ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНДУСТРИИ ТУРИЗМА

Urban areas have been long since considered important tourism destinations. By offering a broad and heterogeneous range of attractions, urban tourism provide various choices for different types of tourists and segments of tourism market. Despite being considered an important form of tourism world-wide (Ashworth & Page, 2011), the aggregate volume and value of urban tourism remain unknown at global level (Heeley, 2015). In Romania also, urban tourism is also dominant from tourist arrivals viewpoint. Though, the official documents concerning tourism development in Romania do not include an integrated vision on urban tourism. The present paper discusses the evolution of urban tourism accommodation facilities in Romania's urban areas between 2005 and 2016 at national and regional level and offers a complete picture of urban tourism evolution over a decade. The study includes all the officially registered lodgings, as they appear in the official database offered by the central authority for tourism, including 40 counties and 7 development regions. Furthermore, the survey includes all the types of accommodation facilities registered in urban areas and the whole range of lodging capacities, including the category of 1 to 4 rooms not taken into consideration by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The study also provides a profile of the lodging facilities for the Romanian urban localities. The present study complements the previous study of Pop et al. (2017) and use the same structure for presenting the data in order to allow the comparison between urban and rural tourist accommodation facilities development between urban and rural areas in 2005 and 2016. JEL Classification: L83

Chapter 1: Governance and Planning of Mega-City Regions: Diverse Processes and Reconstituted State Spaces Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Part I: Multi-Level Governance and Planning in Europe Chapter 2: The Polycentric Metropolis: a Western European Perspective on Mega-City Regions Sir Peter Hall Chapter 3: Innovations in Governance and Planning: Randstad Cooperation Willem Salet Chapter 4: Strategic Planning and Regional Governance in Europe: Recent Trends and Policy Responses Louis Albrechts Part II: Multi-Polity Governance and Planning in Federacy Chapter 5: Novel Spatial Formats: Megaregions and Global Cities Saskia Sassen Chapter 6: America 2050: Towards a Twenty-first Century National Infrastructure Investment Plan for the United States Robert D. Yaro Chapter 7: Mega-City Regional Cooperation in the United States and Western Europe: A Comparative Perspective Linda McCarthy Chapter 8: Regions of Cities: Metropolitan Governance and Planning in Australia John Abbott Chapter 9: The Upper Spencer Gulf Common Purpose Group: A Model of Intra - Regional Cooperation for Economic Development Jim Harvey and Brian Cheers Part III: State-Led Governance and Planning under Transition Chapter 10: Coordinating the Fragmented Mega-City Regions in China: State Reconstruction and Regional Strategic Planning Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Chapter 11: Spatial Planning for Urban Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta Chaolin Gu, Taofang Yu, Xiaoming Zhang, Chun Wang, Min Zhang, Cheng Zhang and Lu Chen John Abbott is a practicing metropolitan planner in South East Queensland, Australia. He was previously the Project Coordinator of the SEQ 2001 and SEQ 2021 regional planning projects. He teaches planning theory and metropolitan planning at the University of Queensland. He has analyzed metropolitan planning processes in South East Queensland, Greater Vancouver, and New York using concepts of planning as managing uncertainty. Louis Albrechts is Professor of Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His research interests include strategic spatial planning, sustainable development, and regional design, and he has published widely on these issues. He is the founder and co-editor of European Planning Studies, a corresponding member of the German Academy for Research and Planning, and a member of the Advisory Board of the global Research Network on Human Settlements. Brain Cheers is Research Professor Emeritus of Community Development and former Director of the Center for Rural and Regional Development at the Whyalla Campus of the University of South Australia. He is also Founding Director of the Northern Australia Research Institute and the Center for Social and Welfare Research at James Cook University. He has published four books, and many monographs and papers on rural and regional issues. Lu Chen is PhD candidate in Economic Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Chaolin Gu is Professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published sixteen books and over 260 articles on urban and regional planning, regional economics, and urban geography in China. He is the principal investigator of a number of projects on China's urban and regional development and planning. He is Vice President of the Chinese Geographical Association, and serves on editorial boards of many journals and academic councils. Sir Peter Hall is Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College London. He has received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for distinction in research, and is an honorary member of the Royal Town Planning Institute, which awarded him its Gold Medal in 2003. He holds fourteen honorary doctorates from universities in the UK, Sweden, and Canada. He received the 2005 Balzan Prize for work on the Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Beginning of the 16th Century. