醫學人文通識課程的研發、實施與檢討：以“台灣醫學教育發展史”為例

行政院國科會科教處為加強科技紮根的工作，在2005年規劃「高中職科學與科技課程研究發展實驗計畫」（簡稱高瞻計畫），強調藉由高中與大學或研究機構建立夥伴關係的方式，改進高中數理及科技課程的教學品質、強化學生的科學素養、並讓學生體驗科學研究工作之樂趣。此計畫積極推動「由下而上」的學校本位課程發展，擺脫傳統「由上往下」的方式，使教師不再僅是課程教材的使用者，而期望教師能自行主導與發展其學校特色的課程，以減少課程理論與教學實務之間的落差。本研究之目的為探討一所執行高瞻計畫之高中教師發展與實施學校本位課程之真實，以深度訪談、觀察與文件分析等方式蒐集S高中（化名）教師在發展與實施「新興科學技術」學校本位課程之歷程，包括課程主題、課程目標、課程內容、教學策略、教學評鑑的訂定與執行等作為與落差，以做為提供課程改進及做為後續創新課程研發的依據。 本研究發現如下： 一、課程主題之擬定 S高中學校本位課程發展原訂的課程主題「綠•手•機」，為期望以統整環保、動手做與科學三要素的課程為主軸，但在實際「新興科學技術｣課程實施時，教師卻只重視科技與動手做的部分。 二、課程目標之訂定 高瞻計畫課程目標的核心理念為以發展創新的學校本位課程，促進學生學習模式的改變，改進教學現況與培養其主動探究的能力與精神，但在這個期望下S高中在實施「新興科學技術｣學校本位課程，忽略引導學生進一步的去發現問題的主動探究能力。 三、課程內容之選擇 國科會高瞻計畫以科學與科技為範疇，期望高中教師能自行發展學校本位課程，因而S高中「新興科學技術」學校本位課程，其內容的選擇上是以目前政府所推廣的計畫、社會著重的科技，以及選定之教科書內鮮少提及的知識為主，例如奈米、平面顯示器、燃料電池等為主。 四、教學策略之規劃 S高中教師認為獲得科學素養的主要途徑為學生主動的參與與動手做，因而在其課程規劃中，特別強調實驗操作部分，這顯示S高中教師雖具備探究教學的基本認知與概念，但卻忽略讓學生能主動發現問題，進行推論、預測與分析的機會。 五、課程評鑑之執行 S高中教師利用教學論壇的發表機會，邀請課程與學科專家，針對四門「新興科學技術｣學校本位課程進行形成性評鑑，此外，教師似乎較重視自我學科專業知識的成長，至於學生學習成效的結果與利用並未被廣泛討論，這與理想的課程發展必須兼具形成性與總結性評鑑的功能，並期望藉由內、外部人員的溝通、對話與批判，使教師自我釐清課程的優缺點，以提升教師專業知能與課程品質，有所落差，顯示S高中教師對於評鑑的功能與認知，是有待進一步釐清的。 本研究提出以下建議： 一、對S高中課程發展與實施之建議 （一）建議S高中應統整各科「新興科技」，以落實「綠•手•機」課程統整的期望。 （二）建議S高中在課程發展與實施過程中，應加強教師有關課程發展以及課程形成性與總結性評鑑的專業知能，方能落實課程發展與實施之理想。 二、對S高中教師發展與實施之建議 （一）課程發展前 1、 建議教師在發展課程時，以全球未來發展的角度思考應該培養學生具備什麼樣的知識與技能，而非以台灣目前本地所著重的科技為目標。 2、 建議教師在進行課程發展前，可以先提供學生「新興科學技術」的先備知識，並且讓家長理解「新興科學技術」學校本位課程發展的目的、進行的方式以及學生預期的獲得，以獲得廣泛的支持。 3、 建議教師透過參與專業成長，透過不同教師的經驗分享，增進課程發展與實施以及評鑑的能力。 （二）課程發展後 1、 建議教師在完成課程發展後，可以利用課程評鑑自我檢核表、教師同儕評鑑表或是透過外部專家評鑑，蒐集更多自我改進的文件與證據，除了可用來自我省思專業知能外，並能作為改善課程發展與實施品質的依據。 2、 建議教師在進行課程發展後，透過參與協同成長團體與工作坊的機會，提供課程發展的結果，除可獲得不同學科或他校教師的建議增進自我課程發展與評鑑的能力外，並可作為修正課程的參考。 （三）課程實施前 1、 建議教師在進行課程實施前，可以先提供學生相關的課程知識，使其具備應有的先備知識，以縮短課程講解的時間。 2、 建議教師在進行課程發展前，讓家長理解「新興科學技術」學校本位課程實施的目的、進行方式與學生預期的獲得，以獲得學生與家長的認同。 （四）課程實施後 1、 建議教師在課程實施後，應透過學生的學習成效評量進行自我反思，以改進教學。 2、 建議教師進行專業發展，特別是有關加強學生推論、預測與分析等科學探究學習的能力，以培養學生真正科學探究的素養與能力。 三、對於未來研究建議 （一）可進一步的探究影響課程發展與實施落差之因素。 （二）可進一步針對參與高瞻計畫之所有學校進行課程發展與實施的跨個案研究。 （三）可進一步針對教師之課堂教學與學生的科學探究學習成效進行研究。

