高雄市「客語生活學校」之政策「執行過程」分析

This article examines the role of enterprise policy and R&D subsidy schemes in supporting high-tech Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises, by examining a case study of South Korea. A qualitative approach is used to analyse the perspectives of three stakeholder groups, entrepreneurs, national policymakers and policy-practitioners (including street-level bureaucrats working in bodies directly supporting the SMEs), based on semi-structured interviews with 35 participants. The findings suggest, first, that there was a mismatch in the conceptualizations of entrepreneurship, with policymakers and policy-practitioners focusing on entrepreneurship as the event of starting-up a business and entrepreneurs more on innovation. Second, while all groups feel the policy was beneficial, policymakers and policy-practitioners argue it was necessary to have a strict implementation process so-as-to deliver the subsidy fairly across many SMEs. In contrast, entrepreneurs considered such stringent and complicated policy implementation, and policy discontinuities, as impeding the R&D performance of SMEs. Third, although perspectives varied, all believed that flexibility in the policy implementation process is required to improve policy efficacy. The study highlights the critical role of “bottom-up” policy approaches to improve policy efficacy; especially policy-practitioners’ interactions and networking with entrepreneurs in the policy development and implementation processes. This study contributes to understanding the roles and perspectives of stakeholder groups in developing and implementing enterprise policies.

Taking “Seven-Surname Property-Owning Ancestral Worship Association of Tik-tsam-sia”(hereafter as SPAWA) as the subject of research, the purpose of this project is to explore the historical development process of this organization as well as the experience of ethnic identity among members of this organization. Based upon above examination, this project also aims to sort out the typology of ethnic identity among Plains Aborigines of Tik-tsam-sia, and to describe the dynamic mechanism that shapes these specific types of ethnic identity. The Austronesian people was originally the only master that dwelled in the island of Taiwan. Starting from the 17th century, due to the ethnic contact and interaction with Hoklo and Hakka, these people were gradually assimilated and lost their identity as the master eventually. Not until the new era of “Post-Martial-Law” was coming, did there occur an opportunity for the Taiwanese Aborigines, including members of Tik-tsam-sia, to search for their identity. What on earth happened to the Plains Aborigines of Tik-tsam-sia in the last few centuries? How the future development goes? These are the major problematics probed in this study. The major research questions are stated as follows: 1). What is the historical evolution process of Tik-tsam-sia? How the members of the SPAWA develop a change on identity? 2). During different historical stages, what are the role and function of the SPAWA in keeping solidarity among her members? 3). What is the life history narrative in connection with “ethnic experience” presented by the descendents of SPAWA by way of in-depth interview? 4). Based upon above narrative, what is the “status/type” of ethnic identity of these interviewees? 5). In terms of the generation mechanism, in which way could we explain the aforementioned “status/type” of ethnic identity, especially the Plain Aborigines identity? I would answer the first two questions in Chapter Two and responded the third question in Chapter Three. In terms of the forth as well as fifth questions, I would discuss in Chapter Four. As for the research design is concerned, three methods --- document study, in-depth interview, and participant observation --- are adopted in this study. First of all, I would use document study to comprehend the history of Tik-tsam-sia. Then, in-depth interview is adopted to explore the ethnicity-relevant narratives stated by the member of SPAWA. Finally, participant observation is applied while taking part of the worship activity held by Tik-tsam-sia for getting a grip on her cultural patterns and meaning. The findings of this research are stated in the following way: 1). To some extent, the history of Tik-tsam-sia could be understood as an epitome of destiny of Taiwanese Aborigines. Following professor Shih-chung Hsieh’s framework, the history of ethnic contacts of Taiwanese Aborigines could be divided into four stages --- the stage of being the only master, the stage of being one of the masters, the stage of being conquered, and the stage of ready-to-disappear. 2). In terms of the function and role of SPAWA (and her forerunner), during the Qing era, it was basically a place for rent collection and ancestral worship. After entering the Japanese era, SPAWA was formally established and played a significant role in keeping solidarity among her members. 3). Almost all of the interviewees know their “aboriginal” roots and express their identity as both Plain Aborigines and Hakka at the same time. However, in public situations, there are still quite a number of them, declare their Hakka identity only, due to the stigmatized nature of their aboriginal identity. 4). The interviewees from different surnames demonstrate different degree of attachment toward their “aboriginal” identity. While some give equal weight to both Hakka and Plain Aboriginal identity, some others give priority to their Hakka identity than the Plain Aborigines identity, and the others put emphasis on their Plain Aboriginal identity than the Hakka identity. There are a few who even only recognize their Hakka identity. Through the application of the “Continuum of Biracial Identity,” four types of ethnic identity are found in this study: (1). Plain Aborigines with Hakka origin; (2). Plain Aborigines/Hakka; (3). Hakka with Plain Aborigines; and (4). Hakka. 5). In the light of the “Political Process Theory” adopted from social movement literature, four factors are identified to explain the emergence of Plain Aboriginal identity among members of SPAWA --- broad socio-economic processes, expanding political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, and cognitive liberation. Keywords: Tik-tsam-sia, Plain Aborigines, Ethnic identity, Seven-Surname Property-Owning Ancestral Worship Association of Tik-tsam-sia (SPAWA), Political process theory

