Институциональные предпосылки формирования парадигмы экономической безопасности

Despite the importance of economic diplomacy in international relations, trade and the world economy, its relationship with economic security in securitisation and diplomacy remains unexplored in research and practice. This paper examines the dynamic relationship between economic diplomacy and economic security through historical lens and conceptual orientations in the context of ‘new’ diplomacy. The configuration of the global economic system and the discourse on economic diplomacy relative to economic security is the chief concern of this essay. Economic security influences the process and role of economic diplomacy in societies across the globe. Its objective is to ascertain the linkages and flesh out the pressing challenges concerning economic diplomacy and economic security. Through a juxtaposition of perspectives, the rationale is to engage in an interpretative analysis of recent trends on economic diplomacy to explain the dynamic relationship between diplomacy and economic security as informed by conceptual orientations in research and practice.

Issues of national security are of particular scientific interest because without it. It is impossible to imagine the existence of any state. Protecting the economic and social interests of the population has long been one of the prerogatives of public policy, which has expanded to information security of the people in the face of rapid digitalization of all spheres of life and the introduction of information attack as a new form of weapon. In this context, it is essential to conduct a thorough study of primary scientific papers on economic, social and information security. In this work, it is proposed to use quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis methods, which allows to identify the main trends and form a basis for further research. The information basis for this work was the international scientometric database Scopus and SciVal by Elsevier, which allows you to analyze bibliographic data using built-in tools and import them for external use in the software VOSviewer. Bibliographic information is presented from the 1930s to June 2021. The results show that in the world, the most researched is the topic of first, social, second, information, and third, economic security. At the same time, these studies are interdisciplinary, mainly at the intersection of economic and social sciences and information security at the intersection of economic and mathematical, computer sciences. The analysis of time trends changes the number of scientific papers on economic, social and information security in Scopus database shows their gradual growth. In contrast, information security has the fastest growth rate. The study of geographical trends shows that economic security research occurs mainly in the United States, the Russian Federation and Ukraine (the funding of research confirms this at the expense of the relevant ministries and foundations). Social security is mostly studied in English-speaking and European countries (United States, United Kingdom, Germany). Information security research is concentrated in English-speaking (United States, United Kingdom) and China, India. The qualitative bibliographic analysis allowed to analyze the most cited, and hence the trend works on selected topics, confirming the multidisciplinary nature of the work. In addition, a cluster analysis of co-occurrence of keywords was coducted, which formed clusters devoted to social, economic, socio-psychological, legal and other issues.

Relevance of the research. For Ukraine, the relevance of the topic is enhanced by the need to develop a long-term model of economic recovery and modernization, which would be based on the principles of sustainability, economic sovereignty, social security and integration into the European security space. In the EU countries, in turn, there is a growing awareness of the need to strengthen economic and energy security, adaptation to the new reality, where the policy of “soft power” no longer ensures stability. Therefore, the issue of economic security is becoming key for the formation of modern economic policy of both Ukraine and the European Union. Problem statement. Modern economic challenges require a new scientific paradigm — an integrative model of security economics, which would allow states to maintain stability and competitiveness, providing protection from threats and creating a basis for long-term development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of economic security is considered in various conceptual planes, for example, during the period of F. Roosevelt's “New Deal”, when economic stabilization was considered an element of national security in the USA. Ukrainian researchers, in particular, Ya. Zhalilo, consider economic security as the ability of the economy to self-reproduce and resist destabilizing factors. Other scientists focus on the resilience of the economic system to external and internal threats (O. Skoruk, Z. Gbur), methods of their neutralization, mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness and socio-economic stability. Research task. Theoretical justification and empirical analysis of the concept of security economy in the context of modern geopolitical challenges, as well as identification of key areas of economic policy of Ukraine and the European Union countries. Main material presentation. The article analyzes Ukraine’s national strategies in the field of economic security since 2014, and shows how the military conflict forced the state to move towards the integration of defense, energy, financial and social mechanisms into a common economic paradigm. Particular attention is paid to post-war recovery programs, including grant initiatives, stimulating small and medium-sized businesses, supporting critical infrastructure and attracting international assistance. It highlights research approaches to the analysis of economic growth as an ambiguous indicator of well-being and security, in particular with regard to environmental, social and institutional consequences. The concept of “economic socialization” is considered, which involves the development of human capital, social cohesion and citizen participation in decision-making as a key condition for sustainable development. In the context of the EU, the emphasis is on changes in the security paradigm, which were manifested through the adoption of the Strategic Compass, strengthening the defense potential, energy transformation and the conclusion of security agreements with Ukraine. It is shown that the security economy is becoming a new model of cooperation between Ukraine and Europe, focused on long-term stability, strategic autonomy, and the protection of democratic values. Conclusions. Economic security in the post-war recovery period will obviously be closely linked to social stability. After the war, many people face unemployment, loss of housing, and a decline in living standards. The state must ensure social support, the creation of new jobs, access to education, and health services. This will help avoid social tensions and ensure internal stability. Keywords: security economy, economic security, post-war recovery, economic growth, social cohesion, public policy, institutional stability.