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the European Academy and President of the Town and Country Planning Association. He was knighted in 1998 and in 2003 was named by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Pioneer in the Life of the Nation at a reception in Buckingham Palace. Jim Harvey is Adjunct Professor of the Center for Rural Health and Community Development at the University of South Australia. His most recent publications have been on intra-regional cooperation in urban and regional development. He is currently the Australian Manager of an Australian Aid (AusAid) community development project in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua and New Guinea. Linda McCarthy is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and is also a certified planner. Her research focuses on urban and regional economic development and planning in the United States, Western Europe, and China. Her publications comprise books, book chapters, reports, and articles in peer reviewed journals such as Environment and Planning A, The Professional Geographer, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Journal of Planning Education and Research, and Land Use Policy. Willem Salet is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Amsterdam. He is also the President of the Association of European Schools of Planning. His research specializes in spatial planning and metropolitan governance, urban networks, and decision making in strategic urban projects. He coordinated various research projects on behalf of the European Union, national ministries, the National Scientific Foundation, and other stakeholders in the field of urban studies, and has published widely on regional planning and governance. Saskia Sassen is Robert S.Lynd Professor of Sociology of Department of Sociology and Member of the Committee on Global Thought, at Columbia University. Her most recent books are Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton University Press 2006) and A Sociology of Globalization (W.W.Norton 2007). Her books have been translated into sixteen languages. Her comments have appeared in Guardian, New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Newsweek International, and Financial Times, among others. She serves on several editorial boards and is an advisor to several international bodies. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Cities, and chaired the Information Technology and International Cooperation Committee of the Social Science Research Council (USA). Chun Wang is an urban planner in the Master Planning Department at Beijing Tsinghua Urban Planning and Design Institute. Jiang Xu is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Resource Management, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is a specialist in urban and regional issues, and is currently leading research projects in intercity competition and cooperation, as well as urban and regional governance in China. Dr. Xu has published widely on urban and regional development in leading international journals and is co-author with F. Wu and Anthony G.O. Yeh of Urban Development in Post Reform China: State, Market and Space (Routledge 2007). She was the recipient of the 2008 Research Output Prize of the University of Hong Kong. Robert Yaro is President of Regional Plan Association, America's oldest independent metropolitan policy, research, and advocacy group. He is also Professor of Practice in City and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania. He has taught at Harvard University and the University of Massachusetts. He co-chairs the Empire State Transportation Alliance and the Friends of Moynihan Station, and is Vice President of the Forum for Urban Design. He serves on Mayor Bloomberg's Sustainability Advisory Board, which helped prepare PlaNYC 2030, New York City's new long-range sustainability plan. Anthony Yeh is Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also Chair Professor and Head, Department of Urban Planning and Design, and Director, Center of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, University of Hong Kong. His main areas of specialization are in urban development and planning in Hong Kong and China, and the application ofaGIS in urban and regional planning. At present, he is Secretary-General of the Asian Planning Schools Association and Asia GIS Association. He is on the editorial boards of key international and Chinese journals, and has published over thirty books and monographs, and over 180 academic journal papers and book chapters. He received the 2008 UN-HABITAT Lecture Award for his outstanding and sustained contribution to research, thinking, and practice in the human settlements field. Taofang Yu is Lecturer, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published four books and about fifty articles on urban competition and the mega city-region. Cheng Zhang, is a certified urban planner, and is performing civil service at the Nanjing Urban Planning Bureau. He has published five articles on the mega city-region and the mega-project. Min Zhang is Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Nanjing University. She has published about 30 articles on urbanization, the megalopolis, and the global city-region. Xiaoming Zhang is PhD candidate, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published about six articles on the mega city-region and spatial regionalization.

The purpose of the study is to test the hypothesis of the priority role of livestock breeding in the development of rural areas on the basis of an analysis of livestock industries and determine the degree of territorial heterogeneity of this phenomenon. The study was carried out on the example of 29 regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation. Methods of ranking, correlation and variational analysis were used. A noticeable correlation was established between the indicators of the development of the livestock industry and rural development (p = 0.5; 0.6). For poultry farming, this relationship is moderate (p = 0.3; 0.3), pig breeding - weak negative (p = - 0.1; - 0.1). Concrete calculations confirmed the lack of influence of the development of pig breeding on one of the important indicators of the development of rural areas - the growth of acreage. The features of territorial heterogeneity in the development of cattle breeding and rural areas have been consistently investigated on the basis of the same methodology. Three equal groups of regions with a relatively high, medium and relatively low level of their development were identified. It is shown that the group of regions with a relatively high level of development of cattle breeding in the Non-Black Earth Region accounts for about half of the volume of milk and 56% of the production of cattle for slaughter. Neighboring regions in group I form two, in group II - one, in group III - three areas. When comparing the results obtained for cattle breeding and rural areas, it was found that the composition of the regions in the corresponding groups coincides by 67-78 %. When calculating the correlation coefficient between the final ranks of the regions, established when determining the heterogeneity of the development of livestock breeding and the heterogeneity of the development of rural areas, a high tightness of the correlation was revealed (p = 0.7). The hypothesis being tested was confirmed.

