Крымский период жизни Басана Городовикова

The article examines the forms and methods of the Nazi occupation authorities’ struggle against the partisan movement on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia. From the very first days of the occupation of the region, the German occupation bodies and services paid considerable attention to the development of the most effective forms and methods of combating the partisan movement. The fight against the partisan movement was based on a variety of reconnaissance work: aviation and combat reconnaissance, visual observation, intelligence intelligence work. Agent cadres were trained in special training centers (courses and schools) created by the German special services. Another form of struggle against the partisan movement was the organization and training of pseudo partisan detachments. Committing crimes under the guise of partisans against the civilian population, pseudo-partisan units discredited the partisans in the eyes of the civilian population, thereby depriving the resistance movement of social support and support. The study noted that the most massive and brutal method of fighting the partisan movement was punitive operations aimed at eliminating partisan detachments and brigades, seizing food, mass destruction and seizure of civilians for subsequent forced labor. It is shown that under the guise of fighting partisans, the Nazis punished not only adults, but also children and adolescents. To fight the partisan movement, the invaders also used agitation and propaganda work. Orders were regularly posted in public places urging the population to fight the partisans. A special place was occupied by anti-partisan agitation in the periodicals. Under the occupation, the forms and methods of fighting the resistance movement against the Nazi regime were constantly improved taking into account the gaining practical experience of the struggle by the invaders.

The article deals with some issues of the struggle of partisans behind enemy lines during the Great Patriotic War. Due to the large expanses of the USSR, railway communications during the war years became particularly important for supplying the Eastern Front of Germany. The task of the partisan detachments was to interrupt the railway communication and weaken the troops of the Germanfascist invaders, and thereby contribute to the strategic operations of the Red Army. The article names several heroes of the partisan movement, including Far Easterners.

The formation of the partisan units in the rear of the advancing Nazi troops and the establishment of resistance in the first months of the Great Patriotic War were led by the party and Soviet authorities, intelligence departments and political administrations of the Red Army fronts and USSR state security agencies. As some leaders of the first partisan detachments noted, there was an abundance of organisers, but in reality the resistance was literally stuck at the beginning of the war. The paper studies the development and operation of the central headquarters of the partisan movement, its cooperation with the Red Army and state security agencies with the aim of improving the leadership and the effectiveness of intelligence, sabotage and combat operations of partisan units in occupied Soviet territories during the Great Patriotic War. The author points out deficiencies that existed in the organisation of the partisan resistance and draws conclusions about the positive role of the central headquarters of the partisan movement in the organisation and management of combat efforts behind enemy lines.

Introduction. During the Great Patriotic War, in the general context of a significant mass volunteer movement of Soviet people, the volunteer movement of the Don Cossacks arose and developed quite actively. It manifested itself in various organizational and structural forms as common, in the form of the voluntary entry of the Don Cossack men and women into fighter battalions, regular and irregular military units, partisan detachments, and special in the form of separate volunteer Cossack cavalry divisions.Materials and Methods. Documents and materials containing information on various aspects of the volunteer movement during the Great Patriotic War in the Rostov Region were identified, analyzed and used. Various research tools are used: complex and multifactorial approaches, descriptive, comparative-historical and historical-systemic methods.Results. The participation of the Don Cossacks in the volunteer movement during the Great Patriotic War was very significant. The Cossack volunteer movement began almost immediately after the outbreak of war. In the Don villages, at numerous rallies of local residents, resolutions were adopted calling on the Cossacks to enlist in the ranks of volunteers of the people’s militia. Two Cossack cavalry divisions were formed from the Don Cossack volunteers. During the war, fighters of Don volunteer Cossack units and formations demonstrated personal courage and bravery, high morale and level of combat training, sustained power and response to orders, were awarded a great number of military orders and medals.Discussion and Conclusion. The volunteer movement of the Don Cossacks was considered in a number of monographic studies and scientific articles devoted, in general, to the study of events during the Great Patriotic War on the Don and the participation of its inhabitants in the war. In historiography, there are also some works in which some aspects of the formation of Cossack regular and volunteer military units were studied. In this study, on the basis of a complex and multifactorial approach, a comprehensive analysis of the participation of the Don Cossacks in the volunteer movement during the Great Patriotic War as part of special Cossack cavalry formations was carried out.