In the process of economical development in Taiwan, the agriculture had once played the key role as the mainstream industry. Agriculture provides food provisions which are indispensable for the people in Taiwan. And a lot of job opportunities have been created in the process of marketing agricultural products. However, due to the fact that the non-agricultural industries have developed rapidly, plus the vigorous development of international economics and trade, the industrial structure in Taiwan has been rebuilt. The agriculture can no longer hold its mainstream position and has been gradually replaced by the industry and commerce. The central government has started to promote the policy of fallow lands to follow the trend of industrial structure change in the current environment. The autarkic policy is replaced by the self-production and supply-demand balance of imports. The purpose is to reduce agricultural output and to guide the agricultural population to move on toward industry or commerce. However, implementing the policy of fallow lands has resulted in a lot of cultivated lands being left empty and deserted, the rural population aging, farmlands losing their vitality, and environment of rural areas being withered. In the recent years, because of the global warming, climates around the world have been extremely abnormal. Droughts and floods have intensified globally. Many major places of agricultural production have been influenced by climate changes and can no longer produce crops normally. Most of foods in Taiwan are imported and therefore this situation should be seen as a warning. The importance of the existence of local agriculture is once again being put under the spotlight. The Taipei County Government developed the “Agriculture-in-My-Mind” policy in 2009 in order to solve the negative situation caused by the policy of fallow lands, while seeing clearly the necessity of preserving production capacity for local agriculture due to the global warming, plus the unemployment caused by the economical tsunami in 2008. This policy aims to re-create vitality for unused farmlands and provide job opportunities to the citizens of Taipei County, by combining the issue of reactivating and reusing fallow lands and the issue of unemployment, to turn retirement from agriculture into engagement in agriculture. All policies are developed because of needs and expectation of ideals. However, they can not be made based on one single factor of demands. From having an idea for a policy to the establishment of that policy, considerations for political, economical, social, and environmental factors are usually involved, while historical backgrounds and the most suitable requirements now and in the future should also be taken into account. The political and economical thinking, vitality created by the policy, strategies developed for the policy, process of policy implementation, and usage of farmlands from the Agriculture-in-My-Mind policy by the Taipei County Government are of high research values and can be further explored.

A grave as the final journey of a person’s life, from a single grave for an individual to a collective grave for a family, explains the changes in the customs of ancestor veneration and the ways of tomb sweeping and worshipping. What is commendable is that when opening one page of the Hakka people’s history of the vicissitudes of life, through the deepening of the concept of ancestor veneration, the Hakka people still preserve the integrity of the descent. From making offerings to the ancestors generation after generation to collective worship by the entire clan, the construction of the family tombs in Meinong revives and unites the entire clan by memorizing the ancestors. Under the guidance of the predecessors, the centripetal force and cohesion of the family are formed. The construction of the family tombs solves the problem of the shortage of burial space, as well as eases the difficulties of traveling back and forth among the various cemeteries. Besides, the family members can have more time and space to gather together when the entire clan venerates their ancestors and sweeps the tombs collectively. On the other hand, the construction of the family tombs in Meinong also presents the power of the family as well as the competitive relationships among the members of the same clan; the explanations of the construction types of the family tombs imply the comparison of financial capability between various members of the same clan. The observations of the kitchens in Hakka residences (called yang-zhai) and the sites of the family tombs (called yin-ju) reveal that the grave has gradually got rid of the stereotypical impressions of gloom and horror it has left on people. The construction types of the family tombs are exactly the same as those of the kitchens. The family tombs are just like the micro-models of the main room and its entrance where both life space and death space are connected and where people are closely linked to the land. Thus, they reflect the descendants’ feelings of gratitude towards their ancestors.In its discussion, this research has included the on-site fieldwork, conducted with literature analysis, as well as participant observations and in-depth interviews that are methods of qualitative research. Take the ”Zhu Family Cemetery” in Meinong as an example - it describes the reasons for the construction of the family tombs in the Meinong Hakka area in details, discusses the history of the Zhu family’s moving to Taiwan and being engaged in cultivation, and states the reasons for the growth and diversification of the Zhu family, as well as its solidarity. In addition, it explores the construction type of the family tomb of the Zhu family cemetery and its cultural implications through literature review and on-site visits and interviews. This research focuses mainly on the veneration of ancestral tablets in the main hall and the grave worship for ancestor veneration to explain how Confucian culture has been internalized by the ordinary people in their beliefs, as well as the concern for humanities manifested in Confucian culture, in the religious beliefs of the small tradition.

