Economic diplomacy and security: linkages, trends and changes

In the modern conditions of the world economy, the structural components of economic security can be considered at different levels of the hierarchy of relations, in particular: 1.The global level, where the key factors affecting the economic security of the world economy are determined.This includes international agreements, economic relations between countries, international organizations and other global instruments affecting the state of economic, information and ecological security.2. Regional level, where specific aspects of economic, information and ecological security are considered in individual regions or a group of countries.Regional agreements, trade blocs, energy cooperation, economic integration and other regional initiatives are key components of economic security at this level.3. National levelcomponents of economic, information and ecological security that reflect the policies and strategies of a specific country.This includes internal reforms, the level of economic stability, foreign trade policy and other internal aspects affecting the economic security of the country.4. Sectoral levelreflects economic, information and ecological security in specific sectors such as finance, energy, information technology, and other industries that may be critical to overall economic, information and ecological security.Depending on the level of the hierarchy, these components interact with each other and affect the general state of economic, information and ecological security at different levels of the global economy.

Introduction. Since the beginning of the XXI century, the integration of the vast majority of countries into a single geoeconomic space is accompanied by the latest global trends, permanent systemic risks, and their asymmetric effects. All the factors mentioned above have a multi-vector and contradictory impact on modern global development. As well as they encourage the international community to develop preventive measures and restart the institution of diplomacy in general, and economic diplomacy particularly. Goal. The aim of this research is to scientifically substantiate the asymmetric impact of global development risks on economic diplomacy while taking into account external and internal environmental factors to differentiate possible strategic dominants of state economic diplomacy considering its "geoeconomic location" and "strategic zone of presence" in the global economic space. Methods. With the use of PESTEI, SWOT, and SNW-analysis, the matrix of scenarios for the formation of the state “strategic zone of presence” in the global economic space is developed, as well as the strategic dominants of economic diplomacy of the state are outlined accordingly. Results. The research has shown that the asymmetric effect of global risks in the process of geoeconomic space network formation encourages the international community to develop preventive measures and reset the institution of economic diplomacy. It has been proved that in this context, economic diplomacy, as one of the key vectors of the institution of diplomacy, acquires the status of "dominant" in the process of formation of the state’s geostrategic positioning in the international arena, taking into consideration the current geopolitical and geoeconomic processes. Also, it has been argued that the development of major strategic decisions in the field of economic diplomacy is based on the results of strategic analysis, while considering the achievements of the "expert diplomacy”. Moreover, it has been proved that the formation of strategic dominants of economic diplomacy should take into account the results of the strategic analysis of systemic determinants, specifically risks of global development and asymmetric challenges for economic diplomacy, as well as endogenous factors of the internal environment. Finally, it has been emphasized that the national interests of the state along with the guarantees of state’s economic security should be the absolute priorities while choosing the strategic dominants of economic diplomacy Perspectives. Further scientific research on the studied issues primarily aims to analyze the systemic determinants of the formation of Ukraine’s "geoeconomic location" in the global economic space as well as outline the strategic dominants of its economic diplomacy, taking into account national interests and targets of economic security.

The article explores the institutional paradigm shift as the theoretical basis of economic security through the prism of perception of the role and importance of social, political, economic, military or religious institutions. There were presented traditional and new consensual approaches to economic security in the context of the transition from the accumulation of forces as a tool for achieving secure coexistence of countries, peoples, businesses and citizens, to address the challenges of protecting their own economic interests through bargaining institutions. It is discussed that economic security is a way of thinking and acting, based on the ability to formulate and address the causes of the use of means of force, and in their place have come political and moral resources. Attempts were made to substantiate the thesis that in the world of competition and rivalry it is possible to avoid violence. The author proceeds from the position that within some societies and in international relations, where different nationalities divided by borders and among peoples, where they live in the same state of different nationalities, dominated by violence because there is no idle or institutions of morality and morals. There were reviewed the scientific origins of the formation of the paradigm of the new institutional economics and its requirements, because, obviously, it must be accepted by consensus of most researchers and should not be questioned, since this belief system is taken for granted and is not contrary to existing research. Through the use of the methodology of institutional economic theory analyzes the concept of scientific research programs, the structure of which is allocated a “hard core” and “protective belt”. There were made the conclusion that the concept of the new paradigm of the new institutional economics can be considered as the result of all the existing views of the contemporary representatives of different schools of institutionalism, and in relation to society security is about meeting the needs of existence, survival, confidence, stability, integrity, independence, preservation of level and quality of life within certain society. Economic security is defined as a process that requires the continuous activity of individuals, businesses, communities, states and international organizations for the economic state security.