Modern warfare has changed the understanding of strategy, tactics, and the use of new types of equipment, both in terms of operational-tactical actions and new technologies in military systems. The emergence of UAVs of various types has enabled their use not only on the battlefield but also deep behind enemy lines. However, to achieve parity with the adversary in military operations, it is necessary to ensure the rapid implementation of innovations in the development of new military equipment, with the ability to scale and mass-produce the required volume of weaponry. Therefore, research on establishing a new set of design activities that will reduce the development the life cycle (LC) of military equipment development is relevant. The subject of the study is the development of analytical and simulation models that make it possible to analyze and plan the necessary project activities to reduce the LC of high-tech products (UAVs). The purpose of the study is to create a set of mathematical and simulation models that enable the formation of a new product architecture, the optimization of key project indicators, and defining project activities aimed at LC reduction under limited capabilities. The tasks addressed include: systematically analyzing the LC of developing a high-tech product with a focus on its reduction; creating a new method for forming the product architecture using a component-based approach; establishing parallel design processes that will ensure LC reduction; optimizing the time, cost, and risks of project activities under resource constraints; modelling of the proposed activities for LC reduction in the development of a high-tech product (UAV). The research utilizes a range of mathematical methods and models, including: system analysis for establishing the sequence of project activities that ensure LC reduction; a model of component-based representation of the new product architecture; a method for selecting a rational design variant using lexicographic ordering; a model for optimizing time and cost under acceptable project risks; agent-based simulation of the sequence of project activities to ensure LC reduction for new equipment development. The following results were achieved: a system representation of project activities for LC reduction was proposed; a component architecture of the new product was substantiated; the basic architecture was adapted to the requirements of developing new equipment; a set of possible design variants for creating new equipment was generated, with the selection of a rational one; time and cost optimization was conducted within acceptable levels of project risk; and a simulation of the sequence of project activities was performed. Conclusions: the proposed approach makes it possible to justify project activities for reducing the development LC of new equipment, enabling the rapid production of relevant systems under the special conditions of the country. The scientific novelty of the approach lies in the scientific justification of project activities for LC reduction using a component-based method and the parallel execution of design processes, which ensures the rapid development of military equipment and enables the mass production of relevant systems for the frontline.

Introduction. The article presents the reasoning for the need to create special educational conditions for students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the process of learning of natural science, particularly physics, in primary school. Based on an analysis of scientific publications, it examines the psychosocial characteristics and special educational needs of this category of students at the basic general education level. It sets the special conditions for conducting lessons and practical work in physics, as well as the conditions for assessment procedures in the implementation of the Federal Working Program (FWP) in basic general education "Physics" for students with ASD.Materials and Methods. The study is based on a systematic activity-based approach that underpins the education of children with disabilities, particularly students with ASD. The research materials include scientific publications reflecting the psychosocial development features and special educational needs of children with ASD in primary school. The research method involved the analyses of scientific publications and regulatory documents, particularly the adapted educational program for this category of students. The results of the analysis of scientific publications were summarized and structured in several areas, allowing for the formalization and sequential presentation of special educational conditions for studying natural science by students with ASD at the basic general education level.Results. Based on the analysis of the psychosocial development features and special educational needs of students with ASD at the basic general education level, special conditions for conducting lessons and practical work with this category of students in primary school physics classes have been identified and set. The description of special educational conditions is structured into the following sections: spatial-temporal conditions, material and technical conditions, educational and didactic conditions, psychological-pedagogical conditions, and staffing conditions. Special conditions for conducting assessment procedures in the implementation of the Federal Working Program (FWP) in basic general education "Physics" for students with ASD are described in the same systematic manner.Discussion and Conclusions. The article defends the necessity of creating special educational conditions when studying natural science, particularly physics, in primary school for students with ASD, even if they possess specific giftedness in the field of natural sciences. The special educational conditions are described and systematized in several sections, which will facilitate their implementation in the practical activities of physics teachers. The article discusses the prospects of research related to the testing of the identified set of special educational conditions and the expert evaluation from practitioners—physics teachers working in inclusive primary school settings.

