Графико-орфографические особенности Толстовской псалтыри

Spelling Paradigm first introduced by Farwell and Donchin, is one of the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) applications that enables paralyzed people to communicate with their environment. In such a problem, user needs to focus on the characters which are randomly flashed row or column-wise on the computer screen in a small period of time. The accuracy in spelling words is the main problem in this scheme and the duration of the correct prediction is quite important. The purpose of this work is twofold: to analyze a user specific response to a spelling paradigm system considering the optimal frequency bands for P300 detection, and secondly to investigate the classification performance for the perception of row and columnwise flashings in the spelling system. The preprocessing is performed with Wiener Deconvolution Model (WDM) and optimal filters for user specific system is constructed. The proposed algorithm is applied to dataset IIb of BCI competition 2003 and the words for training and testing sets are predicted with 100% accuracy after first 4 trials, as compared to other winning algorithms (100% accuracy in 5 repetitions) of the competition. Furthermore, our classification results show that perception to row and column flashings may differ considerably.

Reviewed by: Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin by Albert Valdman Sibylle Kriegel Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin. Albert Valdman. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing Ltd., 2015. Pp. xviii + 477. $125.00 (hardcover), $35.00 (paper). Even though the title of the book recalls one that Albert Valdman published in 1978 in French, this is a new work that reflects advances in research over the last forty years. Chapter 1 is a substantial introduction. It gives a general account of the differences between pidgin and creole languages, followed by a sketch of the often violent and unstable history of Haiti, from the arrival of Christopher Columbus until the present day; it then briefly discusses the role of French and Creole in Haiti and lists descriptive [End Page 329] studies of Haitian Creole. Section 1.4 gives very valuable information about Atlantic French-based creoles not often discussed in the linguistic literature. In this section, Valdman mentions poorly known French creoles spoken in the Lesser Antilles such as the variety spoken in Trinidad and Tobago, to which the first description of a creole language by Thomas in 1869 is dedicated, the endangered Guïria Creole spoken in Venezuela, and Karipúna Creole, spoken by indigenous peoples in the northeastern Brazilian state of Amapá. Chapter 2, “The Phonological System” (pp. 58–78), points out that the phonological system of Haitian Creole does not differ greatly from that of French. This chapter prepares the reader for the discussion of spelling in chapter 4. Chapter 3, “Variation in the Forms of Words” (pp. 79–95), deals with morphophonological processes—systematic alternations in the forms of words—that are very frequent in Haitian Creole and differ significantly from those of French. As Valdman points out, awareness of these alternations is central for the development of spelling systems. Chapter 4, “Toward a Systematic Autonomous Spelling” (pp. 95–138), starts with general considerations about spelling systems—specifically, the notion of biuniqueness. In section 4.3, Valdman reviews the history of the development of etymologically based orthographies for Haitian Creole; he takes the opportunity to provide excerpts from older texts, starting with La Passion de Notre Seigneur selon Saint-Jean en Langage Negre, probably written between 1720 and 1740. Section 4.4, on phonemic spelling systems presents the three systematic, autonomous orthographies developed in Haiti since the 1940s, one of which was recognized as official. In the last section of the chapter, Valdman addresses the challenges of morphophonological variation for spelling systems. Chapter 5, “The Structure of the Haitian Creole Lexicon” (pp. 139–65), argues vigorously against the common view that Haitian Creole originated in an impoverished pidgin. Its numerous examples illustrate the rich word formation resources of Haitian Creole, as shown by the most comprehensive dictionary (Valdman, Iskrova, and Hebblethwaite 2007). A review of the variety of mechanisms of lexical renewal achieved by derivation and the creation of compounds shows that Haitian Creole is capable of meeting all the communicative needs of a language on its way to literacy. The chapter also discusses contact phenomena with the neighboring languages, Spanish and English, without neglecting the fact that the main source of loanwords remains French. The next three chapters deal with the syntactic structure of Haitian Creole. Chapter 7, “Basic Sentence Structure” (pp. 189–208), discusses some important features of Haitian Creole predicates, starting with the relative lack of inflectional affixes, the multifunctionality of word classes, and the resulting importance of word order. While these features are shared by almost all creoles, the following section on the copula deals with a feature more specific to Haitian Creole, the syntactic operators ye and se. As in numerous other French-based creoles, reflexivity can be marked either by concepts referring to the human body plus the personal pronoun (kò/tèt + pronoun) or by a direct-object pronoun, and there is no overt passive marking. In chapter 8, “The Verbal System” (pp. 209–52), Valdman addresses some issues of typological comparison; he places Haitian Creole near the analytic pole of a synthetic-to-analytic scale, thus continuing an evolution already present in vernacular French. He then discusses the use of the tense-mode-aspect markers Ø, ap, te, and a...

