ОБ ИНТРОДУКЦИИ КЕДРА СИБИРСКОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛИПЕЦКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Сосна сибирская (кедр сибирский) ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour) имеет три экологические формы, определяющиеся условиями возобновления и формирования древостоев: возобновление свежих гарей, возобновление под пологом лиственных пород и формирование кедрового подроста под пологом светлохвойных пород, но не достигающего верхнего полога. Первые две формы возобновления наблюдаются в экотопах соответствующих условиям произрастания сосны сибирской, но сценарии формирования кедровников различны. Исследования проводились в двух типах лесорастительных условий: Западно-Саянский округ горно-таежных и подгольцово-таежных кедровых лесов (Абазинское участковое лесничество) и Южно-Хакасский округ горно-таежных темнохвойных лесов (Матурское и Копьевское участковые лесничества). В Абазинском лесничестве усредненная периодичность плодоношения кедрового насаждения составила 5 лет, а в Кузнецком Алатау - 3 года. Плодоношение кедра - прогнозируемое явление, но разнос и прорастание семян кедра - сложные процессы, связанные с зоохорным распространением и мощным воздействием трофического фактора потребителей орехов. По радиальному приросту деревьев, определенному по пням на лесосеках (санитарные рубки) Абазинского лесничества, кедровники имеют пирогенное происхождение, хороший рост в течение жизни и усыхание без потери прироста. В современной истории лесоведения вспышечная активность корневых патогенов встречается впервые. Прогноз возобновления усыхающих кедровников в среднегорной части Западного Саяна положительный. В Кузнецком Алатау подроста кедра недостаточно и лесовозобновление в крупнотравных типах леса возможно только со сменой пород. Вырубка древостоя, как и его усыхание с последующим разрастанием травостоя, способствует росту плотности населения потребителей кедровых орехов и соответственно исключает возобновление кедра. Сохранение подроста на вырубках 30-летней давности дало положительные результаты формирования плодоносящих кедровников. Организация орехопромысловых зон с запретом рубки кедра и его последующее усыхание привели к экономическим потерям ценной древесины и побочного ресурса прижизненного использования кедровых насаждений. Siberian stone pine ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour) has three ecological forms, determined by the conditions of renewal and formation of forest stands: renewal of fresh burnt areas, renewal under the canopy of deciduous trees and the formation of the Siberian stone pine undergrowth under the canopy of light coniferous species, but not reaching the top canopy. The first two forms of renewal are observed in ecotopes corresponding to the growing conditions of the Siberian stone pine, but the scenarios for the formation of the forests are different. The study was carried out in two types of forest conditions: the Western Sayan district of mountain-taiga and subgoltsy-taiga Siberian stone pine forests Abaza forestry district) and the South Khakass district of mountain-taiga dark coniferous forests (Maturskoe and Kop’evskoe forestry district). In Abaza forestry, the average periodicity of fruiting of the Siberian stone pine stands was 5 years, and in the Kuznetsk Alatau - 3 years. Fruiting of the Siberian stone pine is a predictable phenomenon, but the spread and germination of the Siberian stone pine seeds are complex processes associated with zoochoric distribution and the powerful influence of the trophic factor of nut consumers. According to the radial growth of trees, determined from stumps in cutting areas (forest health felling) of the Abaza forestry, Siberian stone pine forests are of pyrogenic origin, have good growth throughout life and dry out without loss of growth. In the modern history of forestry, outbreak activity of root pathogens occurs for the first time. The forecast for the regeneration of drying Siberian stone pine forests in the mid-mountain part of the Western Sayan is positive. In Kuznetsk Alatau, the Siberian stone pine regrowth is insufficient and reforestation in large grass forest types is possible only with a change in species. The cutting of the tree stand, as well as its drying out with the subsequent growth of the grass stand, contributes to an increase in the population density of consumers of the Siberian stone pine nuts and, accordingly, excludes the regeneration of the trees. Preservation of undergrowth in clearings 30 years ago has yielded positive results in the formation of fruit-bearing Siberian stone pine forests. The organization of nut fishing zones with a ban on Siberian stone pine logging and its subsequent drying out led to economic losses of valuable wood and a by-product resource during the lifetime use of the Siberian stone pine stands.