The Irrationality Illusion: A New Paradigm for Economics and Behavioral Economics

A new conceptual and formal framework for analyzing economic decisions, the homo communitatis paradigm, is introduced. The framework is in the form of seven principles, which collectively articulate the entire range of factors that affect choice, including all aspects of individual behavior and of the social context—the communities—the actor is a member of. Traditional economic analysis is shown to be a special case of homo communitatis analysis in which key variables are omitted. Using the principles, we show that experimental results such as loss aversion, framing effects, mental accounting, and judgment biases are not irrational and that the apparent irrationality is in every case an illusion arising from incomplete specification and control of independent variables elucidated in the principles. Several implications for future work are discussed, including high-fidelity models of socioeconomic systems, significantly more powerful and detailed economics simulations, and adoption of significantly different approach to design of economic experiments, one that takes into account all the variables involved in human choice.

The purpose of the article is to define the term «economic security of a city» and assess the current importance of studying this question. Economic security of a city is determined, from the one part, by how efficiently the city’s functions are performed from the viewpoint of consumers of goods from city-forming enterprises, from the other part, by how economic interests of social groups that perform a particular city’s function are met. City’s social groups are the main subjects of its economic security. The identified social groups are differentiated by the source of income and are directly related to the city’s functions. The study proposes to range social groups by the extent of their influence on the city’s policy. This allows identifying the material interests of these groups and linking them to the city’s economic security. The differentiation of economic interests between city-forming and city-maintaining enterprises allowed focusing attention on city’s strategic aspects of development. Analysis of the existing approaches to economic security of city revealed that they are based on the countering the recurrent threats that are possible to interpret as adverse effects of managerial decisions made earlier. The approach existing in literature is focused on the quick definition of city’s economic security and makes it impossible to define the city’s strategy from the position of ensuring its economic security. The proposed definition of city’s economic security makes it possible to proceed to formation of the general strategy of a city in terms of ensuring its economic security, as well as to identify the functional strategies to realize it.

Motivation: The gnoseological sense of a new paradigm, apart from the methodological and sociological sense, includes its the deepest essence. It is expressed in a process of forming and popularization of a paradigm. It includes essential factors of a particular paradigm which are reflected by its general sense. Revealing the essence of the gnoseological sense enables to reveal the main factors from the essential ones, which have been applied unintentionally. The same applies to new institutional economics when it is used without scientific reflection. An idea of revealing the essence of its (of the institutional economics) gnoseological sense is to reveal aspects of the individualism and the holism hidden in it.Aim: Goal of this paper is to reveal the essence of the outline of the gnoseological sense of the paradigm of the new institutional economics.Results: Result of the study is presentation of relations between the individualism and the holism in the paradigm of the new institutional economics. The main conclusion is that the paradigm of the economics sui generis is not homogeneous, similarly to the social sciences. The new institutional economics derives a holistic perspective from the sociology, and individualistic one from the neoclassical economics. Consequently the new institutional economics is based on contradictory foundations (it is of dual nature); this becomes clear at a detailed level of considerations concerning its paradigm.