How to effectively reduce the disparity between urban and rural medical healthcare has become a major global concern. In China, the government has issued a series of reform measures to address the gap between urban and rural medical care. To explore the impact of China’s medical system reforms in improving health services in urban and rural areas and understand the factors promoting and hindering progress, we evaluated the healthcare system in Dalian City, China, from 2008 to 2017. The weighted TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) model was used to assess the development of the healthcare system in the different districts and employed the obstacle model to identify and analyze indicators that hinder progress in health services. Using the local spatial clustering function, we categorized the districts in terms of the hindrance type that significantly hamper the growth of the healthcare system. Our results show the healthcare system in Dalian’s urban areas has steadily increased, while development in rural areas has been erratic. Although the urban–rural healthcare disparity has narrowed distinctly, sustained progress is not guaranteed. Based on the location theory, residents in urban areas are more affected by economic factors, while those in rural areas are more influenced by time considerations. When initiating healthcare reforms in urban areas, the impact of varying land prices and per capita disposable income should be considered. For rural areas, constructing more medical institutions to reduce the impact of time costs should be considered. We also found different factors that hinder the growth of the healthcare system for urban and rural areas. To address these impediments to progress, urban areas should pay more attention to coordinated development, while rural areas should address specific concerns based on local needs and conditions. More research on the progress in medical reform is crucial to provide reference and policy-guidance for countries facing similar concerns.

City brain is a complex system, including online center, server network, and system with given algorithm. The core of the city brain is the intelligent system. After putting the urban brain into the intelligent nerve center, on the basis of not changing its original data structure, combining its own characteristics for design and then integrating into application, it can intelligently change the urban management mode. Urban planning leads the development of smart cities on a certain meaning, and smart city planning must have scientific and rational urban planning. The intelligent model is used to make urban planning form a more modern, convenient, and reasonable urban architectural planning. Some influential books on classical architectural theory are the theoretical basis of intelligent urban planning and even the trend and implementation blueprint of how smart cities will develop in the future. In this paper, four algorithms, ant colony algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm, and improved ant colony algorithm, are proposed to optimize the characteristics of urban architectural planning and landscape design; especially the security research of architecture and landscape characteristics is very important. The improved ant colony algorithm has the shortcoming of insufficient optimization ability in the face of complex path selection. By improving the influencing factors, a new ant colony algorithm is created. The improved ant colony algorithm achieves the best in security features, so it is advocated to use this algorithm for planning and design. The urban form in smart city aims to create a beautiful and comfortable urban environment, improve the competitiveness of cities in the rapid urbanization process, improve the living standards of the public, and shape the image of this beautiful city.

As China's per capita GDP index continues to rise, the disparity, especially the education gap between urban and rural development continuously widens, which has an adverse effect on the development of rural areas. Education in rural areas has emerged as a significant concern among the local population. The education difference between rural as well as urban regions can be attributed to various variables, with the often overlooked yet challenging-to-address influences of cultural and historical backgrounds playing a significant role. Consequently, by comparing various research data and literature in urban and rural areas of China, this paper analyzes the specific cultural and historical factors which may contribute to the urban-rural education divide and offers solutions. It is discovered that Confucian culture and the history of the Cultural Revolution are the primary causes of the disparity in education between China's urban and rural populations. At the same time, some historical policies of rural migrant workers may also cause the problem of left-behind children and hence have a negative effect on the disparity between rural and urban areas. China's economic policies, government propaganda, setting some boarding schools in cities, and certain poverty alleviation policies play a significant role in narrowing the education disparity between China's urban and rural populations. It also needs more supervision and long-term stability policies to ensure the future development of the education system in rural areas.