To significantly reduce greenhouse gas, the Korean government announced an ambitious EV deployment plan in 2010. According to that plan, one millions EVs would be provided by 2020. However, the target of EV deployment was not achieved despite strong political support. As a result, the government modified the initial plan by reducing the target number of EVs from 1 million to 200,000. Many EV experts thought the issue arose from poor policy framework and implementation process. The purpose of this paper is to find relevant policy direction in Korea by comparing the policy formulation and implementation process between EU countries and Korea. Concerning policy formulation, we examined the legislation and planning process to know what to prepare for successful EV policy framework. And for the policy implementing process, we analyzed various incentive measures on how to stimulate the deployment of EV. With comparative research results EV policy implications are drawn.

Due to the systemic inequalities enduring in career progression pathways in the Irish higher education sector, the Athena SWAN Ireland Charter (ASIC), a gender equality accreditation program, is being implemented. Using a theoretical approach, blending insights from feminist institutionalism with literature on the role of narratives in policy implementation, this article reveals the complex nature of subjective engagement with policy implementation processes. This article discusses an empirical study of Athena SWAN Ireland Charter implementation across three purposively chosen Irish universities, interviewing 26 key institutional actors tasked with implementing the ASIC locally. Narrative themes emerging as dominant from the data include a lack of operational knowledge, desire for a nationally contextualized program, ambiguity, championing, “happy talk,” and identifying points of resistance. Literature on the role of narrative accounts highlighting a diversity of perceptions in policy and program implementation is strengthened by this study's findings. A feminist institutionalist lens highlight the gendered nature of the operationalization of the Charter work and the vague and detached “happy talk” engaged predominantly by senior men leaders. Findings from this empirical study highlight the importance of exploring the narrative accounts of key actors in order to gain a holistic understanding of the nuanced implementation process, beyond the normative assumptions inherent in the Charter implementation.

The research aimed: (1) to analyze the implementation process of PNPM Mandiri KP by adapting the Top-Down model from Pressman and Wildavsky. (2) to explain to what extent the achievements of output and outcome which were formulated in the Technical Guidelines of PNPM Mandiri KP brought about by the factors of attitudes of the counterparts, the quality of human resources as the executors, the program coordination and control. The research was conducted at Buru Regency and Central Moluccas Regency, Moluccas Province. This was descriptive research with a case study approach. Informants were determined based on the program executors, i.e. the Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands of the Ministry of Marine and Fishery, Offices of Marine and Fishery, Moluccas Province, Buru Regency, and Central Moluccas Regency, and the related instances. Whereas the informants from the recipient community group were determined by purposive. The research data were analyzed qualitatively. The research result is formulated in three propositions i.e.: (1) the implementation process of the public policy can create changes, either the behavior of the social, economic, and cultural status towards the implementation in the field or the target group is determined by the policy context and content included in the policy document. (2) The policy implementation process with the long bureaucracy range will tend to fail when the internal and external coordination is not fully understood and performed consistently by the policy executors. (3) The top-down policy implementation will be successfully applied if it can be interpreted and adapted based on the local condition where the policy is carried out. Moreover, the research also recommends an implementation model of the public policy which is adapted from Pressman and Wildavsky.