One of official communication devices is letter. The language applied in the letter need to be well arranged to gain its communication aim. The spelling system is one of the aspect that need to be arranged. This aspect becomes the problem in this research, how Indonesian spelling system is applied in the official letter of Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II-A, Palu, Sulawesi Tengah (Penitentiary Class II-A, Palu, Central of Sulawesi) in particular. The descriptive analytic is applied in this research. The source of data is the out-letter archives of the rehabilitation. Documentation technique is the technique of collecting data in this ressearch. According to the analysis of of 21 letters, there are ten common mistakes in apllied the spelling system. Those ten are (1) the mistake in using letters, (2) the mistakes in using preposition, (3) the mistake in using ordinal number, (4)the mistake in using words combination, (5)the mistake in using abbreviation and acronym, (6) the mistake in using adapted word, (7) the mistake in using full stop, (8) the mistake in using comma, (9) the mistake in using hyphen, and (10) the mistake in using slash.

In this paper, we propose a highly accurate and fast spelling system that employs multi-modal electroencephalography-electrooculography (EEG-EOG) signals and visual feedback technology. Over the last 20 years, various types of speller systems have been developed in brain-computer interface and EOG/eye-tracking research; however, these conventional systems have a tradeoff between the spelling accuracy (or decoding) and typing speed. Healthy users and physically challenged participants, in particular, may become exhausted quickly; thus, there is a need for a speller system with fast typing speed while retaining a high level of spelling accuracy. In this paper, we propose the first hybrid speller system that combines EEG and EOG signals with visual feedback technology so that the user and the speller system can act cooperatively for optimal decision-making. The proposed spelling system consists of a classic row-column event-related potential (ERP) speller, an EOG command detector, and visual feedback modules. First, the online ERP speller calculates classification probabilities for all candidate characters from the EEG epochs. Second, characters are sorted by their probability, and the characters with the highest probabilities are highlighted as visual feedback within the row-column spelling layout. Finally, the user can actively select the character as the target by generating an EOG command. The proposed system shows 97.6% spelling accuracy and an information transfer rate of 39.6 (±13.2) [bits/min] across 20 participants. In our extended experiment, we redesigned the visual feedback and minimized the number of channels (four channels) in order to enhance the speller performance and increase usability. Most importantly, a new weighted strategy resulted in 100% accuracy and a 57.8 (±23.6) [bits/min] information transfer rate across six participants. This paper demonstrates that the proposed system can provide a reliable communication channel for practical speller applications and may be used to supplement existing systems.

This paper describes an optimization strategy for steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI), especially in a spelling program application. In this application, there are at least three components for implementing a complete BCI application: stimulator, signal processing, and application (spelling program). Ideally, those three components should run on different processing units in order to obtain optimum performance. But integrating those three components in one computer system also gives advantages: make it easier for the subject to concentrate and simplifies the system configuration. There are two main parts that need to be optimized: the flickering animation and the spelling system. When optimizing the flickering animation, we will focus on the display driver technology and programming aspects. The optimization of spelling system will be focused on the layout and representation of the letter matrix. We tested our program on several computers for the following parameters: frequency range, frequency resolution, and frequency stability. It can be concluded that using a computer monitor as the stimulator, the maximum synthesizable stimulator frequency is always half of its minimum refresh-rate, no matter which software technology is applied (DirectX or OpenGL). The maximum synthesizable frequency of up to 30 Hz with frequency resolution 0.11Hz is achieved. We have tested our system on 106 subjects during CeBIT 2008 in Hannover, Germany. Mean accuracy for the spelling system is 92.5%. Therefore, the optimization strategy described here led to a stable and reliable system that performed effectively across most subjects without requiring extensive expert help or expensive hardware.