The article discusses the reasons for the low survival capacity of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.) crops in the conditions of the West Siberian mid-taiga plain forest region. The field stage of research was performed in the autumn 2020 and the summer 2022. The survival capacity of forest crops was determined on rectangular trial plots covering 1–2 % of the total area of the surveyed plots. The article provides data on the location and description of the studied areas of Siberian stone pine crops, as well as data on the number of surviving plants and the survival capacity of seedlings in these plots. In the course of the research, it was found that the survival capacity of Siberian stone pine crops in the four studied plots was 7,8 (60,3 %) in 2020, and this figure decreased to 3,6 (39,8 %) in 2022. Along with many other possible causes of excessive death of Siberian stone pine seedlings, the most likely reasons for the poor survival capacity are soaking seedlings and suppressing them with unwanted herbaceous and woody vegetation. In the three study areas, it is recommended to write off forest crops and replant seedlings. In one of the studied crop plots, it is necessary to perform silvicultural maintenance in order to remove unwanted hardwoods and supplement forest crops with enlarged seedlings or seedlings of Siberian stone pine. To increase the survival capacity of Siberian stone pine crops, it is recommended to abandon soil cultivation methods in which the upper fertile soil layer is mixed with the underlying levels, as well as to perform agrotechnical and silvicultural maintenance in a timely manner.

Under natural conditions, Siberian pine Pinus sibirica begins to produce commercial cone yields of nuts relatively late (after more than 100 years). The aim of this study was to summarise the experience of the directed formation of Siberian pine forests in Siberia. Experimental objects included plots with traditional thinning of varying intensity and frequency as well as chemical treatment. We assessed the parameters of the stand and its seed production dynamics. Only stands with a minimum density (395–435 trees·ha–1) had a normal seed production energy (1.5 or more cones per shoot). Over-dense stands (830–930 trees·ha–1) were characterised by a low seed production energy (two times or more below the threshold value). In all plots, there were Siberian pine trees with absent or unacceptable seed production energy, which should be removed (DBH up to 28 cm). Seed production energy positively correlated with most tree parameters (age, height, diameter, volume, length and width of crown).

Forest ecosystems have been impacted by human activity over several millennia in a variety of ways. Previous land use activity has not only changed the ratio of various terrestrial ecosystems, but also influenced the distribution of tree species. The insight into the forest species composition, dynamics and revealing how it differs from the modern one should be of decisive importance for the identification and conservation of the most valuable forests, as well as the restoration of ones previously disturbed. The density and distribution of some species continues to decline rapidly due to the anthropogenic activity. This problem is most urgent in boreal forests, formed by a limited set of tree species. Studies of the long-lived tree species dynamics and their ability to restore after various types of disturbances deserve special attention. Based on analysis of forest management materials from 1938 and 2023, this paper was aimed to analyse the dynamics of forests with the participation of Pinus sibirica in the Northern Pre-Urals (Permsky Krai, Russia), on the western border of the species' natural range. In 1938, the forests with Pinus sibirica occupied 16.6% of all forests in the research area. In 1938, most forests with Pinus sibirica (64%) were forests, in which P. sibirica was represented by only 1–5% of the stock. Pinus sibirica-dominated forests were almost absent, with only one site with 60% dominance of P. sibirica, and five sites with 40% dominance of P. sibirica. Over the next 85 years, the area of forests with Pinus sibirica participation in the research area has decreased by 2.5 times due to the impact of clear cuttings and forest fires. By 2023, the ratio of forest areas with various proportions of Pinus sibirica participation had changed considerably. The highest changes were found in forests with Pinus sibirica participation of 1%, 5% and 20% of the stock. Analysis of the typological structure of forests showed that at present Pinus sibirica has survived only in natural dark-coniferous forests, which have not been affected previously by forestry activities and fires. Due to the exceptionally slow regeneration following fires and logging activities, Pinus sibirica is absent in the forests formed over the studied period. The current federal legal restrictions prove ineffective as they target the preservation of forest stands containing over 30% of Pinus sibirica, while the majority of forests in the study area contain less proportion of this species. We believe that it is necessary to develop uniform measures to preserve existing and restore the lost Pinus sibirica populations in the Komi Republic and the Permsky Krai, including the prohibitions on the logging of forests with any proportion of Pinus sibirica as well as the creation of P. sibirica forest plantations.