In August-September 2024, Global Affairs Canada held public consultations on “Potential New Measures to Advance and Defend Canada’s Economic Security Interests.” The inputs provided will help the Government of Canada update or develop approaches and measures that would advance Canada’s economic security interests. The following analysis and recommendations were submitted by the author in response to the call for expert views on the subject. The author argues that, in addition to public consultations, Canada still needs a strategic framework to think about national security, prosperity and economic security in a comprehensive, whole-of-governmet fashion and makes five specific recommendations. Canada should: 1. Develop, promulgate and implement a whole-of-government National Economic Security Strategy; 2. Undertake an in-depth intelligence-based all-source threat assessment of foreign economic threats to Canada, including an unclassified version for Canadians, prior to deciding on the measures to be taken in the National Economic Security Strategy to secure Canada’s economic security and prosperity; 3. Undertake a full cost analysis of the gains and losses to the Canadian economy and individual economic security from the applications of all the measures delineated in the National Economic Security Strategy; 4. Undertake an in-depth analysis of how allies and other states would respond to the implementation of a new National Economic Security Strategy (taking into account the best, worst and most likely outcomes) and develop options, to be included in the Strategy, to mitigate the risk of harmful outcomes; and 5. Consider developing a National Industrial Strategy and an International Trade Strategy alongside or as key components of the National Economic Security Strategy. Received: 09-24-2024 Revised: 10-25-2024

Formulation of the problem. Economic safety is a conception which estimates the modern state of national economy. Therefore, economic safety depends on the level of economic development. The purpose of the research analyze еconomic security, which protects national interests, implements the development of the national economy and supports its adaptation to the economic interests of state bodies. The object of the research is the process of modeling of economic security is a concept that assesses the current state of the national economy. The hypothesis of the research is the dynamics of the socio-economic development of the state is one of the conditions ensuring its economic security. The methods of the research – analysis, synthesis, scientific generalization, systems approach. The statement of basic materials. Along with the protection of the country's national interests, economic security is the readiness of state bodies to ensure the real development of the country's economy in accordance with national interests and the socio-economic stability of society. The dynamism of the country's socio-economic development is a necessary condition for ensuring its economic security. There are a number of tasks that determine economic security, one of them is the assessment of its geopolitical state and the protection of the national interests of the state. All this is analyzed in detail in the article on the example of Azerbaijan. The originality and practical significance of the research. In the Azerbaijani context, various issues determined by economic security, assessment of the geopolitical state and national interests are also analyzed. Conclusions and perspectives of further research. Consequently, economic security depends on the level of economic development. Economic security protects national interests, realizes the development of the national economy and supports its adaptation to the economic interests of state bodies.

The choice of the hierarchical principle of the structural organization of the mechanism of ensuring socio–economic security is consistent with the presentation of the role of its components in the regulation of financial and economic processes. Thus, in the performance of the functions of defence, the role of the components of the mechanism in the schemes of direct and current relations, information channels, management conclusions and administrative work is inevitable. Apart from this, the inter-element relations of the mechanism of ensuring social and economic security are mediated by financial and economic relations and, first of all, commodity–money, which is based on the coordination and specific subordination of financial and economic interests. This means that the process of ensuring social and economic security must not be strictly subordinate to the hierarchy of public administration, and be one of its intensive components, which plays a dual role. On the one hand, it has the ability to be needed as the 1st of the methods of implementation of the state financial and economic interests. But, on the other hand, the method is intended to act as a “signal link” to adjust the provisions of the financial and economic policy in an environment of large-scale dangers, which to some extent refutes its subordination to the previously adopted management conclusions. For example, the study of the structuring of the mechanism of ensuring social and economic security implemented in the Republic of Belarus shows its obvious subordinate nature in the system of public administration. In particular, the element distribution of the presented mechanism was made in coordination with the hierarchy of the management system of economic entities. This means that its capabilities are used only to some extent due to the level of restrictions in the implementation of socio-economic security. Level limitation of the control system leads to the fact that financial and economic regulators of the state and functioning of mesostructures have all chances to be “included” in an absolute measure at the macro level and only partly — at the micro level.

The growing dynamism of international economic relations, changes in the alignment of forces on the world economic arena, the formation of new centers of global and regional influence, the emergence of complex, multidimensional models of international economic interaction; the development of the global financial crisis; development of information and communication technologies; fundamental shifts in the geopolitical space have exacerbated issues of ensuring economic security. A study of global trends affecting the modern environment of international economic security has allowed us to differentiate them into two types of unipolar, which pose pure risks to economic security; bipolar, which create security challenges. It has been determined that the most important global risk factors of a purely economic, ideological, political, socio-demographic, environmental and information and technological nature, which pose the greatest threats to the national economic security of countries and, accordingly, international economic security, are the following: competition of political and ideological doctrines and related economic strategies of countries; increased competition for markets; the aggravation of the struggle for resources (natural, including energy; human, including intellectual, financial) widening the gap between rich and poor countries, worsening global financial situation due to the global financial crisis; increasing the level of financialization of the global economy, the growing global influence of TNCs; increased conflict of interest between global companies and states; uncontrolled international migration; the development of the shadow economy, the growth of illegal capital migration and the problem of laundering dirty money; the growing impact of environmental threats on economic security; negative manifestations of deepening the integration of information technology in all areas of socio-economic life. It has been noted that individual mega-trends are threats to international and national economic security, are interrelated and closely correlate with each other.

