ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ УСЫХАЮШИХ ГОРНЫХ КЕДРОВНИКОВ ЮГА СИБИРИ

Рассмотрено влияние конкуренции древостоя средневозрастного сосняка бруснично-чернично-зеленомошного, пройденного выборочной рубкой ухода (прореживание), на возобновление и развитие подроста кедра сибирского под его пологом на Среднем Урале. При ежегодной разной интенсивности возобновления кедра обильное появление его всходов наблюдается в первые два года после рубки. Основным фактором, определяющим дальнейший рост и развитие подроста кедра, является уровень перехвата пологом древостоя фотосинтетически активной радиации (световая конкуренция). Корневая конкуренция соснового древостоя за почвенное питание менее выражена, что предполагает определённую адаптацию подроста кедра к ней. Introduction. The abundance of Siberian stone pine undergrowth (Pinus sibirica) under the canopy of derivative pine stands and small-leaved stands, that are considered to be potential Siberian stone pine forests, is observed rangewide. At the same time, the influence of competition of these stands on the regeneration and development of Siberian stone pine undergrowth under their canopy has not been sufficiently studied. The goal of this research is to analyze the competition of the cowberry-bilberry-green moss pine forest stand against the Siberian stone pine undergrowth. Objects and methods. The research was carried out on the basis of the micro-ecosystem approach using the earlier proposed and tested set of light, root and integral competition indices of stands under the canopy of a 75-year-old cowberry-bilberry-green moss pine forest in the northern part of eastern macro-slope of the Middle Urals after a selective care felling. The record of parameters of the stand, environment and Siberian stone pine undergrowth was made in 106 circular plots with a radius of 7 m. The undergrowth age was determined to within one year by the number of annual terminal shoots increase. The dynamics of annual generation of one-year seedlings was reconstructed according to the age structure of the undergrowth and the empirical coefficient of the survival curve. Results. Against the background of almost continuous annual Siberian stone pine regeneration of different intensity (0.1–0.8 ths. trees/ha) under the canopy of pine forest, an abundant emergence of Siberian stone pine seedlings is mainly observed in the first two years (1.7 and 1.3 ths. trees/ha) after the care felling for the stand (thinning). In 28 years after felling, the parameters of 23-35-year-old Siberian stone pine undergrowth growing in the gaps of the stand (in place of felled single trees) exceed the parameters of the trees growing in the areas under a closed canopy, where trees were not cut down by 1.5-1.8 times; in former technological corridors (skidders) - by more than twice. But over the past five years, the averaged vertical growth of terminal shoots of undergrowth is negatively closely related (R2 = 0.68) with light competition of the stand (the level of photo-synthetically active radiation interception by the canopy), and the relationship with its root competition for soil nutrition is expressed to a lesser extent (R2 = 0.31). The tightness and reliability of negative relationship (R2 = 0.68) of the average growth of terminal shoots with the complex index of integral competition of the stand, which characterizes the joint influence of these factors, is closely related to the private index of light competition. Conclusion. The thinning of pine forest by selective felling helps to reduce the competition of the stand, contributes to the successful subsequent regeneration of Siberian stone pine and development of its undergrowth. With the combined influence of factors of light and root competition of the stand, light competition is the decisive one. Less expressed root competition suggests a certain adaptation of Siberian stone pine undergrowth to the conditions of pine forest.

For the first time, a comparative analysis of crown morphogenesis in Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica), Siberian dwarf pine (P. pumila), their hybrids and backcrosses was carried out using the example of 10-year-old seed offspring from the Northern Baikal natural population. The goal is to “decompose” the life form phenomenon into elementary traits, to trace their formation at the beginning of ontogenesis on two contrasting examples (an upright tree vs. prostrate tree) and inheritance after interspecific hybridization. The parent species differed fundamentally in (1) stem inclination and (2) apical dominance at two levels (1-year-old shoots and perennial branches). The phototropic slope of the Siberian dwarf pine stem “triggered” the mechanism of prostrate tree formation. Apical dominance in the system of perennial branches was the main factor in the crown formation. It, in turn, consisted of two key characteristics: strength and selectivity. In Siberian stone pine, apical dominance was strong and nonselective. In Siberian dwarf pine, apical dominance was weak and selective: some of the largest branches did not obey him. All key traits were inherited by hybrids and backcrosses strictly intermediate in accordance with the proportion of species in the offspring genome.