Cedar forest is the most complex and dynamic formation of the Siberian Taiga. It clearly demonstrates the processes of natural regeneration dynamics, sustainability, space-time structure and biodiversity of Siberian forests (Drozdov and Grishenkov, 2003). Within its range, Siberian stone pine grows in various environmental conditions, including high mountains and marshland, which led to the formation of various ecotypes, forms, biotypes that has been created by nature for centuries (Nikolaeva and Savchuk, 2013). Much attention is currently being paid to biological and seed productivity of cedar cultures depending on their geographical origin (Bratilova and Kalinin, 2012; Matveeva et al, 2012; Dragavcev, 2008). This study involved research on the growth of the Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in the process of artificial plantation formation. In order to develop methods for the genetic evaluation of plant structures and search for indicators, patterns of growth for 100 model trees were analyzed in the experimental population.

Distribution of chemical elements in tree rings bears important information on various biogeochemical processes. In order to achieve a reliable interpretation of the information, it is necessary to know the degree of variation in the content of chemical elements both at the level of the entire species and at the level of individual trees. The research aims to determine which chemical elements have a stable distribution in the trunks of a number of conifers: Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). The data for the analysis were obtained on the basis of the long-term experiment in forest growing. The experimental site was laid out in 1971–1972 in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk by the staff of the Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Before planting the seedlings, the soil ground was mechanically levelled, and thus, sufficiently equal growth conditions were created for all plantings. Cores with a diameter of 12 mm were sampled from three normally developing trees of each species and analyzed using modern X-ray fluorescence methods. Content relative values of elements (counts) were obtained with the Itrax Multiscanner (COX Analytical Systems). The content of elements in the tree rings was characterized by the concentration and reserve of elements. Concentration was calculated as the number of counts per 1 mm2 of the ring area; reserve was calculated as the number of counts over the entire ring area. Each of these variables was defined by the parameters of linear slope in the calendar year series and the standard deviation. The cluster analysis was performed in the 4-dimensional space of the obtained parameters. This allowed determining whether the series of element distributions from different trees and species are grouped. Three elements (Ca, Co, and P) show high stability of distribution parameters in tree rings with no regard to tree species. A number of other elements (Mn, Pb, Cl, Cr, Ni, Sr, and W) are stably grouped depending on the species. The results of the research enable to focus on the study of the elements stably distributed in the conifer trunks. For citation: Gavrikov V.L., Fertikov A.I., Sharafutdinov R.A., Vaganov E.A. Variability in Elemental Composition of Conifer Tree Rings. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 24–37. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-24-37