This article defines the basic concepts of culture and ideal. The main chronological stages of the development of society from the moment of the formation of the oral tradition to the period of industrialization are revealed. The article deals with the development of the “hard core” of culture and its “protective belt” according to the methodology of the research program of I. Lakatos. Thanks to this, it was possible to identify the fundamental attitudes that make up the "hard core" of culture and the "protective belt" of this core, presented in everyday life. The dynamics of changes in cultural attitudes of the "hard core" and "protective belt" of culture, depending on the development of technology, has been revealed. Thanks to the concept of D.V. Pivovarov's culture is considered from the standpoint of the ideal-forming side of life. The methods and three models of the formation of the ideals of culture, which form the basis of the "Solid core", are revealed. Considered the synthetic concept of the ideal. A historical example of the interaction of all three models is given, confirming the applicability of the synthetic concept to everyday life.

The commercialization of public spaces is increasingly common in major cities, transforming areas once open and freely accessible into spaces focused on commercial activities. This shift not only changes the primary role of public spaces as venues for social interaction but also introduces challenges and opportunities for economic security. From an economic security perspective, the commercialization of public spaces offers both benefits and risks for communities and local governments. On one hand, it can stimulate economic growth through increased business activities, job creation, and urban revitalization. On the other hand, it can exacerbate socio-economic inequalities, marginalize vulnerable groups, limit access, and erode the social function of public spaces. This study investigates the impact of public space commercialization on economic security, focusing on how this transformation affects accessibility, economic disparity, and social welfare sustainability. Through literature analysis and case studies, the study provides comprehensive insights into managing public space commercialization sustainably while upholding inclusive and equitable economic security principles. The findings indicate that while commercialization offers economic opportunities, it also heightens social inequality, highlighting the need for inclusive policies to safeguard economic security. These findings aim to guide policymakers in balancing economic interests with the social functions of public spaces, ensuring that policies are inclusive, equitable, and support sustainable economic security for all societal groups

Since the end of the twentieth century, globalization processes in the world take a new level every year. This, in turn, affects the development of transnational companies (TNCs), which spread their influence on the economies of countries across the planet, as well as on the system of international economic relations as a whole. It can be said that, recently, transnationals have been the initiators and main supporters of the introduction of globalization. Given that TNCs have virtually unlimited financial resources, their activities pose threats to economic security for both host and home countries. This is mainly due to the fact that the interests of states and companies in relation to which the economic distribution of TNCs is directed are not fully taken into account, and also because the goals of many TNCs and the countries where they are based contradict the basic principles of economic security. The authors of the article describe the main components of economic security, analyze transnational companies, their impact on the economies of countries, as well as proposed steps to strengthen international economic security and that of the country as a whole.

The purpose of this publication is to study scientific approaches to understanding the conception of global economic security. The analysis of current foreign and domestic sources made it possible to classify the scientific approaches of different authors regarding the essence and features of the conception of economic security: as a process of meeting needs; from the point of view of protecting the national interests of a particular country, business entities, individuals; as a state of the system-based object; as a condition for sustainable development; as features of the system elements; as a system for preventing harm; as a manifestation of an integrity of security measures; in terms of economic sustainability and sovereignty of a country; as an aggregate of conditions and factors; as a dynamic development of a system component. It is determined that the conception of global economic security covers a wide range of interrelated issues and elements, such as investment verification, instruments to counteract coercion, research integrity, and stability of supply chains. When focusing on supply chain stability, three main issues should be considered. It is found that the regimes of national economic security require a balance between defensive and offensive policies depending on the specific conditions of the country. The main factors in developing strategies are national security interests and competitive advantages in certain sectors of the trade. Transparency and information exchange between countries is the first step towards meaningful international cooperation on economic security issues. This is crucial to avoid creating protectionist economic weapons that countries can use against rivals. It is defined that in a rapidly changing world, the issue of global economic security becomes the most open and at the same time of responsibility in case of calling and responding to problems caused by various factors of society life as a subject of international economic relations, developing effective mechanisms for dealing with challenges in the sectoral economic parts of the institution of economy.