The paper analyzed the current status of medical information literacy education home and abroad, stated the gap between home and abroad on the aspects of educational objectives, educational pattern, educational content, and the main problems of traditional medical information literacy teaching. Flipped classroom teaching model brings a new opportunity for the reform of medical information literacy education by reconstructing the teaching process and mobilizing the collaboration and interaction between teachers and students sufficiently. In this background, medical information literacy education in China should facing scientific research task; make teaching design on the basis of different stages of scientific research project and scientific research activities; conduct theoretical research and practice based on flipped classroom teaching; promote the improvement of the information literacy of the medical scientific researchers in China. Furthermore, the paper initially explored the design and implementation of medical information literacy flipped classroom teaching facing scientific research from the aspects of the teaching time, teaching site, teaching content, teaching pattern, and teaching syllabus. Key words: Medical information literacy; Flipped classroom; Education reform

It has been a major topic for the reform on higher medical education and teaching to cultivate medical students＇ professional information literacy so as to make them equipped with the information competence required for disease control or medical research.In this thesis, the concept of professional information literacy for medical students was introduced, and by analyzing the relationship of information literacy education and medical education modes, countermeasures and methods of cultivating medical students＇ professional information literacy by combining the reform on medical education and teaching were put forward. Key words: Medical students; Professional information literacy; Reform on medical education and teaching

For comprehension of the usage of Internet information resources and IT devices among medical college freshmen,a self-designed questionnaire survey was conducted by software online survey system among 986 freshmen in 2012 grade of Guangxi Medical University.The questionnaire consisted of 44 questions which include 1315 alternatives that covering:gender,age,profession and other basic information of freshmen ; the history of the internet browsing before entering university ; the usage of network equipment and information resources; networks morality; the relationship between networks and learning; and other related questions.The feedback led to the results that the students were generally able to use the network before they entering university and personal computers were quite common among them.Yet only minority of them use the internet for study,while majority of students just treat it as entertainment.The students hope to participate in the computer skills training to improve their internet competence during the college years.The freshmen stage is the important time for the formation and development of the students' good habits of proper use of internet information.Medical colleges should correspondingly perform related teaching to enhance the students' skills of application of internet resources and network devices.Freshmen can also promote the learning of professional courses by properly and efficiently utilize internet and improving their own information literacy. Key words: Medical school ; Freshmen ; Internet ; Survey ; Analysis

This article uses the idea of informed learning, an interpretation of information literacy that focuses on people’s information experiences rather than their skills or attributes, to analyse the character of using information to learn in diverse communities and settings, including digital, faith, indigenous and ethnic communities. While researchers of information behaviour or information seeking and use have investi- AU :2 gated people’s information worlds in diverse contexts, this work is still at its earliest stages in the information literacy domain. To date, information literacy research has largely occurred in what might be considered mainstream educational and workplace contexts, with some emerging work in community settings. These have been mostly in academic libraries, schools and government workplaces. What does information literacy look like beyond these environments? How might we understand the experience of effective information use in a range of community settings, from the perspective of empirical research and other sources? The article concludes by commenting on the significance of diversifying the range of information experience contexts,for information literacy research and professional practice.

This study aims to know the tendency of science learning outcomes in 8 th grade students of SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta students in the academic year of 2014/2015 with used the Inquiry Role Approach ( IRA ) method and demonstration method . Comparatively to determine differences in science learning outcomes in 8 th grade students of SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta students in the academic year of 2014/2015 between Inquiry Role Approach ( IRA ) method and demonstration method . The results showed that the tendency of the science learning outcomes of students using method Inquiry Role Approach ( IRA) is very high while the tendency of learning outcomes of students using demonstration method is high. The analysis showed that there differences s cience learning outcomes in 8 th grade students of SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta students in the academic year of 2014/2015 between Inquiry Role Approach ( IRA) method with demonstration method .