Рассмотрено взаимодействие основных лесообразующих пород Сибири: ели сибирской(Picea obovataLedeb.), березы кустарниковой(Betula fruticosa Pall.), сосны обыкновенной(Pinus sylvestrisL.), осины обыкновенной(Populus tremulaL.), лиственницы сибирской(Larix sibiricaLedeb.) и сосны сибирской кедровой(кедра) (Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) с агросерой почвой. Исследования проводились в специальном многолетнем эксперименте с лесными культурами, заложенном по инициативе проф. Н. В. Орловского в 1968–1969 гг. в южной тайге на территории Кемчугской возвышенности. Выявлено, что биологические особенности и сукцессионное положение древесных пород существенно влияют на все компоненты фитоценоза. Через 45 лет наиболее резкие изменения зафиксированы под пологом раннесукцессионных хвойных (лиственница) и мелколиственных (берёза и осина) пород, тогда как позднесукцессионные породы – ель и кедр – на данном этапе существенно ограничивают развитие подчиненных ярусов. Почвенный профиль в условиях эксперимента формируется вследствие дифференциации пахотного субстрата почвообразующей породы на генетические горизонты. Влияние лесного полога на плантажированную агросерую почву происходит постепенно и усиливается по мере роста и развития культур, образования подстилочного горизонта и охватывает все свойства почвы. Активным современным почвообразованием затронут минеральный слой почвы 0–10 (13) см. Главным фактором образования почвенного профиля являются вертикальные потоки вещества и энергии, поступающие в почву в процессе нарастающей емкости и интенсивности биологического круговорота. Отмечено, что почвы под культурами в условиях многолетнего эксперимента развиваются по зональному типу. The interaction of the main forest-forming species of Siberia: Siberian spruce (Picea obovataLedeb.), bush birch (Betula fruticosaPall.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.), aspen (Populus tremulaL.), Siberian larch (Larix sibiricaLedeb.), and Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) with agro-gray soil is considered. The study is carried out in a special long-term experiment with forest crops, initiated by prof. N. V. Orlovskiy in 1968-69 in the southern taiga on the territory of the Kemchug Upland. It was revealed that biological characteristics and successional position of tree species significantly influence all components of the phytocenosis. The biggest changes were recorded under the canopy of early successional coniferous (larch) and small-leaved (birch and aspen) species, while late successional species – spruce and cedar – at this stage significantly limit the development of subordinate layers. Over the 45-year period of growth of forest crops, the soil profile is formed due to the differentiation of the arable substrate of the soil-forming species into genetic horizons. The influence of the forest canopy on planted agro-gray soil occurs gradually and intensifies with the growth and development of crops, the formation of a litter horizon and covers all soil properties. Active modern soil formation affects the mineral soil layer 0–10 (13) cm. Vertical flows of matter and energy entering the soil in the process of increasing capacity and intensity of the biological cycle are the main factor in the formation of the soil profile. The development of soil under forest crops under the conditions of a long-term zonal experiment was noted.