The purpose of the article. Today, rural areas are a very complex subject for research and management. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that agriculture occupies a special place in ensuring the development of rural areas, along with such types of economic activity in the countryside as industry, commerce, tourism and many others. This industry produces products to meet the needs of society and plays an important role in ensuring the infrastructural development of rural areas. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problems of agricultural development in the Transcarpathian region as one of the key components of rural development. The state of socio-economic development of rural areas of the Transcarpathian region is an indicator of the level of well-being of the region and requires an integrated sectoral-territorial approach.Research methodology. Transcarpathian statistics for the years 2010-2019 were used for the study. The number of economic entities in this field, the state of agricultural land, the dynamics of agricultural production, the production of the main types of agricultural products were analyzed: crop production, livestock production and dynamics of agricultural product indices 2011-2018. Results. The main problems that arise in agriculture include: dependence on natural and climatic conditions, the need to improve state regulation in this area, lack of support and incentives for small businesses in the agricultural sector, outdated logistics, inefficient marketing policies and others. Consideration should also be given to the environmental safety of the products produced, to reducing the negative impact on the environment, to improving soil fertility and to ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Increased agricultural production and the efficient functioning of agriculture are driving the development of rural areas in the region. Practical meaning. The practical significance is that certain results can be used in practical activities to make management policy decisions in the field of rural area development. Novelty. Agriculture needs effective state support, which must be built on the scientific base and experience of developed countries. The aforementioned research needs areas of social infrastructure that directly influence the formation of socio-economic potential of the Ukrainian village.

PurposeThis paper aims to understand the delivery of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) across Europe – from European-wide procedures through national schemes to effective local strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe findings come from a review of published literature and reports, case studies and site visits conducted primarily during COST Action TU1203 (2013-2016).FindingsInnovative approaches and methods to integrate crime prevention into urban design, planning and management have been generated by multi-agency partnerships and collaborations at European, national and city levels. Methods and procedures developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Working Group on “Crime Prevention through Urban Planning and Building Design” are pioneering. However, findings show that implementation is best achieved at a local level using methods and procedures tailored to the specific context.Research limitations/implicationsIn-depth research is required to appreciate subtle differences between local approaches and conceptual models developed to better understand approaches and methods.Practical implicationsPractitioners and academics working to prevent crime benefit from participation in focused, multi-agency collaborations that, importantly, facilitate visits to urban developments, discussions with local stakeholders responsible for delivery “on the ground” and structured and sustained exploration of innovations and challenges.Originality/valueThe authors hope that this paper will contribute to developing a new direction for CPTED practice and research that builds on significant progress in creating safer environments over previous decades.

In the contemporary era of urban design, the advent of big data and digital technologies has ushered in innovative approaches to exploring urban spaces. This study focuses on the application of Augmented Reality (AR) and Extended Reality (XR) technologies in the metropolitan areas of Houston and Amsterdam. These technologies create immersive 'Phygital Installations' that blend physical and digital elements, effectively capturing people's perceptions and enhancing urban design proposals. By fostering human-centered planning, AR and XR technologies make urban design more interactive and accessible to the public. Houston, with its rapid industrial growth and diverse socio-economic landscape, provides a unique setting to examine the impacts of these technologies on urban form and socio-environmental dynamics. In contrast, Amsterdam, with its rich historical layers and socio-cultural diversity, offers insights into the integration of AR/XR technologies in urban planning, particularly in the realm of historical preservation and contemporary urban development. This research contributes to the emerging field of AR/XR in urban design by highlighting the transformative potential of these technologies in enhancing the understanding and engagement in urban design and spatial planning.

Jaqueline Tyrwhitt’s life story is truly a gap in the planning and urban design literature: while largely unacknowledged, she played a central role in twentieth-century design history. Here, Ellen Shoshkes provides a full and insightful appraisal of the British town planner, editor, and educator who was at the center of the group of people who shaped the post-war Modern Movement. Beginning with an examination of her early work planning for the physical reconstruction of post-war Britain, Shoshkes argues that Tyrwhitt forged a highly influential synthesis of the bioregionalism of the pioneering Scottish planner Patrick Geddes and the tenets of European modernism, as adapted by the Mars group, the British chapter of CIAM. The book traces Tyrwhitt’s subsequent contribution to the development of this set of ideas in diverse geographical, cultural and institutional settings and through personal relationships. In doing so, the book also sheds light on Tyrwhitt’s role in the revival of transnational networks of scholars and practitioners concerned with a humanistic, ecological approach to urban and regional planning and design following World War Two, notably those connecting East and West. The book details Tyrwhitt’s role in creating new programs for planning education in England, North America and Asia; pioneering methods for registered, overlay mapping (a forerunner of GIS), shaping post-war CIAM discourse on humanistic urbanism and assisting CIAM president Jose Luis Sert establish a new professional field of urban design based on this discourse at Harvard University (1956-69); consulting to the United Nations; collaborating with Sigfried Giedion on all of his major publications in English from 1947 on; and helping Constantinos Doxiadis promote a holistic approach to the study of human settlements, which he termed Ekistics, as a founding editor of the journal Ekistics and in the ten Delos Symposia Doxiadis hosted (1963-1972). The book concludes with an a