Brain-computer interface speller system design from electroencephalogram signals with channel selection algorithms

English spelling has a reputation for being notoriously difficult to learn, whether for native speakers of English or for those who learn it as an additional language. An additional problem for EFL learners is that there are two somewhat different systems to choose between: the British system and the American one. As Bondesen (2004: 4) points out, ‘although the two spelling systems are much more similar than they are different, there is variation between them.’ (For surveys of some of the main differences see Trudgill & Hannah, 1994; Carney, 1997.) The spelling discrepancies between the two varieties are systematic, and originate in large part from American spelling reform as a symbol of ‘linguistic independence’ (Knowles, 1997), and from the work of early American linguists such as Benjamin Franklin and Noah Webster. The aim of this article is to investigate the spelling preferences of English users in a few regions outside Britain and the United States, and to establish whether any clear patterns of regional variation are discernible.

This research presents a dataset consisting of electroencephalogram and eye tracking recordings obtained from six patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a locked-in state and one hundred seventy healthy individuals. The ALS patients exhibited varying degrees of disease progression, ranging from partial mobility and weakened speech to complete paralysis and loss of speech. Despite these physical impairments, the ALS patients retained good eye function, which allowed them to use a virtual keyboard for communication. Data from ALS patients was recorded multiple times at their homes, while data from healthy individuals was recorded once in a laboratory setting. For each data recording, the experimental design involved nine recording sessions per participant, each corresponding to a common human action or demand. This dataset can serve as a valuable benchmark for several applications, such as improving spelling systems with brain-computer interfaces, investigating motor imagination, exploring motor cortex function, monitoring motor impairment progress in patients undergoing rehabilitation, and studying the effects of ALS on cognitive and motor processes.

ABSTRACTIn the production of written German, the spelling system and the writing process are distinct but interdependent. The system of spelling depends upon the writing process for its manifestations; the process of writing depends upon the spelling system for its substance.

ABSTRACTBackground: Studies on the nature of processing within the spelling system have provided evidence for interactivity, where activation between levels of processing flows bidirectionally. In particular, activated letters at the level of the graphemic buffer feed activation back to the lexicon. As a consequence lexical neighbours are activated, which in turn reactivate the graphemic buffer, supporting target selection and leading to an effect of orthographic neighbourhood size in spelling. As a consequence of this feedback, treating words with many neighbours may be more beneficial, and generalisation may be more likely to occur.Aims: The current study aimed to further examine this interactivity, and in particular the role of orthographic neighbourhood size in both treatment effects and generalisation, in the treatment of two individuals with acquired dysgraphia. Two phases of copy and recall treatment were conducted to investigate if orthographic neighbourhood size modulates treatment effects: in the first phase, treated words had no orthographic neighbours, in the second phase, treated words had many neighbours. Untreated control sets were used to investigate the influence of neighbourhood size on potential generalisation across items.Main Contribution: Results showed that treated items improved, however neighbourhood size did not significantly influence the size of the treatment effect for either participant, and no clear evidence was found for generalisation to untreated items.Conclusions: It is argued that (1) the amount of feedback from the buffer to the lexicon was reduced in the participants in this study, and consequently the treated items provide insufficient activation to orthographic neighbours or (2) the effect of feedback from neighbours is small compared to effects of treatment, resulting in similar results for treated words with and without neighbours.This study informs the relationship between spelling impairment and effects of treatment. Furthermore, the absence of generalisation emphasises the importance of choosing functionally relevant items for treatment.