Цель исследования определить видовой состав фитоценозов на объектах лесоосушения в слабо изученном в гидролесомелиоративном отношении районе Республики Коми - на территории Южного Тимана, выявить наличие здесь редких и охраняемых видов, оценить их состояние и дать рекомендации по охране. Исследования выполнялись в Троицко-Печорском и Ухтинском лесничествах Республики Коми на участках, осушение которых выполнено в 1972-1989 гг. Описание растительности и видового состава фитоценозов выполняли на опытных участках, заложенных для оценки лесоводственной эффективности лесоосушения и маршрутным методом. В ходе проведения работ использованы геоботанический и флористический методы. Названия видов и семейств приведены по сводке С.К. Черепанова. На объектах исследования выявлено 112 видов, в том числе 93 вида сосудистых растений, относящихся к 38 семействам, 13 видов мохообразных, 6 видов лишайников. Наиболее представлены семейства: розоцветные - около 11%, вересковые - 8%, лютиковые - 7%, сосновые - 6% и мятликовые - 6% от общего числа видов. Ягоды и съедобные травы представлены 21 видом, лекарственные растения - 42 видами. На осушаемых участках и в неспоредственной близости от них встречены редкие и охраняемые виды растений, включенные в Красную книгу Республики Коми: Pinus sibirica du Tour, Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Shott, Adonis sibirica Patrin ex Ledeb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., Paeonia anomala L., Chrisosplenium tetrandrum (Lund ex Malmgr.), Hammarbia paludosa (L.) O. Kuntze, Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. Визуальные оценки свидетельствуют о хорошем или удовлетворительном состоянии этих видов и адаптированности к условиям местопроизрастания. Исчезнувших или возможно исчезнувших видов на объектах исследования не установлено. Статус редкости отдельных видов, включенных в Красную книгу Республики Коми и отмеченных на объектах исследования, за период с 1998 до 2019 гг. повышался (Hammarbia paludosa (L.)O. Kuntze), понижался (Paeonia anomala L.) или и повышался, и понижался (Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm). Это свидетельствует о целесообразности мониторинга численности редких и охраняемых видов, в том числе в условиях регулирования водного режима методами гидротехнических мелиораций. Данные о видовом составе фитоценозов могут быть использованы для разработки режима охраны редких видов растений в фитоценозах на осушаемых лесных землях Южного Тимана в Республике Коми. The purpose of the study is to determine the species composition of phytocenoses at forest drained area of the Komi Republic poorly studied in field of forest dranage - in the territory of South Timan, to identify the presence of rare and protected species here, to assess their condition and to give recommendations for protection. Studies were carried out in the Troitsk-Pechora and Ukhta forestries of the Komi Republic at sites whose drainage was carried out in 1972-1989. The description of vegetation and species composition of phytocenoses was performed on experimental sites laid down to assess the forest efficiency of forest drainage and by route method. During the work, geobotanical and floristic methods were used. The names of species and families are given in the summary of S.K. Cherepanov. 112 species were identified at the research sites, including 93 species of vascular plants belonging to 38 families, 13 species of moss, 6 species of lichens. The most represented families are rosaceae - about 11%, heather - 8%, lute - 7%, pine - 6% and meadow grass - 6% of the total number of species. Berries and edible herbs are represented by 21 species, medicinal plants - 42 species. Rare and protected species of plants included in the Red Book of the Republic of Komi are found in the drained areas and in nearly to them: Pinus sibirica du Tour, Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Shott, Adonis sibirica Patrin ex Ledeb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., Paeonia anomala L., Chrisosplenium tetrandrum (Lund ex Malmgr.), Hammarbia paludosa (L.) O. Kuntze, Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. Visual assessments indicate a good or satisfactory condition of these species and adaptability to the place growth conditions. There are no disappeared or possibly disappeared species at the research sites. The rarity status of certain species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Komi and noted at the research sites for the period from 1998 to 2019. increased (Hammarbia paludosa (L.) O. Kuntze), decreased (Paeonia anomala L.) or and increased, and decreased (Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.). This indicates the advisability of monitoring the number of rare and protected species, including in the conditions of regulating the water regime by methods of forest drainage. Data on the species composition of phytocenoses can be used to develop a regime for the protection of rare plant species in phytocenoses on the drained forest lands of South Timan in the Komi Republic.

Changes in the radial growth Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus cembra L. grafts and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) rootstocks were observed in comparison with control (non-grafted) trees of the corresponding species, whichindicated the mutual influence of the grafting components on each other. The smaller width of the annual rings in Pinuscembra grafts compared to Siberian cedar grafts is due to their species features. In general, the phloem was more conservative in structure than the xylem and in the grafts union zone retained the species characteristics, sometimes manifestedin the form of jagged junction of two types of bark, while in the xylem in the union zone were cells with an intermediatestructure. The study of seasonal dynamics showed that, in comparison with the rootstocks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.), the scions of Stone pine quickly passed to the process of maturation of tracheids, especially the scions of Pinus sibirica Du Tour, which also completed the development of xylem annual ring faster. The similarity of some parameters of theanatomical structure, reactions to climatic conditions, synchronization of the development of the annual ring in the scion of the P. cembra with the stock of the Scots pine explain the higher safety of grafts of the P. cembra in comparison withthe P. sibirica.