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explore and propose strategies to promote the return of rural population and effective human resource development in China, and to learn from the successful experience of European countries, especially their education and training systems, social security mechanisms, characteristic industries and infrastructure construction, in order to facilitate the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Theoretical framework: Based on literature review, SWOT analysis, and international comparative research methods, this study builds a theoretical framework to identify the key elements of rural population return and human resource development, including vocational education and training, social security system, the cultivation of characteristic industries, the construction of infrastructure, etc., and reveals the similarities and differences between China and Europe in these fields through comparative analysis. Design/Methods/Approach: Adopt a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, firstly, through an extensive literature review to build a theoretical foundation; Second, data from official and international agencies are used for quantitative analysis, including processing and visualizing data on rural residents' incomes, investment in education, and population structure. Subsequently, SWOT analysis was used to assess the current state of human resource development in China's rural areas. Finally, the data obtained are exhaustively analysed, combined with European cases and specific strategic suggestions are proposed. Significance: The results of this study will provide a comprehensive strategic framework for human resource development in China's rural areas, emphasizing the implementation of multidimensional strategies such as optimizing investment in education, vocational training, and improving the social security system, which is of great practical importance to promote the healthy return of rural people and promote the sustainable development of the economy and economy. rural society. The proposed strategies can not only guide policy-making, but also provide a scientific basis for the development path of rural areas.

Differences of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption by sex and region in China: a population-based, multi-stage, cluster sampling survey

Head injuries in adolescents in Taiwan: a comparison between urban and rural groups

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to measure food security among Syrian refugees residing in urban and rural areas in Florida. Women's education, English proficiency, and nutrition knowledge were assessed to indicate their effects on food security in this population.MethodsOne-on-one interview questionnaires were administered to Syrian refugee households residing in Florida (n=80: n=43 in rural areas and n=37 in urban areas). The main outcomes were food insecurity, nutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education.ResultsThe main outcome of this study was the food security status among Syrian refugees residing in Florida. Among the total households, 80% were food insecure, and food insecurity was greater in rural areas (60.9%) than in urban areas (39.1%). The majority (57.5%) of participants scored fair nutrition knowledge. One-way frequency analysis showed that 75% of households had inadequate English. Around 23.7% of Syrian refugee women had a high school diploma or higher. Among these women, 68.4% were residing in urban areas. The chi-squared test showed significant differences in women's education in rural and urban areas (p=0.03). Nutrition knowledge was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. The chi-squared test showed a significant difference in nutrition knowledge in urban and rural areas (p=0.04). The result of the multivariate logistic regression model indicated that the type of residence, rural vs urban areas, had an inverse significant effect on food security after controlling for our variables. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 79.9 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas (odds ratio: 0.201, 95% CI: 0.053-0.758, p=0.01).ConclusionsNutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education may be less important than types of residence. The type of residence is a contributing factor to food insecurity in Syrian refugees residing in Florida. A larger sample size would allow a clearer understanding of the relation of our variables with food insecurity.

Urban planning impacts freedom of religion through planning regulations applied by local municipalities in establishing places of worship in urban areas. However, incorporating religion in urban planning in most countries has remained insignificant, regardless of the new challenges of increasing religious diversity in most cities. This paper examines the role of urban planning policies in Namibia in establishing places of worship in Windhoek and its impact on freedom of religion in the City. Data was collected by reviewing and exploring journal papers, government documents, books, and newspaper articles. Neoliberal theory was employed to guide the study. The research established that the City of Windhoek, through planning policies, has a direct impact on places of worship, and to facilitate a sustainable process, the City put a moratorium on establishing new houses of worship to reduce the number of people intending to create such facilities. Applications for even places of worship by religious bodies, including churches, are treated the same as other applications for related institutions, even though the churches and other religious facilities have different ways of worshipping. In Namibia, the government and municipal urban planning departments benefit all religious organizations equitably. The study's findings contribute to the scientific discussions on places of worship and town planning policies in developing countries. The findings will benefit all stakeholders involved in developing places of worship, such as policymakers, academics, and researchers. The study is limited to Windhoek, and further studies should incorporate both urban and rural areas.