Under natural conditions, Siberian pine Pinus sibirica begins to produce commercial cone yields of nuts relatively late (after more than 100 years). The aim of this study was to summarise the experience of the directed formation of Siberian pine forests in Siberia. Experimental objects included plots with traditional thinning of varying intensity and frequency as well as chemical treatment. We assessed the parameters of the stand and its seed production dynamics. Only stands with a minimum density (395–435 trees·ha–1) had a normal seed production energy (1.5 or more cones per shoot). Over-dense stands (830–930 trees·ha–1) were characterised by a low seed production energy (two times or more below the threshold value). In all plots, there were Siberian pine trees with absent or unacceptable seed production energy, which should be removed (DBH up to 28 cm). Seed production energy positively correlated with most tree parameters (age, height, diameter, volume, length and width of crown).

Pinus sibirica and P. pumila hybrid zone have a vast territory. Previously, seed production was determined only in hybrids from the western part of the hybrid zone. The earlier established introgression of the species in the northeastern part of the hybrid zone gives more relevance to the study of the hybrid seed production in this area. The paper presents the results of the cone structure analysis in Siberian stone pine, Siberian dwarf pine and their hybrids, and also shows the dynamics of ovule development into a filled seed with a well-developed embryo. The final seed efficiency, i. e., the portion of sound seeds from the ovule number, was 65, 51, and 37 % for Siberian dwarf pine, hybrids, and Siberian stone pine, respectively. Low seed efficiency in P. sibirica was related with high portion of empty seeds in some individuals. The atypical seed efficiency in Siberian stone pine and hybrids could be explained by the lack of pure P sibirica, consequently, by the lack of F1 hybrids.

Рассмотрено взаимодействие основных лесообразующих пород Сибири: ели сибирской(Picea obovataLedeb.), березы кустарниковой(Betula fruticosa Pall.), сосны обыкновенной(Pinus sylvestrisL.), осины обыкновенной(Populus tremulaL.), лиственницы сибирской(Larix sibiricaLedeb.) и сосны сибирской кедровой(кедра) (Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) с агросерой почвой. Исследования проводились в специальном многолетнем эксперименте с лесными культурами, заложенном по инициативе проф. Н. В. Орловского в 1968–1969 гг. в южной тайге на территории Кемчугской возвышенности. Выявлено, что биологические особенности и сукцессионное положение древесных пород существенно влияют на все компоненты фитоценоза. Через 45 лет наиболее резкие изменения зафиксированы под пологом раннесукцессионных хвойных (лиственница) и мелколиственных (берёза и осина) пород, тогда как позднесукцессионные породы – ель и кедр – на данном этапе существенно ограничивают развитие подчиненных ярусов. Почвенный профиль в условиях эксперимента формируется вследствие дифференциации пахотного субстрата почвообразующей породы на генетические горизонты. Влияние лесного полога на плантажированную агросерую почву происходит постепенно и усиливается по мере роста и развития культур, образования подстилочного горизонта и охватывает все свойства почвы. Активным современным почвообразованием затронут минеральный слой почвы 0–10 (13) см. Главным фактором образования почвенного профиля являются вертикальные потоки вещества и энергии, поступающие в почву в процессе нарастающей емкости и интенсивности биологического круговорота. Отмечено, что почвы под культурами в условиях многолетнего эксперимента развиваются по зональному типу. The interaction of the main forest-forming species of Siberia: Siberian spruce (Picea obovataLedeb.), bush birch (Betula fruticosaPall.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.), aspen (Populus tremulaL.), Siberian larch (Larix sibiricaLedeb.), and Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) with agro-gray soil is considered. The study is carried out in a special long-term experiment with forest crops, initiated by prof. N. V. Orlovskiy in 1968-69 in the southern taiga on the territory of the Kemchug Upland. It was revealed that biological characteristics and successional position of tree species significantly influence all components of the phytocenosis. The biggest changes were recorded under the canopy of early successional coniferous (larch) and small-leaved (birch and aspen) species, while late successional species – spruce and cedar – at this stage significantly limit the development of subordinate layers. Over the 45-year period of growth of forest crops, the soil profile is formed due to the differentiation of the arable substrate of the soil-forming species into genetic horizons. The influence of the forest canopy on planted agro-gray soil occurs gradually and intensifies with the growth and development of crops, the formation of a litter horizon and covers all soil properties. Active modern soil formation affects the mineral soil layer 0–10 (13) cm. Vertical flows of matter and energy entering the soil in the process of increasing capacity and intensity of the biological cycle are the main factor in the formation of the soil profile. The development of soil under forest crops under the conditions of a long-term zonal experiment was noted.