In the previous chapters, we looked for explanations for why some countries have successfully responded to EU-driven gender equality policies while others have not. The changes that have taken place in the region have been drastic in some areas and more marginal in others. Nevertheless, it is evident that at least in general terms the process of adoption and implementation of the policies under study has triggered some response in the domestic arena, driven during the accession process by the desire for membership. The gender issues, such as reconciliation policy, that in the very early years of transition from communism in Central and Eastern Europe were mostly seen as part of the communist regime agenda have continuously gained more attention and legitimacy in the public political arena in the later stages of democratization. Novel legislative changes have been the most noticeable effects of EU membership in post-communist countries. Despite criticisms that the laws have been passed in a symbolic manner to satisfy the EU requirements, the establishment of a gender legal basis in Central and Eastern Europe presents an aperture for domestic actors to take action and induce the implementation of public policies on behalf of women’s interests. That is why in this book, the process of implementation in addition to the process of adoption is scrutinized in order to shed light on the actions of non-state actors as well as governmental institutions to implement legal measures that can alter the status of women in the society.

BackgroundDespite growing literature, few studies have explored the implementation of policy interventions to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Even fewer studies explicitly articulate the theoretical approaches used to understand contextual influences on policy implementation. This under-use of theory may account for the limited understanding of the variations in implementation processes and outcomes. We share findings from a study exploring how a health system-level policy intervention was implemented to improve maternal and child health outcomes in a resource limited LMIC.MethodsOur qualitative multiple case study was informed by the Normalization Process Theory (NPT). It was conducted across eight districts and among ten health facilities in Uganda, with 48 purposively selected participants. These included health care workers located at each of the cases, policy makers from the Ministry of Health, and from agencies and professional associations. Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews to understand uptake and use of Uganda’s maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response (MPDSR) policy and were inductively and deductively analyzed using NPT constructs and subconstructs.ResultsWe identified six broad themes that may explain the observed variations in the implementation of the MPDSR policy. These include: 1) perception of the implementation of the policy, 2) leadership of the implementation process, 3) structural arrangements and coordination, 4) extent of management support and adequacy of resources, 5) variations in appraisal and reconfiguration efforts and 6) variations in barriers to implementation of the policy.Conclusion and recommendationsThe variations in sense making and relational efforts, especially perceptions of the implementation process and leadership capacity, had ripple effects across operational and appraisal efforts. Adopting theoretically informed approaches to assessing the implementation of policy interventions is crucial, especially within resource limited settings.

BackgroundMaternal immunization is a key strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases in mothers and their newborns. Recent developments in the science and safety of maternal vaccinations have made possible development of new maternal vaccines ready for introduction in low- and middle-income countries. Decisions at the policy level remain the entry point for maternal immunization programs. We describe the policy and decision-making process in Kenya for the introduction of new vaccines, with particular emphasis on maternal vaccines, and identify opportunities to improve vaccine policy formulation and implementation process.MethodsWe conducted 29 formal interviews with government officials and policy makers, including high-level officials at the Kenya National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, and Ministry of Health officials at national and county levels. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. We analyzed the qualitative data using NVivo 11.0 software.ResultsAll key informants understood the vaccine policy formulation and implementation processes, although national officials appeared more informed compared to county officials. County officials reported feeling left out of policy development. The recent health system decentralization had both positive and negative impacts on the policy process; however, the negative impacts outweighed the positive impacts. Other factors outside vaccine policy environment such as rumours, sociocultural practices, and anti-vaccine campaigns influenced the policy development and implementation process.ConclusionsPublic policy development process is complex and multifaceted by its nature. As Kenya prepares for introduction of other maternal vaccines, it is important that the identified policy gaps and challenges are addressed.

Nowadays, the analysis of the process of public policy implementation is an extremely important issue in political science. Policy failure means that the policy cannot play its due role. It means the waste of resource input, and it also means that it will have a negative impact on society. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the nation united to wage a people’s war, a general war, and a resistance war, all under the direction of the Party Central Committee. Simultaneously, as the COVID-19 pandemic is being tackled, some policies are being developed that contradict the basic policy’s idea, or the policy is being implemented differently. The phenomena of “absolute zero clearing” “layer-by-layer plus code” and “one-size-fits-all” have contributed to the policy’s failure and prevented it from having the desired impact. Therefore, it is particularly important to study why the epidemic prevention and control policy will fail. Based on Smith’s policy implementation model, this paper comprehensively analyzes the reasons for the failure of the new coronavirus prevention and control policy from four influencing factors: idealized policy, implementing agency, target group and implementation environment, and puts forward corresponding solutions and optimization paths, in order to provide reference for China’s public policy research and policy practice.