In the beginning of this century, the cases of invasions of dendrophilous insects becomes more often. The impact of invadors leads to the degradation of forest ecosystems and loss of natural biological diversity. The article discusses the invasion of Polygraphus proximus Blandf. in fir forests of Western Siberia. The aim of the research was to evaluate the potential of natural regeneration of fir forests in Western Siberia, damaged by Polygraphus proximus. Studies are conducted in the southern part of the Tomsk region at 11 test plots. Objects of research were both one breed fir trees, and grass communities of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) with participation of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and aspen (Populus tremula L.). Surveyed plantations belonged to the ripening or ripe age states. The study of natural regeneration was carried out according to standard procedures. Method of transects was used. Measurements were subjected to basic morphological parameters of the undergrowth. The distribution of the natural regeneration area was estimated by calculating the ratio of occurrence and index of scattering. To assess the affinity of the undergrowth, micromosaic structure of the organization of communities was studied. Analysis of the size and morphological structure of natural regeneration have identified the degree of damage of forest stand and condition of the undergrowth. Dynamics of spatial structure is characterized by heterogeneity (index of dispersion exceeds 1). It indicates group location and its variable density. 82 % of teste plots were recorded with mortality of trees in the impact of Polygraphus proximus. In this case the bulk of the deceased undergrowth is from the major category (95 %), and only 5 % is the average undergrowth. The share of deceased major undergrowth was 9.9-50 %. There was a positive relationship between the number of mortality of trees and status category of fir forest. The number of damaged undergrowth in fir forests varies from 1.2 to 29.6 thousand units/ha. Predominant species is fir. Fir forests of Western Siberia, damaged by Polygraphus proximus, have potential of regeneration. Siberian fir will retain edificatoria value.

The sustainable use and conservation of forest resources must be carried out with a detailed study of the main forest-forming plant species. Coniferous forests form the basis of boreal forest ecosystems and are of great economic importance. Representatives of forest-forming boreal coniferous species are species of the genus Pinus, including Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which are valuable and widely used woody plant species. The purpose of this research was to conduct an extended study of genetic diversity, genetic structure, and differentiation of P. sibirica and P. sylvestris populations under the conditions of their habitat in the Middle and Northern Urals. We studied twelve populations of two Pinus species using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-based DNA polymorphism detection PCR method. Populations are characterized by relatively high levels of genetic diversity (P. sylvestris: He = 0.163; ne = 1.270; I = 0.249; P. sibirica: He = 0.148; ne = 1.248; I = 0.225). Analysis of the intrapopulation genetic structure reveals that the studied populations are highly differentiated (P. sylvestris: GST = 0.362; P. sibirica: GST = 0.460). The interpopulation component comprised 36% and 46% of the total genetic diversity for P. sylvestris and P. sibirica, respectively. Using various algorithms to determine the spatial genetic structure, it was determined that P. sylvestris populations form two groups according to their location at a certain altitude above sea level. P. sibirica populations form two clusters, with an additional subdivision of the two populations into subclusters identified. The data obtained during the study may be useful for further research as well as for conservation management planning and related forestry practices aimed at preserving the genetic resources of valuable forest plant species.

The study of the quantitative content of extractive substances from various tree organs (wood, roots, bark) of coniferous Siberian specieswas conducted. The larch (Larix sibirica L.), pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), fir (Abies sibirica L.), spruce (Picea obovata L.) and cedar (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) were investigated.
 Samples of coniferous tissues were selected in the Lake Baikal area in September-October 2015. Extractive substances were extracted from the ground raw material by extraction with ethyl acetate at the boiling point of the solvent for 4 hours. The resinous substances were extracted from the obtained ethyl acetate extracts by hexane by the infusion method for 2 days. The raw material samples, after extraction with ethyl acetate, were dried from solvent residues, then water-soluble substances were extracted by extraction with distilled water at 90 °C for 4 hours [1].
 It is established the bark of the investigated coniferous species is most rich in extractive substances. It can contain up to 15% of the mass of absolutely dry matter (a.d.m.) of compounds soluble in ethyl acetate (for example, fir bark). The yield of extractive substances from coniferous wood is comparable with their content in the roots and ranges from 2 to 6% of the a.d.m.
 The greatest amount of resinous substances contain in wood of cedar and pine. This is more than 3% of a.d.m. The highest yield of water-soluble substances was from larch wood (18% of a.d.m.) and fir bark (10% of a.d.m.).
 A generalization and systematization of data on the chemical composition of phenolic extractive compounds of various coniferous tissues was carried out. It is shown that all the species under study contain a variety of biologically valuable polyphenols and have good potential for pharmacology, agriculture and forestry.