When the Wehrmacht rolled into the Soviet Union in World War II, it got more than it bargained for. Notwithstanding the Red Army's retreat, Soviet citizens fought fiercely against German occupiers, engaging in raids, sabotage, and intelligence gathering - largely without any oversight from Stalin and his iron-fisted rule. Kenneth Slepyan provides an enlightening social and political history of the Soviet partisan movement, a people's army of irregulars fighting behind enemy lines. These insurgents included not only civilians - many of them women - but also stranded Red Army soldiers, national minorities, and even former collaborators. While others have documented the military contributions of the movement, Slepyan is the first to describe it as a social phenomenon and to reveal how its members were both challenged and transformed by the crucible of war. By tracing the movement's origins, internal squabbles, and evolution throughout the war, Slepyan shows that people who suddenly had the autonomy to act on their own came to rethink the Stalinist regime. He assesses how partisan initiative and self-reliance competed with and countered the demands of state control and how social identities influenced relations among partisans, as well as between partisans and Soviet authorities. Slepyan has tapped newly opened Soviet archives, as well as wartime radio broadcasts and Communist Party publications and memoirs, to depict the partisans as agents actively pursuing their own agendas. His book gives us a picture of their day-to-day struggle that was previously unknown to all but those few who personally survived the experience, paying special attention to questions of nationality, ethnicity, and gender to illuminate the sociopolitical relations within this diverse group. Through these varied accounts, he demonstrates that Soviet citizens reinterpreted Stalinism and the Soviet experience in the context of total war. Offering numerous fresh insights into the partisans' multifaceted relationship with the state, Slepyan's book reveals the ways in which the war simultaneously reinforced and undermined both Stalinism and the Soviet system. Ultimately, his study rescues the Soviet partisans from obscurity to depict the complexity of their lives and underscore their vital contributions to the defense of their homeland.

The article examines the level of development of physical qualities and formation of motor skills and abilities of future female officers of the National Police units during their studies at a higher education institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with specific study conditions. Future female officers of the 1st-2nd courses of study (n=68) of the Lviv State University of Internal Affairs participated in the study. Two groups were formed: the first group included 1st-year university cadets (n=32), the second group included 2nd-year cadets (n=36), respectively. The study was conducted over the course of a year and was divided into 4 stages, during which control and verification classes were planned with the aim of studying the level of development of physical qualities and the formation of motor skills and abilities of future female officers of the National Police. Research methods: analysis of literary sources, pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, methods of mathematical statistics. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the practical verification of the effectiveness of the current system of physical training of future female officers of the National Police units in the process of training at a higher education institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with specific training conditions. According to the results of the study, the insufficient level of physical fitness of future female officers of the National Police units was revealed, which may not allow them to effectively engage in professional activities and, in the future, perform official tasks as assigned. In addition, negative dynamics in the development of physical qualities and the formation of motor skills and abilities of female cadets already in the 2nd year of study are noted. The most pronounced regression was found in the development of strength qualities (complex strength exercise) and endurance of future female officers (1000 m run).

The article examines the level and dynamics of indicators of the physical state of cadets who engaged in sambo wrestling during their studies at higher education institutions with specific training conditions. 60 cadets (male) of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, aged 19-22, who were studying in senior courses (III and IV years) took part in the research. The cadets who additionally practiced in the sambo wrestling classes were included in the experimental group (EG, n=25), and their peers who did not attend additional sports classes - in the control group (CG, n=35). The study of the physical state was carried out according to indicators of physical development (height, body weight, vital capacity, hand dynamometry) and functional capabilities of the cadets' body (pulse rate, blood pressure, duration of pulse recovery after standard exercise). Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical observation, testing, experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. It has been established that results of EG cadets were significantly better than CG cadets for all studied indicators. At the end of the experiment, the EG cadets had significantly better than those of CG, indicators of body weight - for 2.2 kg, hand dynamometry - for 3.1 kg, pulse rate - for 0.7 bpm, pulse recovery time - for 4,5 s. This testifies to the effectiveness of additional classes in sambo wrestling, not only for the formation of professional skills and abilities in the application of police coercive measures, but also for improving the physical state of future law enforcement officers.