Issues of national security are of particular scientific interest because without it. It is impossible to imagine the existence of any state. Protecting the economic and social interests of the population has long been one of the prerogatives of public policy, which has expanded to information security of the people in the face of rapid digitalization of all spheres of life and the introduction of information attack as a new form of weapon. In this context, it is essential to conduct a thorough study of primary scientific papers on economic, social and information security. In this work, it is proposed to use quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis methods, which allows to identify the main trends and form a basis for further research. The information basis for this work was the international scientometric database Scopus and SciVal by Elsevier, which allows you to analyze bibliographic data using built-in tools and import them for external use in the software VOSviewer. Bibliographic information is presented from the 1930s to June 2021. The results show that in the world, the most researched is the topic of first, social, second, information, and third, economic security. At the same time, these studies are interdisciplinary, mainly at the intersection of economic and social sciences and information security at the intersection of economic and mathematical, computer sciences. The analysis of time trends changes the number of scientific papers on economic, social and information security in Scopus database shows their gradual growth. In contrast, information security has the fastest growth rate. The study of geographical trends shows that economic security research occurs mainly in the United States, the Russian Federation and Ukraine (the funding of research confirms this at the expense of the relevant ministries and foundations). Social security is mostly studied in English-speaking and European countries (United States, United Kingdom, Germany). Information security research is concentrated in English-speaking (United States, United Kingdom) and China, India. The qualitative bibliographic analysis allowed to analyze the most cited, and hence the trend works on selected topics, confirming the multidisciplinary nature of the work. In addition, a cluster analysis of co-occurrence of keywords was coducted, which formed clusters devoted to social, economic, socio-psychological, legal and other issues.

The article is devoted to the systematization of financial indicators for assessing the level of countries economic security and defining the role and importance of indicators in the system of economic security monitoring. It is determined that the indicator approach is the most common in terms of assessing and monitoring the level of financial security and allows for effective management of financial risks. In this case, indicators act as measures of the degree of stability, reliability and efficiency of the country's economic system. The authors prove that indicators form the methodological basis for monitoring the level and status of economic and financial security. The indicators are classified according to security subsystems and take into account the peculiarities of their formation. The authors analyze the approaches to systematization of financial indicators used in Ukrainian practice, in particular, within the framework of the official methodology for assessing the level of Ukraine’s economic security, as well as within the methodology for assessing the level of financial stability and sustainability used by the National Bank of Ukraine. Among the approaches developed and implemented at the international level, the author examines the IMF Financial Sustainability Indicators System, the IMF and World Bank Debt Sustainability Framework, The World Bank Global Findex Database, and The system of Financial Indicators for Socioeconomic Development of The World Bank (Open Data). Keywords: financial indicator, economic security, financial security, security monitoring, resilience.

Relevance of the research. For Ukraine, the relevance of the topic is enhanced by the need to develop a long-term model of economic recovery and modernization, which would be based on the principles of sustainability, economic sovereignty, social security and integration into the European security space. In the EU countries, in turn, there is a growing awareness of the need to strengthen economic and energy security, adaptation to the new reality, where the policy of “soft power” no longer ensures stability. Therefore, the issue of economic security is becoming key for the formation of modern economic policy of both Ukraine and the European Union. Problem statement. Modern economic challenges require a new scientific paradigm — an integrative model of security economics, which would allow states to maintain stability and competitiveness, providing protection from threats and creating a basis for long-term development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of economic security is considered in various conceptual planes, for example, during the period of F. Roosevelt's “New Deal”, when economic stabilization was considered an element of national security in the USA. Ukrainian researchers, in particular, Ya. Zhalilo, consider economic security as the ability of the economy to self-reproduce and resist destabilizing factors. Other scientists focus on the resilience of the economic system to external and internal threats (O. Skoruk, Z. Gbur), methods of their neutralization, mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness and socio-economic stability. Research task. Theoretical justification and empirical analysis of the concept of security economy in the context of modern geopolitical challenges, as well as identification of key areas of economic policy of Ukraine and the European Union countries. Main material presentation. The article analyzes Ukraine’s national strategies in the field of economic security since 2014, and shows how the military conflict forced the state to move towards the integration of defense, energy, financial and social mechanisms into a common economic paradigm. Particular attention is paid to post-war recovery programs, including grant initiatives, stimulating small and medium-sized businesses, supporting critical infrastructure and attracting international assistance. It highlights research approaches to the analysis of economic growth as an ambiguous indicator of well-being and security, in particular with regard to environmental, social and institutional consequences. The concept of “economic socialization” is considered, which involves the development of human capital, social cohesion and citizen participation in decision-making as a key condition for sustainable development. In the context of the EU, the emphasis is on changes in the security paradigm, which were manifested through the adoption of the Strategic Compass, strengthening the defense potential, energy transformation and the conclusion of security agreements with Ukraine. It is shown that the security economy is becoming a new model of cooperation between Ukraine and Europe, focused on long-term stability, strategic autonomy, and the protection of democratic values. Conclusions. Economic security in the post-war recovery period will obviously be closely linked to social stability. After the war, many people face unemployment, loss of housing, and a decline in living standards. The state must ensure social support, the creation of new jobs, access to education, and health services. This will help avoid social tensions and ensure internal stability. Keywords: security economy, economic security, post-war recovery, economic growth, social cohesion, public policy, institutional stability.