The article discusses the reasons for the low survival capacity of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.) crops in the conditions of the West Siberian mid-taiga plain forest region. The field stage of research was performed in the autumn 2020 and the summer 2022. The survival capacity of forest crops was determined on rectangular trial plots covering 1–2 % of the total area of the surveyed plots. The article provides data on the location and description of the studied areas of Siberian stone pine crops, as well as data on the number of surviving plants and the survival capacity of seedlings in these plots. In the course of the research, it was found that the survival capacity of Siberian stone pine crops in the four studied plots was 7,8 (60,3 %) in 2020, and this figure decreased to 3,6 (39,8 %) in 2022. Along with many other possible causes of excessive death of Siberian stone pine seedlings, the most likely reasons for the poor survival capacity are soaking seedlings and suppressing them with unwanted herbaceous and woody vegetation. In the three study areas, it is recommended to write off forest crops and replant seedlings. In one of the studied crop plots, it is necessary to perform silvicultural maintenance in order to remove unwanted hardwoods and supplement forest crops with enlarged seedlings or seedlings of Siberian stone pine. To increase the survival capacity of Siberian stone pine crops, it is recommended to abandon soil cultivation methods in which the upper fertile soil layer is mixed with the underlying levels, as well as to perform agrotechnical and silvicultural maintenance in a timely manner.

The small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus is a widespread species in many European countries that has been actively spreading into Northern Europe in the recent decades. In Russia, I. amitinus is present in the western, northwestern, and northern regions of the European part, with a tendency for range expansion. The species was first recognized in West Siberia in 2019 by characteristic morphological features and molecular genetic analysis. This bark beetle is abundant on Pinus sibirica in Siberian pine forests located near settlements within Tomsk and Kemerovo provinces, and is also sporadically found on the Siberian spruce Picea obovata. It colonizes the upper trunk and branches of standing and windfall trees. In the outbreak foci this bark beetle causes catastrophic drying of Siberian pines, starting from the crown top. This pattern of tree drying was noted for the first time near settlements in Yashkinsky District of Kemerovo Province in 2014, and now outbreak foci of I. amitinus exist in all the Siberian pine forests in this district. The population growth of I. amitinus was probably facilitated by dry and hot summer weather in the southeast of West Siberia during the last decade, in 2011 and 2012, and also by heavy winter snowfalls leaving numerous snapped tree branches which are easily colonized by the pest. In Tomsk Province, the most active outbreak focus of I. amitinus appeared in 2018 in the Siberian pine forest near Luchanovo and Ipatovo, following an outbreak of the Siberian moth Dendrolimus sibiricus. The invasion of I. amitinus in Siberia may increase the degradation rates not only of the gene-reserve Siberian pine forests but also of other dark coniferous stands.

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Под пологом кедровника травяно-зеленомошного в южной части Северного Урала с использованием ранее предложенного комплекса индексов световой, корневой и интегральной конкуренции древостоя проведен сравнительный анализ параметров подроста кедра 20-30-летнего возраста, произрастающего непосредственно на почвенном субстрате с моховым покровом и на микроповышениях, образованных лежащими на поверхности почвы полуразложившимися древесными стволами (валеже). На рост подроста кедра, произрастающего на почвенном субстрате, оказывают отрицательное комплексное влияние два основных определяющих фактора: световая конкуренция древостоя (уровень перехвата его пологом фотосинтетически активной радиации) и, почти равная ей, но несколько ниже, корневая конкуренция за почвенное питание. Теснота и достоверность отрицательной связи (R = 0,72) средних за последние пять лет приростов терминальных побегов с комплексным индексом интегральной конкуренции древостоя превышает связи (R = 0,47-0,54) с частными индексами этих факторов в 1,3-1,5 раза. На древесном валеже, где подрост кедра до определенной стадии своего развития находится вне корневой конкуренции прослеживается отрицательная тесная связь (R = 0,71) приростов терминальных побегов с влиянием световой конкуренции древостоя, близкая по своему уровню с комплексным влиянием световой и корневой конкуренции на рост подроста на почве. На обоих типах субстрата максимальные средние приросты терминальных побегов подроста кедра (10-15 см) наблюдаются при значении индекса световой конкуренции древостоя не более 20. С увеличением его значения в диапазоне 20-80 величина средних приростов сокращается в 10-15 раз до 0,5-1 см. Но при одинаковом значении индекса световой конкуренции параметры подроста кедра, произрастающего на валеже, примерно в 1,5 раза выше, чем подроста на почвенном субстрате, что также иллюстрирует отрицательное влияние на него корневой конкуренции материнского древостоя. Under the canopy of the grass-greenmoss Siberian stone pine forest in the southern part of the Northern Urals, using the previously proposed complex of light, root, and integral competition indices of the stand, a comparative analysis of the parameters of the Siberian stone pine undergrowth 20-30 years old, growing directly on the soil substrate with moss cover and on micro-elevations, formed by semi-decomposed tree steams, lying on the surface of the soil (dead fallen tree steams). Two main determining factors have a negative complex effect on the growth of the Siberian stone pine undergrowth, growing on soil substrate: the light competition of the stand (the level of photosynthetically active radiation interception by its canopy) and, almost equal to it, but slightly lower, the root competition for soil nutrition. The tightness and reliability of the negative relationship (R = 0.72) of the average over the past five years growth of terminal shoots with a complex index of integral competition of the stand exceeds the relationship (R = 0.47-0.54) with private indices of these factors of 1.3-1.5 times. On the dead fallen tree stems, where the Siberian stone pine undergrowth, until a certain stage of its development, is outside the root competition, a negative close relationship (R = 0.71) of the growth of terminal shoots with the effect of light competition of the stand, close in level with the complex effect of light and root competition on the growth of its undergrowth on soil, is traced. On both types of substrate, the maximum average growths of the terminal shoots of Siberian stone pine undergrowth (10-15 cm) are observed when the index of light competition of the stand is no more than 20. With an increase in its value in the range of 20-80, the average growth rate decreases by 10-15 times to 0.5-1 cm. But with the same value of the light competition index, the parameters of the undergrowth, growing on dead fallen tree steams, are about 1.5 times higher than the undergrowth on the soil substrate, which also illustrates the negative effect of the maternal stand root competition on it.