Objective. Brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies have been intensely studied to provide alternative communication tools entirely independent of neuromuscular activities. Current BCI technologies use electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition methods that require unpleasant gel injections, impractical preparations and clean-up procedures. The next generation of BCI technologies requires practical, user-friendly, nonintrusive EEG platforms in order to facilitate the application of laboratory work in real-world settings. Approach. A capacitive electrode that does not require an electrolytic gel or direct electrode–scalp contact is a potential alternative to the conventional wet electrode in future BCI systems. We have proposed a new capacitive EEG electrode that contains a conductive polymer-sensing surface, which enhances electrode performance. This paper presents results from five subjects who exhibited visual or auditory steady-state responses according to BCI using these new capacitive electrodes. The steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) spelling system and the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) binary decision system were employed. Main results. Offline tests demonstrated BCI performance high enough to be used in a BCI system (accuracy: 95.2%, ITR: 19.91 bpm for SSVEP BCI (6 s), accuracy: 82.6%, ITR: 1.48 bpm for ASSR BCI (14 s)) with the analysis time being slightly longer than that when wet electrodes were employed with the same BCI system (accuracy: 91.2%, ITR: 25.79 bpm for SSVEP BCI (4 s), accuracy: 81.3%, ITR: 1.57 bpm for ASSR BCI (12 s)). Subjects performed online BCI under the SSVEP paradigm in copy spelling mode and under the ASSR paradigm in selective attention mode with a mean information transfer rate (ITR) of 17.78 ± 2.08 and 0.7 ± 0.24 bpm, respectively. Significance. The results of these experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using our capacitive EEG electrode in BCI systems. This capacitive electrode may become a flexible and non-intrusive tool fit for various applications in the next generation of BCI technologies.

This chapter discusses a significant body of research over the last several decades speaks to the issue of how this integration might occur. It explores the foundation for word study instruction through examination of the following topics: the spelling system or orthography of English; research into the development of orthographic knowledge; research investigating the efficacy of word study instruction; developmentally based word study instruction; and the teacher knowledge base necessary to support word study. The chapter also discusses the developmental nature of orthographic knowledge; orthographic development in other languages; and brain, genetic, and perceptual studies of orthographic knowledge. While this pattern detection with respect to orthography is largely tacit, the fact that this wiring exists has instructional implications because the nature of instruction will influence the perceptual component of word recognition during the reading process.

This paper reports on experiments of normalizing the 19th century Estonian parish court records. Converting the historical texts from old to contemporary spelling system, also known as normalizing, can be challenging in itself due to the fact that there was no single orthographic standard or if there even was, often the rules were not strictly followed, so there was a lot of variation in the texts. This paper also concentrates on the more specific issues related to Estonian as a morphologically rich language and presents the initial results of applying the character level statistical machine translation normalization on the parish court records from the 19th century. Morphological richness and the peculiarities of the old orthography can create the problem of ambiguity, which we attempted to solve using word bigrams instead of single words for training. Also, as the annotated training data is scarce and we assumed that more of it helps us obtain better results, we tested the idea to create the artificial additional training data, the so-called silver standard. The old texts which’s spellings were closest to modern Estonian were converted to the old spelling system, which is much simpler than the reverse process, and after that added to the training set.

3 Spelling systems

A number of values inform people’s decisions on how to spell their language. Sometimes these values conflict. For example, some may hold strongly to the value that a language should be spelled according to its sound system, while others prioritize the value that their language should be spelled as much as possible like the national language. Both values have been instrumental in shaping the orthography used in West Coast (WC) Bajau [bdr], spoken on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia. In 2004, a Bajau orthography workshop was held in Kota Kinabalu, involving some 30 WC Bajau leaders and educators. The decisions reached at this workshop have formed the basis of the current WC Bajau orthography. With the publication of the Bajau Sama – Malay – English Basic Dictionary last year (2017), more people are being exposed to the spelling system than perhaps ever before. In the present paper, some of the key features of the WC Bajau orthography will be discussed. These include: the representation of the glottal stop; the representation of the pepet vowel; the use of semivowels (‘y’ and ‘w’) vs vowels (‘i’ and ‘u’) in vowel glides; and the representation of long vowels. We shall consider how the Malay sound system and orthography have influenced the development of the WC Bajau orthography. We shall also examine how the WC Bajau orthography differs from the spelling systems used in other Sama Bajau languages such as Mapun, Central Sama, and Southern Sama, languages which are much more influenced by Filipino/Tagalog than Malay since they are spoken mostly in the Philippines. Keywords: orthography, West Coast Bajau, Mapun, Central Sama, Southern Sama