Приведены показатели семян сосны кедровой сибирской (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), произрастающей в разных лесорастительных районах Красноярского края и Иркутской области. Объектом исследований явились семена, заготовленные в насаждениях на территории 20 лесничеств. Шишки были собраны в насаждениях и на постоянных лесосеменных участках (ПЛСУ) в конце августа - начале сентября 2016 и 2018 годов. Семена хранились в складских помещениях в ящиках, мешках или россыпью. Исследования проводились с целью изучения массы, жизнеспособности, зрелости семян. Сопоставлены биометрические показатели семян и их посевные качества. Массу 1000 шт., жизнеспособность, класс качества семян определяли на лесосеменной станции Красноярского края. Биометрические показатели и зрелость семян определяли в СибГУ: зрелость устанавливали по заполнению зародышем семенного канала, выраженную в процентах. Размеры, масса семян, их жизнеспособность и зрелость отличались в зависимости от места сбора. Длина семян варьировала от 10,4 до 12,2 мм, ширина – от 7,8 до 9,8 мм, масса 1000 шт. – от 224,8 до 362,2 г, жизнеспособность составила 78-94 %, степень зрелости – 73,1-95,0 %. В 2018 г. масса 1000 шт. семян была больше на 17,9 %. Уровень изменчивости показателей семян в основном низкий и средний. Выделены насаждения, в которых семена имели наибольшие показатели: Назаровское, Козульское (Средне-Сибирский подтаежно-лесостепной район лесостепной зоны), Саяно-Шушенское, Верхне-Манское (Алтае-Саянский горно-таежный район Южно-сибирской горной зоны) лесничества. Установлена значительная и умеренная зависимость между размерами семян и их массой.

Carbon stocks and CO2 emissions of urban and natural soils in Central Chernozemic region of Russia

The article presents the results of studies conducted in Eastern Siberia, dedicated to determining the amount of force required for detachment of Siberian larch, Scots pine and Siberian pine cones, which is one of the main indicators that determines the parameters of cone collecting machines and mechanisms for coniferous species. The pick-off force for the cones was measured at different collection times in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the crown and at different angles of pull-off force direction. The limits of these forces variability are: for the Scots pine – 23.5–48.1 N, for the Siberian larch – 27.5–42.2 N; for the Siberian pine – 3.9–7.8 N. The data obtained can serve as a basis for calculating the parameters of cone collecting mechanisation tools for the aforementioned species. When designing machines and mechanisms for collecting the coniferous trees’ cones, it is necessary to have initial data that determine the parameters of the working bodies. One of these parameters is the amount of effort required to separate the cones from the branches. The forces of detaching cones from trees in the European part of Russia were determined by a number of researchers. According to I.M. Zima with co-authors (1966), the force of detachment of cones in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is 41.2 N. According to I.A. Lavrov (1970), pine cones can be torn off with a force of 21.1 N, and the cones of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb) – with a force of 39.2 N. In Siberia, studies on the cones detachment were first carried out in 1970 by the laboratory of mechanization of the forest seeds collection and processing of the ASRIM forestry enterprise (Orlovsky et al., 2016). The detachment of Siberian larch, Scots pine and Siberian pine cones was studied in the forestry enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk and Altai regions and in the Republic of Tyva. The pull-off forces of Scots pine and Siberian larch cones were measured in the lower, middle, and upper parts of the crowns using dynamometers with a 0.1 N division value and with a maximum force recording device. The measurements were carried out along the branch, at an angle of 40°–50° and at an angle of 90° to the branch.