Relevance. Currently, the problem of forming optimal emotional states in police officers to perform their official duties, especially in special conditions and emergency situations, requires careful study by specialists in the field of psychology. In connection with the special military operation, the growth of destructive social changes, there is a need for the ability to use modern psychotechnologies to form optimal emotional states in crisis situations. The basis for the ability to withstand crisis situations are such personal qualities as stress resistance, self-control, self-control of behavior, adaptability, adequate self-esteem. In combination, the listed qualities perform regulating and accompanying functions throughout the life of a police officer. Problem. Despite the importance of optimizing the emotional state of an employee, there is a certain lack of systematism in scientific research aimed at studying professionally important competencies in the emotional-volitional sphere of the subject, and therefore the task of systematizing psychological tools is one of the most key and urgent. The purpose of this article is to analyze the possibilities of the process using training technologies to optimize the emotional state of police officers to form psychological readiness for successful action in crisis situations. Research methods: analysis and systematization of scientific and psychological literature on the topic of the study; questionnaires; methodology for diagnosing the degree of readiness for risk by A.M. Schubert, A. Beck anxiety scale, Spielberg-Khanin anxiety self-assessment scale; comparative analysis of study groups; statistical methods of data processing. Conclusions. Police officers who purposefully and consciously use methods of optimizing functional states based on the activation of psychological resources are more effective in performing official tasks, less conflictual and asocial, more committed to organizational requirements.

Problem statement. Construction is one of the most important sectors of the national economy, ensuring the creation and reconstruction of buildings and structures and infrastructure facilities. In modern construction, there are constant changes in building structures made of various materials; spatial planning and design solutions for industrial buildings; rational design and operating conditions of building structures and buildings and structures; improvement of technology and organization of construction processes related to the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures and their complexes, in particular in special conditions; design of technological processes and organization of construction production using modern information support and computer technology; comprehensive mechanization and automation of construction processes. There are also changes in the planning and organization of construction work, due to the introduction of building information modeling technologies in combination with artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Installation work is a leading complex process in the construction of buildings, the quality and durability of the building's operation will depend on the characteristics of its execution. In this regard, research devoted to the issues of variant design of the organization of installation of structures of single-story buildings of industrial enterprises depending on production conditions is relevant and timely. The purpose of the work: development of scientifically based recommendations regarding the system of factors that determine the specifics of the technology and organization of installation of structures during the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings. The formulated goal necessitated the solution of the following tasks: analysis of foreign and domestic experience, legislative acts, regulatory documents on the performance of works on the installation of industrial building structures during the reconstruction of existing industrial enterprises; analysis of the features of architectural, spatial planning and constructive solutions of industrial buildings and the conditions of production of works during the reconstruction of industrial buildings; to substantiate the system of factors that have a decisive influence on the duration, cost and labor intensity of the reconstruction of industrial single-story buildings. The object of research: the process of installing structures of single-story industrial buildings during the reconstruction of existing enterprises. The subject of the research: architectural, spatial planning and structural solutions of industrial one-story buildings; organizational and technological solutions for the production of installation works during the reconstruction of existing enterprises. Research methods: analysis and generalization; systems theory and systems analysis; modeling of production processes, methods of organizational and technological modeling. Practical significance of the results obtained: the results of the work performed can be used in creating models for predicting the values of technical and economic indicators (duration, cost, labor intensity) of projects for the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings. Main part. Substantiation of the system of factors that reflect the features of architectural, spatial planning and constructive solutions of industrial buildings and the specifics of the conditions for the production of works during the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings and have a decisive influence on the duration, cost and labor intensity of the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings to compare alternative organizational and technological solutions for the reconstruction of industrial buildings and choose the most rational one, various technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of construction work are used. Conclusions. To predict the values of technical and economic indicators within the existing resource and time constraints, a set of factors has been formed that influence the duration, cost and labor intensity of the reconstruction of industrial single-story buildings. Taking into account the complex influence of factors that reflect the features of the construction master plan, spatial planning decisions, design decisions, and the performance of installation and dismantling works will allow making informed decisions regarding the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings. With the involvement of experts, 10 out of 20 factors were identified that reflect the specifics of the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings and determine the effectiveness of organizational and technological solutions (duration, cost, labor intensity). To create models for predicting the values of technical and economic indicators of projects for the reconstruction of industrial one-story buildings, quantitative values of factors that have the greatest impact on technical and economic indicators were obtained.