A healthy lifestyle is fundamental for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Investment in primary prevention, including modification of health risk behaviors, could result in a 4-fold improvement in health outcomes compared with secondary prevention based on pharmacological treatment. The American Heart Association (AHA) emphasized the importance of lifestyle in its 2020 goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction. In addition to defining “cardiovascular health” based on criteria for blood pressure and biochemical markers (lipids and glycemia), the AHA Strategic Planning Committee further identified lifestyle characteristics of central importance: nutrition, physical activity, smoking, and maintenance of a healthy body weight.1 The World Health Organization estimated that ≈80% of NCDs could be prevented if 4 key lifestyle practices were followed: a healthy diet, being physically active, avoidance of tobacco, and alcohol intake in moderation.2 To support healthy lifestyle initiatives, major changes are necessary at the societal level to improve population health. Numerous strategies might help to create a culture that promotes and facilitates healthy behaviors, including creating laws and regulations, mounting large-scale public awareness and education campaigns, implementing local community programs, and providing individual counseling.3 Physicians are uniquely positioned to encourage individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors: Approximately 80% of Americans visit their primary care physician at least once a year. Physicians directly communicate with their patients during clinical encounters across numerous settings, and research indicates that patients highly value recommendations provided by their physicians.4,5 However, data further indicate that lifestyle counseling does not routinely occur in physicians’ offices, thereby representing a lost opportunity. Physicians report that they perform lifestyle counseling during ≈34% of clinic visits.4 Patients, in turn, report an even lower frequency of physician lifestyle counseling. For example, obese patients reported receiving physical activity and …

Objective In our university a system-based horizontally integrated courses of biomedic-al education was developed and problem-based learning teaching method was applied in biomedical educa-tion in order to promote students' understanding of biomedical knowledge and train students' abilities of self-directed learning, critique thinking, communication skills and teamwork spirit. Method The basic medical courses had been horizontally integrated into one basic medical science introduction section, eight system modules and some special topics. The PBL teaching method had been applied in this new courses. The reform had been carried out in the teaching of part of the seven-year-program students of our university. Resutls Good results had been observed. The students' abilities of problem-solving and communication were obviously better than those students who studied with the traditional courses and teaching method. Conclusions Horizontally integrated courses and PBL teaching method can effectively promote the students' manifold abilities. It is very important to update the teachers' educational conception and strengthen the function of expert curriculum steering committee in the reform process. Key words: Horizontally integrated courses; Problem-based learning; Basic medical education

Background: The most important task in education is reshaping the neural circuits in the brain. Through the process of deep emotional internalization, profound experience, repeated research to reshape our brains would break through existed frameworks and establish an education model that fits our own culture. Purpose: To find out practical ways to develop teaching and learning methods with regard to international recommendations and to local cultural context. Methods: By applying the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process and Product approach), a series of reforms in Taiwan medical education were reviewed in different aspects. Results: In Context session, Taiwan medical education history was reviewed to present the background of the evolution. The Input session described that how Taiwanese medical educators learned from recent reforms and evolutions in Western medical teaching and learning methods to extract their ＂essence＂ into the traditional system. The Process session introduced that how to blend western essence with the unique characteristics of East Asian educational culture and what obstacles were conquered. And the Product session addresses the outcome of Taiwanese medical education system evolution and reform in terms of different stages. Conclusion: From our experience, we demonstrated the practical ways to integrate cultural values and needs of medical students and teachers in developing our own teaching and learning methods.