Today, the influence of dynamic changes in geopolitical and geo-economics’ conditions requires new requirements to ensure the national security of the state and its sustainable development. One of the central places in the structure of the national security of Ukraine is its economic security, which guarantees the independence of the country, the conditions of stability and effective functioning of society. In this regard, tracking of trends in the economic sphere, detection of the main risks and threats to economic security, identification of measures dealing with reduction of their negative impact are relevant both from a scientific and practical point of view. This article considers the key threats to the economic security of the state in the context of globalization, the long-term influence of which reduces the economic security of the state, makes it vulnerable to external challenges, and significantly weakens its position on the world stage.The importance of ensuring the state economic security and counteracting the negative impact of threats that may harm it has been proved. It has been noted that ensuring of economic security is a priority of the state. The essence of economic security of the state and its importance for national security in general has been described. The current legislative documents, which identify the main real and potential threats to the national security of Ukraine at the present stage, including in the economic sphere have been considered. The interference of threats to the state economic security, which are divided according to the scope of their occurrence into internal and external, has been assessed. It has been determined that external threats are associated with adverse processes in the world economy, and internal threats are dealing with the activities of public authorities, macroeconomic and microeconomic instability of the market economy, they are stipulated to those processes that occur during economic policy. It has been noted that the current conditions for the development of the state security, due to new challenges and threats, need to improve and implement new measures to combat the negative influence of major threats to the national economic security. As a result of the study, the main measures to counter the main threats to the state economic security were identified.

The subject of scientific article is the management of innovative projects to ensure economic security of the Russian regions. The relevance of the selected subject stems from a study of the characteristics of the current status and problems of formation of economic security in developing innovative design solutions in terms of integration of economies into the world economy. The purpose of the article is the disclosure of problems and prospects of economic security in the management of innovative projects, planning, technologies in the integration of economies into the world economy, identifying opportunities of forming , organization, financing, management priorities for the economy. The hypothesis. Economic security requires the development of innovative solutions in the part of the formation of the new institutional structures, Fund, PPP projects, changes in the strategy for socio-economic development in the context of integration economies into the world economy. Methodology. Solving methodology based on the use of method of dialectical research, methods of economic analysis, forecasting, situational and systemic analysis, expert assessments and analysis of empirical data. Result/practical application is the formation of innovative institutional structures within the PPP Fund will assist in addressing the political, economic and social problems of territorial development, innovative projects, ensuring the economic security of the Russian regions in the framework of regulation of the legislation, predicting the effective economic activities within the framework of the new Strategy of industrialization, selecting optimal models project planning to ensure economic security and competitiveness in integration of economies into the world economy.

Purpose: the aim of the article is to reveal problems and prospects, formulate economic security within the framework of innovation projects management, plan technologies in the context of integrating economies into the world economy, identify opportunities for forming, organizing, financing, managing priority economic directions. The subject is the management of innovative projects to ensure the economic security of Russian regions. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the study of the features of the current state and the problems of the formation of economic security, the development of innovative design solutions in the context of integrating economies into the world economy. Ensuring the economic security of the regions of Russia directly depends on the introduction of innovative technologies and project management in the sectors of the national economy of Russia. Methods: the methodology of the solution of objectives is based on usage of a method of dialectic research, methods of the economic analysis, forecasting, the situational and systemic analysis, expert evaluations and the analysis of empirical data. Hypothesis. Ensuring an economic safety requires formation of innovative solutions, change of the current legislation within the Strategy of social and economic development in the conditions of integration of economies into the world economy. Results: the practical significance of the work is to identify the interrelationship between the development processes of innovative projects that ensure the economic security of the regions of Russia within the framework of regulating the current legislation, forecasting effective economic activity within the framework of the New Industrialization Strategy, selecting optimal project planning models to ensure the country's economic security and competitiveness in the conditions of integration Economies into the world economy. Conclusions and Relevance: in the conditions of integration of economies into the world economy and the formation of integrated development programs, effective use of resources and land within the territories is necessary. There is a need to change the current legislation in the framework of ensuring economic security in the project management system and the introduction of innovative technologies.