This research aims to investigate the dynamics of processes and interactions among actors in the implementation of inclusive education policy within junior high schools. This study used a multi-case study. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, observation, document analysis, and examination of audiovisual resources. Data were analyzed through the transcript of the result of data interview, observation notes field, and video recordings as well as document, creating idea general sense, data codification, creating themes, and data interpretation. Research findings show that the implementation process of inclusive education policy in schools is influenced by variations in ideology, values, culture, and the distinct qualities of each institution both public and private schools. The headmaster plays a crucial role in implementing successful inclusive education policies. There is no difference in any institution's philosophy, values, culture, and features. Referring to the findings of the studies show that the implementation of a policy throughout institutions cannot be similar due to their distinct backgrounds. For the future researcher, it is recommended that further research should focus on policy efforts to improve teacher training, increase funding, and enhance community awareness to build an inclusive educational environment for all students.

Typical quantitative evaluations of public policies treat policies as a binary condition, without further attention to how policies are implemented. However, policy implementation plays an important role in how the policy impacts behavioral and health outcomes. The field of policy-focused implementation science is beginning to consider how policy implementation may be conceptualized in quantitative analyses (e.g., as a mediator or moderator), but less work has considered how to measure policy implementation for inclusion in quantitative work. To help address this gap, we discuss four design considerations for researchers interested in developing or identifying measures of policy implementation using three independent NIH-funded research projects studying e-cigarette, food, and mental health policies. Mini case studies of these considerations were developed via group discussions; we used the implementation research logic model to structure our discussions. Design considerations include (1) clearly specifying the implementation logic of the policy under study, (2) developing an interdisciplinary team consisting of policy practitioners and researchers with expertise in quantitative methods, public policy and law, implementation science, and subject matter knowledge, (3) using mixed methods to identify, measure, and analyze relevant policy implementation determinants and processes, and (4) building flexibility into project timelines to manage delays and challenges due to the real-world nature of policy. By applying these considerations in their own work, researchers can better identify or develop measures of policy implementation that fit their needs. The experiences of the three projects highlighted in this paper reinforce the need for high-quality and transferrable measures of policy implementation, an area where collaboration between implementation scientists and policy experts could be particularly fruitful. These measurement practices provide a foundation for the field to build on as attention to incorporating measures of policy implementation into quantitative evaluations grows and will help ensure that researchers are developing a more complete understanding of how policies impact health outcomes.

This paper aims at providing a theoretical and empirical discussion on the concept of pedagogisation which derives from the hypothesis of a new era of ‘totally pedagogised society’ in Basil Bernstein’s work. The article is based on empirical research on higher education policy, with a focus on the implementation of curriculum change policy in French universities. Observations provided by this research show that current orientations of policy, such as efficiency-oriented policy discourses and quality-assurance mechanisms, entail social effects on the organisation of work in universities towards pedagogisation, that is the positioning of the University itself and of its agents into pedagogic relations. Pedagogisation refers to the establishment of a certain type of social relation which involves an attempt to modify the sociocognitive and practical frameworks of social agents engaged in practice. The paper argues that the concept proves to have a descriptive potential in how power relations and social control operate within processes of policy implementation. First, it provides understanding of how categories of reform circulate from official policy discourse to local practices. Second, it enables to consider consequences on communication and social relations between agents/agencies, especially in regards to the conditions of their participation and contribution in the construction of the higher education debate.

Multilevel governance is theorized to facilitate effective policy implementation by encouraging the use of local knowledge and expertise, enabling the participation of non‐government actors, and capitalizing on the coordinating and sanctioning authority of centralized governments. Whether a particular multilevel governance arrangement achieves this, however, depends in part on the degree to which it enables coordination among governmental and non‐governmental actors representing different levels and jurisdictions. Using a comparative case study of education governance reform in the United States, this study investigates how differences in state policy implementation approach impact the structure and mode of coordination in multilevel governance systems and considers the effects this has on policy implementation processes. The results indicate that a state's implementation approach impacts coordination by structuring how different levels of government interact, share information, and influence policy. Specifically, variation in the structure of the central governing agency directly enables or restricts the influence of bottom‐up coordination from lower levels of government. The results also highlight the theoretical limitations of current binary structure models of multilevel governance (i.e., centralized vs. decentralized, top‐down vs. bottom‐up, hierarchy vs. network) for capturing important nuances in policy coordination. These findings advance the understanding of policy coordination in multilevel governance systems and inform the design of institutional arrangements that balance trade‐offs in centralization and the delegation of authority across governance systems during policy implementation.