Based on the previous description, the research problems emerged: (1) How does the implementation of ASSURE learning model to Increase the Students’ Motivation and Learning Outcome in learning civic education (PKn) for the students of class IV-B SDN Jenggawah 01 in odd semester in the academic year 2012/2013?; and (2) Is the implementation of ASSURE learning model able to increase the Students’ Motivation and Learning Outcome in learning civic education (PKn) for the students of class IV-B SDN Jenggawah 01 in odd semester in the academic year 2012/2013?. This study aims to (1) Describe the implementation of ASSURE learning model to Increase the Students’ Motivation and Learning Outcome in learning civic education (PKn) for the students of class IV-B SDN Jenggawah 01 in odd semester in the academic year 2012/2013; and (2) find out the implementation of ASSURE learning model can increase the Students’ Motivation and Learning Outcome in learning civic education (PKn) for the students of class IV-B SDN Jenggawah 01 in odd semester in the academic year 2012/2013. This researcher conducted a classroom action research (CAR). The subject of this study is the fourth grader students of SDN Jenggawah 01. Observation, interview, test, and questioner are the methods in collecting the data. Descriptive qualitative is employed to analyze the data. The research findings show that it is through the implementation of ASSURE learning model the students’ motivation and learning outcomes in civic education (PKn) for the fourth grader (IV-B) of SDN Jenggawah 01 in odd semester in the academic year 2012/2013 has significantly increased.Keywords:ASSURE learning model, motivation, learning outcome.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the instruction of basic information literacy (IL) skills taught to the socio‐economically disadvantaged students in the Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) at Rider University in summer 2011. The study set out to determine how the beginning IL levels of EOP freshmen differ from those of other freshmen, their learning outcomes, and retention of IL as a means to improve future research instruction.Design/methodology/approachFaculty of a speech communication class and two librarians collaborated in integrating IL in the class assignments of the 2011 summer EOP program. The assessment tools include identical pre‐ and post‐tests, a second post‐test with different multiple correct answer questions, a survey about students' perceptions of their IL training, and the teaching faculty's observations of EOP students' research skills.FindingsEOP freshmen are equivalent to the peer freshmen in their low levels of IL skills. The findings suggested that EOP freshmen complete IL instruction with stronger IL skills. The second post‐test revealed that many students were confused about some basic IL concepts. Faculty's observation of students' information literacy skills concurs with the pre‐ and post‐tests.Originality/valueThis study fills a void in the literature on recent research of information literacy skills of socio‐economically disadvantaged college students. The multi‐correct answer questions employed are valuable but rarely employed in studies or discussed in the literature. The collaboration of faculty and librarians in assignment design is valuable as an increasing number of faculty are utilizing librarians to teach the necessary IL skills needed in today's curricula.

Blended learning has been developed in recent years at home and abroad although there is no systematic application in Chinese higher medical education. College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University discussed the application prospect of blended learning in medical education and methods of increasing effect and quality by informational means and classroom reform through a case design and ap-plication. This study summarizes the process of teaching design and implementationin blended learning, including the design and development of front-end analysis and learning resources in preparatory stage. The design of blended learning activities should focus on problem solving, including three links ofguidance on learning, hands-on inquiry based on learning and after-school practice. The implementation and evaluation of learning activities need to timely provide evaluation and feedback according to the implementation effect of the course. Key words: Medicine; Blended learning; Teaching design

Background/purpose: With the development in medical education, training and evaluation methods with standardized patients (SPs) have increasingly come into existence in the field of clinical teaching and the need for SPs in each medical school is growing steadily in Taiwan. From recruitment to completion of training, teaching hospitals have invested a tremendous amount of time and effort in teaching and training in order to enable the volunteers to act naturally and smoothly. However, the attrition rate of SPs was high and this has posed a significant problem for training. In order to keep the SPs in their post, this study explores the factors that affect SPs’ decision to complete or quit the program. Materials and methods: This study used the nominal group technique and expert meetings to develop a questionnaire that was applied in the following cross-sectional surveys. General count and percentage was calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the factors affecting SPs manpower retention. Results: Top three motives to be SPs are ＂To help train medical students＂, ＂to contribute to the medical education in Taiwan＂ and ＂to acquire medical knowledge＂. Factors affecting SPs manpower retention are found and divided into three dimensions: individual, course, and environment. And correlation analysis of the three dimensions, environment dimension has relatively greater effects. Among the environmental items, top four scoring items are: ＂hospital does not value standardized patients＂, ＂medical students show no repect to standardized patients＂, ＂No channels to communicate with or provide feedback to the hospital unit that is in charge of standardized patients＂, and ＂Little mutual support and encouragement among standardized patients＂. Conclusion: ＂creating a sound learning environment＂, ＂valuing and encouraging SPs＂, and ＂increasing the interactions among SPs＂ are the SPs manpower retention factors that a SPs program development should take into consideration.

University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an important teaching theory and model in the field of medical education, dating back to the mid-20th century. Under the scope of history of medical education, this paper introduces the historical background which fostered PBL, related important figures and events, and the process of its worldwide spread and practice, discusses the characteristic of PBL and its difference compared with the traditional teaching method, and clarifies certain misunderstanding held by academia, so as to provide reference to current medical education reform in China. Key words: Problem-based learning; McMaster University; Howard Barrows; Medical education