Aim. The work aimed to study the consequences of implementing products using artificial intelligence technologies in economic security systems.Objectives. The work seeks to analyze the development directions and results of artificial intelligence technologies; to assess the capabilities (beneficial effects) of these technologies in economic security systems of organizations; to identify specific threats to economic security, associated with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in organizations; to develop recommendations for mitigating these threats.Methods. The study employed comparative and retrospective analysis, economic-statistical and index methods, as well as special methods for studying economic security, expert-analytical and system approaches.Results. It has been established that the use of artificial intelligence in economic security systems can produce a significant beneficial effect. The advantages of its use in the field under consideration are associated with the fact that in formal analysis (from the standpoint of its rate, accuracy, consistency and taking into account the maximum possible number of factors), the artificial intelligence products surpass human capabilities. This results in a gradual replacement (moreover in the future) of human intelligence with artificial intelligence in the field under consideration, at least in cases of tasks that do not require non-standard, creative solutions, based sometimes on the paradoxical nature of human thinking. At the same time, such a development of events gives rise to a number of specific threats to economic security, namely “engagement” of many products using AI technologies; the possibility of manipulating information; loss of critical thinking skills by officials; the growing importance of cyberattacks.Conclusions. The development of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence technologies, has an ambiguous impact on economic security at all levels of the economic system. Overcoming the problems identified in the study requires activities in a number of fields, namely the formation of national products using artificial intelligence technologies, within the implementation of state policy to achieve technological sovereignty; strengthening the information component of systemic measures to ensure economic security; revision of approaches to the formation of competencies of specialists in the field of economic security, who use (or can potentially use) artificial intelligence products in their activities.

Few observers of Canadian foreign policy would deny that the number and complexity of foreign policy issues is increasing, yet the resources available to manage them are decreasing.(f.1) If we assume that 'old' foreign policy concerns -- non-proliferation, economic diplomacy, alliance politics, and multilateralism -- will continue to be important, Canada is left with three choices: increase the foreign policy budget to reflect the expanding agenda, do more things less well, or assign a lower priority to some issue-areas. This last choice implies a shift in Ottawa's focus away from some traditional functional concerns and geographic areas and towards those areas in which there is a clear and identifiable Canadian interest and where Canada's international policy decisions and programmes can have a maximum impact. The operative term here is maximum impact because the millions of public dollars spent to keep Canadian peacekeepers in the former Yugoslavia may have satisfied the criterion of identifiable interest but have surely fallen short of maximum impact. In this article I argue that to maximize its influence in an era of fiscal austerity, Canada will have to be more selective about the many international spheres in which it plays. In the search for niches, Ottawa must not only use its resources more efficiently; it must look increasingly to the under-utilized and under-appreciated non-governmental and philanthropic sectors. Moreover, Canada's pent-up 'soft' power that comes from knowledge and ideas, and the information technologies that transmit them further, faster, and with greater effect around the world, must be allowed to flourish.(f.2) A greater exercise of such power -- in effect, energizing the cultural pillar of the foreign policy agenda of Jean Chretien's government rather than, for example, trying to achieve a greater naval presence in the Pacific in support of Canada's commercial interests in the region (as the 1994 defence white paper advocates(f.3)) -- is consistent with niche diplomacy. Foreign policy reviews over the past two years have emphasized that Canada's national interests dictate a global rather than a regional foreign policy and hence a widespread and effective diplomatic presence. At the same time, the various debates leading up to the Canada 21 report, the first two National Forums on Canada's International Relations (1994 & 1995), the final parliamentary foreign policy and defence reports, and Ottawa's programme reviews (I and II), all resonated with the need to 'make hard choices.' Growing domestic fiscal pressures have highlighted a fundamental tension in the conduct of Canada's international relations between a more engaged global player in an age of globalization and interdependence and a more disengaged actor. Despite the conclusions of the parliamentary reviews, this debate is not likely to abate. On the one hand, some (notably members of the Reform party) have questioned how long Canada can enhance its prestige in a number of expensive spheres of influence -- the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Commonwealth, la francophonie, Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC), and the Group of Seven (G-7), to name just a few simultaneously.(f.4) On the other hand, powerful forces reinforce this internationalism. As noted by the minister of foreign affairs, Lloyd Axworthy, before the House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade in April 1969,(f.5) it is anachronistic to try to draw a clear distinction between international and domestic. Because of economic and post-Cold War security globalization, problems are no longer East-West or North-South in scope. For example, unemployment, transportable diseases (for example, HIV), environmental degradation (for example, global warming) affect both South and North. As nation-states realize that they cannot respond to these challenges alone, increased multilateralism appears to be the only answer. From a narrower Canadian perspective, one need look no further than Canada's growing economic dependence on the rest of the world: in 1995 exports accounted for 37 per cent of national income compared to 17 per cent in 1960. …