Cedar forest is the most complex and dynamic formation of the Siberian Taiga. It clearly demonstrates the processes of natural regeneration dynamics, sustainability, space-time structure and biodiversity of Siberian forests (Drozdov and Grishenkov, 2003). Within its range, Siberian stone pine grows in various environmental conditions, including high mountains and marshland, which led to the formation of various ecotypes, forms, biotypes that has been created by nature for centuries (Nikolaeva and Savchuk, 2013). Much attention is currently being paid to biological and seed productivity of cedar cultures depending on their geographical origin (Bratilova and Kalinin, 2012; Matveeva et al, 2012; Dragavcev, 2008). This study involved research on the growth of the Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in the process of artificial plantation formation. In order to develop methods for the genetic evaluation of plant structures and search for indicators, patterns of growth for 100 model trees were analyzed in the experimental population.

How pollen shapes forests and forestry can be illustrated using Siberia’s boreal forests which have historically produced some of the highest pollen concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere. Pollen’s contributions are categorized as follows: 1) forests and timber, 2) nontimber products and services and 3) emerging research at the forest-atmosphere interface. Examples are drawn from Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pinus sibirica (Siberian stone pine) and Pinus koreansis (Korean pine). Pine pollen is not only vital to timber and nontimber products but it serves as a well-studied model system for atmospheric studies.

Siberian cedar, Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica du Tour.)- a species that, in the conditions of the forest-steppe region of the European part of Russia, is able to increase the productivity of forests and their biodiversity. The purpose of this work is to examine Siberian cedar pine under conditions of introduction in the Lipetsk region. In a comparative analysis of the growth of the species in its natural range with its introduction results, it was concluded that Siberian cedar can be grown on fertile soils of the Central Chernozem region, taking into account the decision on the conditions of its placement on the area. In gardening, you can practice the creation of initially wings and curtains from it when watering, eliminating competition from fast-growing breeds.

The article is devoted to the research of natural regeneration of the pine forest, which suffered from outbreak foci of Siberian moths Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv. The studies were carried out in far south of Tomsk Oblast in the subzone of the subtaiga on the southern border of closed Siberian pine forest area on West Siberian plain in 2011–2015. The results of the research of the dynamic of the undergrowth condition of the Siberian pine forest with different defoliation level of maternal canopy were presented in the article. To assess vitality of the undergrowth of various species, a reference method was used that is based on comparison of morphological inventory indicators of young plants with pre-selected standard items. It was shown that the vitality and survivability of the undergrowth influence the damage level of the tree stands by the Siberian moths. In completely-eaten stands, dark coniferous undergrowth of preliminary reforestation died and broad-leaved trees took up the major portion in the composition of the undergrowth. In the stands of heavily weakened trees the increase in portion of aspen was determined. Under the canopy of the plantation with weak defoliation, the dramatic changes in species composition of the undergrowth did not take place. Prevalence of dark coniferous species is still being observed but its quantity is not enough for successful reforestation. The changes of lighting did not cause either positive or negative reactions of Siberian pines or fir trees undergrowth to an increase in lighting.