Importance. Modern society is becoming more and more complex and it is necessary to educate its citizens in the spirit of high morality, attentiveness to neighbors, respect for the law and readiness for the needs of their country. Respect for the transmitted knowledge, training in ethical and moral behavior, taking care of health, putting personal life in order will lead to the fact that teenagers will be more willing to prepare for military duty and easier to perceive difficulties in execution their military duties. Consequently, pedagogical support for the formation of teenagers’ readiness for military duty is an urgent and very important task in modern conditions. Pedagogical support for the formation of teenagers’ readiness for military duty can be achieved by conducting special classes in schools, as well as in military camps, where teenagers receive military tactical training skills, and professional military instructors can conduct special classes and trainings that will not only strengthen physical health, but also help them learn how to live and work in special conditions. Research methods. Based on the analysis of interdisciplinary literature and advanced experience on the problem of pedagogical support for the formation of readiness of adolescents for military duty; generalization, comparison, systematization, observation, analysis of school activities; the possibilities of pedagogical support that complement modern scientific ideas about the effectiveness of the formation of readiness of adolescents for military duty in educational organizations are revealed. Results and Discussion. The possibilities of pedagogical support are revealed, complementing modern scientific ideas about the effectiveness of the formation of teenagers’ readiness for military duty in general education organizations from the perspective of the main trends of modern school education (patriotism, citizenship, responsibility for the present and future of the country, the native land and their own destiny). Conclusion. The strategies of pedagogical support for the formation of teenagers’ readiness for military duty and the corresponding tactics that contribute to the theory of the organization of the educational process in modern Russian secondary schools are substantiated.

The purpose of the article is to identify the pedagogical potential of the educational process aimed at students’ intercultural competence forming and development. Intercultural competence can be defined as an adequate interaction between communication participants belonging to different cultures. The research methods used were: theoretical analysis of scientific publications; questionnaires; statistical processing of survey data; analysis of students ' educational activities. An example of a modeled communicative situation has been the project work on the topic "Intercultural communication" developed by the authors basing on the material of the "Foreign language", "Foreign language in the field of law" disciplines. Basing on the research results the authors of the article arrive at the conclusion that in order to develop a student's personality and form his / her intercultural competence, special conditions must be observed: to teach a foreign language in an inextricable connection with the norms of behavior in the country of the language being studied; to use simulated communicative situations; to deepen background knowledge. The theoretical and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the results of the research will allow to create curricular and methodological materials complexes being implemented in classroom and extracurricular forms of work and allowing students to form and develop intercultural competence.

Chapter 3 - Research on laboratory combination flooding experiment digitization

شرایط اقلیمی به عنوان یکی از عوامل اصلی در شکل گیری بلوم جلبکی در اکثر نواحی دریاچه‌ای، دریایی و اقیانوسی دنیا مطرح است. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، شناسایی الگوهای نقشه ای اقلیمی در زمان توسعه و گسترش جلبکی در سطح دریا و تعیین شرایط اقلیمی آن می‌باشد. داده‌های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق شامل فشار هوا در تراز 1000 و 500 هکتوپاسکال، باد مداری و نصف النهاری و قائم، درجه دمای هوا و آب، کلروفیل است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش به صورت الگوی محیطی به گردشی بوده است. برای انجام این تحقیق ابتدا زمان شکل گیری بلوم جلبکی تعیین و سپس عناصر اقلیمی همزمان با آن نقشه سازی شدند و در ادامه نیز تحلیل و نتیجه گیری انجام گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که در زمان شکل گیری بلوم جلبکی بر روی خزر جنوبی، الگوی نقشه ای فشار هوا به صورت یک سامانه پرفشار با تداوم زمانی زیادی دیده می‌شود و منشا اصلی این پرفشار بر روی اقیانوس اطلس در حوالی پرفشار جنب حاره آزور قرار دارد. الگوی وزش باد به تبع این الگوی فشار در جهت عقربه ساعت برروی منطقه در حال گردش است. همچنین جریانات عمودی هوا حاکی از آن است که در حوالی جنوب غربی خزر نزول ضعیفی از هوا دیده می‌شود.