The growing dynamism of international economic relations, changes in the alignment of forces on the world economic arena, the formation of new centers of global and regional influence, the emergence of complex, multidimensional models of international economic interaction; the development of the global financial crisis; development of information and communication technologies; fundamental shifts in the geopolitical space have exacerbated issues of ensuring economic security. A study of global trends affecting the modern environment of international economic security has allowed us to differentiate them into two types of unipolar, which pose pure risks to economic security; bipolar, which create security challenges. It has been determined that the most important global risk factors of a purely economic, ideological, political, socio-demographic, environmental and information and technological nature, which pose the greatest threats to the national economic security of countries and, accordingly, international economic security, are the following: competition of political and ideological doctrines and related economic strategies of countries; increased competition for markets; the aggravation of the struggle for resources (natural, including energy; human, including intellectual, financial) widening the gap between rich and poor countries, worsening global financial situation due to the global financial crisis; increasing the level of financialization of the global economy, the growing global influence of TNCs; increased conflict of interest between global companies and states; uncontrolled international migration; the development of the shadow economy, the growth of illegal capital migration and the problem of laundering dirty money; the growing impact of environmental threats on economic security; negative manifestations of deepening the integration of information technology in all areas of socio-economic life. It has been noted that individual mega-trends are threats to international and national economic security, are interrelated and closely correlate with each other.

In the context of the interaction of international competitiveness of economic entities and their economic security, it should be noted that globalization of the world economy has one of its consequences a relative equation of the conditions of competition in national markets. As a result of providing by governments the most favored and national regimes, as it was required by international norms of legal regulation of the economy, national and foreign producers find themselves in roughly similar conditions on individual countries or their unions markets. In this case, foreign economic and international security should become a barrier to global threats for the development of national economy and its producers in the global system of world economy. At the same time, the universal requirement imposed on any national economic entity is its competitiveness.

Globalization is generally defined as the process of integration of nations resulting from the transaction of world views, products, ideas, and many other aspects of culture.One particular development, arising from the advancing globalization, is the way countries are seeking cooperation with other countries of the world.Because of the highly developed means of communication, countries are seeking economic stability through diplomatic relationships.Economic diplomacy is traditionally defined as the decision and policymaking and advocating of business interests of a state.Economic diplomacy requires application of technical expertise that analyzes the effects of one's own and another country's economic situation on its political climate.This study, therefore, focuses on a historical analysis of the development of globalization and hence, economic diplomacy as one of its resulting trends to determine Kuwait's place in the world economy.The study explores the following research question: What role has globalization played in giving rise to economic diplomacy?The study uses historical analysis to explore the question.Two factors have been important in the current economic situation of the state of Kuwait: its foreign policy which was influenced by the direct interests of Middle Eastern states and of the United States and her dependence on its oil production.

Objective: The aim of this research is to identify influential factors in a comprehensive strategic marketing model based on economic diplomacy using a grounded theory approach. Methodology: In this study, a comprehensive strategic marketing model was developed using qualitative methods and analyzing data collected from in-depth interviews with experts and specialists in the fields of marketing and economic diplomacy. Findings: The research findings indicate that key factors including government policies, international relations, commercial infrastructure, technical and scientific capabilities, organizational culture, and knowledge management play crucial roles in the success of marketing strategies based on economic diplomacy. Additionally, the ability to create and maintain effective communication networks with other countries, the use of modern technologies, and innovation in products and services were identified as facilitating and strengthening factors for international marketing. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, a comprehensive strategic marketing model based on economic diplomacy is presented, which can be used as a framework for developing and implementing marketing strategies at the international level. This model, with an emphasis on the role of economic diplomacy and attention to the identified key factors, can help improve marketing performance and enhance the competitiveness of countries in the global market. This research, by presenting a theoretical model based on grounded theory, adds to the existing knowledge in the field of international marketing and economic diplomacy and proposes practical solutions for improving marketing strategies in this area.