<p>Our long-term (more than 20 years) studies of Altai forests formed by Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica <br> du Tour) allowed us to fetch out many pecularities of forming of these forests and their functioning. <br> The  representativeness  of  the Aktru  mountain  glacier  basin  by  hydroglacioclimatologic  showings <br> (Tronov, 1973) allowed us to assume the general trends and tendencies are common for the Altai, though influ -<br> ence of local factors still define the details (Timoshok et al., 2008).<br> We found almost all successions in mountain glacier basin Aktru is directed to the forming of Siberian <br> stone forests. This forming may be direct, like transformation of tundra to stone pine forest during raising of <br> treeline and forest line or during post-fire secondary succession in the larch forests of the Aktru river valley <br> (Timoshok, 2020a) or be indirect as during primary successions at Malyi Aktru glacier forelands and gla-<br> cionfluvial deposits of the Aktru river (Timoshok, 2020b,c). This common direction allow us to assume the si-<br> berian stone pine forests serve as kind of attractor, similar to F. Clements conception of ecosystem climax. <br> Signs of similar changes in the past was confirmed by the data of spore and pollen analysis (Blyakharchuk T.A. <br> et al., 2004). The analysis also confirms that changes of Altai forest composition occurred in the past: Siberian <br> stone pine forest were much more common than now in the humid periods with lower impact of fire distur-<br> bances while larch was as common as now in dryer periods.<br> Siberian stone pine forests have high stability because of longevity of Pinus sibirica and its ability to pro-<br> duce cones and seeds until the moment of physical death of the stone pine individual. Their stability is proven <br> by the fact these forests survived Little Ice Age without significant changes (Timoshok at al., 2016). These for-<br> ests have complex mosaics of forest types. Each element of mosaic exist in its own cyclic succession. These <br> elements of the forest changed when trees become older and die, but new Stone pine forest is forming on the <br> place of the dead element. So entire forest remains existing, though trees in some element of its structure may <br> die. Such shortened cyclic succession is untypical for the Siberian stone pine as in the Weat-Siberian plain such <br> succession include a stage of deciduous forest, not existing in the Altai mountains.</p>

Understanding of the key species coenopopulations structure of late-successional forest communities serve as a model of the forest ecosystems state and stability in the organization of sustainable forest management and conservation of biological diversity. The ontogenetic and age structures of cenopopulations of the key species, Pinus sibirica DuTour and Abies sibirica Ledeb., were studied in a climax S Siberian pine forest with Vaccinium myrtillus L. and green hypnum mosses (the most common forest type among taiga forests of the East Sayan mountains). The permanent sample plot (50×50 m) was located in the northeastern part of the Idarskoe Belogorye ridge of the East Sayan in the middle part of a westerly slope with a steepness of 2 degrees, at an elevation of 1000 m a.s.l. (54°44'N, 96°07'E). The forest stand had low productivity (quality class V), high closeness of crowns (about 1.0) and mixed composition with predominance of P. sibirica, which are characteristic of the mountain-taiga cedar forests of the Eastern Sayan (See Table.). We performed general geobotanical description, measurement of size and age, assessment of ontogenetic and sanitary states of each tree, as well as assessment of reforestation on the sample plot. P. sibirica coenopopopulation had a wide age amplitude (from 1 to 200 years) and absolutely uneven-aged structure, mass reforestation (more than 3000 ind./ha), large sizes of mature individuals (maximum diameter - 58 cm, height - 21.3 m), predominance of the number (70% of the total density of the forest stand) and timber stock (95%). The ontogenetic structure of P. sibirica cenopopulation was characterized by a normal state (See Fig. 1 and 2) with a sharp peak of the distribution and distinct left-handed skewness (coefficient of asymmetry - 2.0; kurtosis - 4.1). This corresponds with the concept of consistent self-reproduction and stability of forest ecosystems. A. sibirica was inferior in terms of the reforestation number (1575 ind./ha), life expectancy (up to 110 years) and the size of mature trees (maximum diameter - 22.7 cm, height - 16 m). The ontogenetic structure of A. sibirica cenopopulation (See Fig. 1 and 3) is characterized by a complete spectrum and more distinct left-handed skewness. Thus, P. sibirica had a clearly expressed competitive population strategy. A. sibirica showed indications of phytocenotic tolerance. It is obvious that sustainable forest ecosystems in the absence of anthropogenic pressure in the mountain-taiga forest belt conditions is formed in the process of continuous change of P. sibirica age generations.