's findings will be useful to both industry professionals and the Ghanaian government. The study is limited to the consultant selection phase of Ghanaian public road construction projects. Keywords: Critical success factors, construction, consultant selection phase, construction management, relative importance index.

Notwithstanding the failures of the previous socialist government with regard to housing provision, the level of public housing construction achieved in Slovenia in the period of highest production during the 1970s and 1980s is, nonetheless, significant. The average number of completions per month in 1975, for example,exceeded the 1994 annual total by approximately 275 housing units. The changes brought about by the new political and socio-economic systems introduced after Slovenia achieved independence from the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991 which included, inter alia, the reform of the housing finance system, have led to great anomalies in the provision of housing, particularly in the public sector. This paper discusses current housing construction policy in Slovenia, analyses past construction activity and identifies, on the basis of research and empirical observations,the major factors that have influenced the implementation (mostly failures) of housing construction programmes during the transition period. Finally, it suggests that the government has so far failed to introduce the mechanisms urgently required to ensure the successful implementation of the new housing policy objectives.

Since 1988 Scotland has had a policy of providing care in the community for people with disability, through social housing. A number of specialised housing and social care providers are active in this area. In response to an emerging anecdotal understanding of how changes made in the built environment of housing had impacted on the quality of life of service users and care provision, one such provider in Scotland entered a collaborative knowledge exchange process with academic institutions, aiming to better understand the nature of this impact. Through a government and research council supported Kowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) this collaboration verified the anecdotal experience of service staff across a structured sample of housing locations and types provided by the housing association, and reviewed this in the light of existing published knowledge. The outcome confirmed the experiential learning of the housing and service provider and has permitted knowledge exchange between academia and the housing provider. This paper describes the process of close collaboration that was established to enable this knowledge exchange. The KTP process underpinned a new approach to continuing reflective practice within the housing association, and provided this with a robust evidence base for marketing and policy activity, reinforcing its ongoing re-structuring in a changing policy and funding context for the housing and care service providers. In addition, it synthesises the findings from the research, benchmarked by the wider literature.

Young-adult single-person households have emerged as a socially vulnerable group facing housing instability in Korea. To improve insufficient housing policies for this social group, we must evaluate existing policies and provide feedback in a timely manner. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of housing welfare programs targeting young adults, considering the increase in the supply of public rental housing for them. This study estimated the effect of residing in public rental housing on the intention to achieve homeownership and the mediation effect of residential satisfaction by employing structural equation modeling. The results confirm the following findings. First, when controlling households’ sociodemographic conditions, satisfaction with housing conditions is higher in public rental housing than in private rental housing. Second, high residential satisfaction among young-adult single-person households residing in public rental housing has a significant positive effect on their intention to achieve homeownership through high satisfaction with housing conditions. These findings suggest that public rental housing is an effective housing policy and a stepping stone toward homeownership for young-adult single-person households. This study concludes by emphasizing the necessity for a public rental housing policy considering these policy outcomes.

This housing policy in developing countries, conjectures and refutations article discusses housing policy in developing economies. It examines recent research findings in light of earlier arguments as to the benefits of more market-oriented approaches. It also looks at whether the recommendations of earlier work have been refuted or developed in subsequent analyses and policy measures. In particular, it reviews the empirical analysis of the effects of policy on housing supply, the richer understanding of the effects that land market regulations have on housing affordability and the functioning of urban areas, and the alleged mysterious effects that researchers claim effective property rights have on housing policy and on development more generally. It also examines the effects of the increased emphasis on community participation, showing how it helps to more fully reconcile the incentives faced by beneficiaries of housing policy and donors. Finally, it examines recent literature on the welfare effects of rent control. The article shows that some of the conjectures as to the likely benefits of more market-based policy have been refuted, but large welfare gains for poor people can still be realized by adapting this approach. Furthermore, this approach appears to be gaining ground as the consensus approach to effective housing policy.

This paper reviews social housing policy transformations in France since 2000. These changes have come to represent a new context characterised by conflict between government budget constraints and intensive demand for social housing due to growing job insecurity and soaring housing prices. The paper begins by outlining the mayor debates on the role of public interventions in the provision of social housing in France. It then focuses on the consequences for the sustainability of new social rental housing which has proved to be more and more oriented toward a self-financing system. Our review argues that although the current annual provision of social housing has not yet declined, self-financing is probably a feature of a transition stage between sustainable growth and the stagnation of the social housing stock. This change poses anew the key question for the French social housing model: whether or not to reproduce the ‘residual’ position being taken by most European countries.

This study aims to identify the causes of excessive change orders and their impact on public construction projects in Saudi Arabia. This should support the organizations working in the construction industry to improve variation order management (VOM) as a preventive action by dealing proactively with variation order causes. Therefore, a new methodology was proposed to minimize change orders and their impact on the successful completion of projects as well as cost during the project lifecycle. The methodology involved ten selected turnkey building projects at King Faisal University (KFU) campus, Saudi Arabia. Statistical analyses were conducted to predict the cost overrun in project size and contract value. The findings showed the most significant causes leading to variation order in public construction projects. These include the combined effect of the designer and owner technical committee, designer document, and owner stakeholder committee. Hence, a new model for VOM was developed as a best practice approach, including three stages. The first stage is the initiation process, which includes seven procedures, seven tools, and key responsibilities. The second stage deals with the course of change orders based on a certain number of procedures and weight for each parameter assigned to this phase. It supports decision processes based on a certain average ratio of weights calculation. The third stage is the decision to support decision makers in proceeding or not proceeding with the variation order. Although the present study was conducted in Saudi Arabia’s public building construction project, it is envisaged that these research results are widely applicable to other developing countries. The paper presents a direction for further research to enhance the impact of cost overrun in public sector construction projects in developing countries, i.e., Saudi Arabia.