熱門運動漫畫的符號學觀點—以《灌籃高手》為例

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted various aspects of life, including sports. This study explores the impact of the pandemic on sports confidence among college athletes, focusing on differences across gender and sports disciplines. Objective: To assess the level of sports confidence among male and female athletes and basketball players, and to evaluate how confidence varies between these groups post-COVID-19. Methods: An electronic survey was administered to 100 college athletes (50 athletes and 50 basketball players) from University of Kerala and Mahatma Gandhi University. The survey, using the Sports Confidence Inventory Questionnaire, measured nine subscales of sports confidence. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0, with independent t-tests applied to determine differences in sports confidence levels between genders and sports disciplines. Results: The analysis revealed that overall sports confidence did not significantly differ between male and female athletes across most subscales (p> 0.05). However, there were notable differences between athletes and basketball players. Basketball players exhibited higher confidence in several subscales, including Mastery, Physical and Mental Preparation, and Coach’s Leadership. Environmental Comfort and Situational Favorability were also higher among basketball players. Conclusion: The study highlights the resilience and adaptability of college athletes during the pandemic, emphasizing the importance of sport-specific factors in shaping sports confidence. These insights can aid coaches and educators in developing targeted interventions to support athlete confidence in future crises.

The basketball match only needs simple place, a hoop, more than of two people, can reach sports with match result easily. In addition, the basketball match way changes variously, so no matter large small-scale, schools at all levels of the city suburb, popularizing should do a job with skill and ease. I do analysis of relevant materials, put in order through the analytic approach of documents and interview law, in order to understand Jiou Qiyu present situations of mini basketball sport development of primary school, and the advantage and predicament of its development, regarded as the reference of future development of basketball sports of primary school and put several main points in order out from studying as follows: 1. In Jiou Qiyu factors that basketball team of primary school study well, strong casts of teachers and sufficient administrative resource of offering of the school, is for being most important. 2. Jiou Qiyu predicaments that development faces at present of primary school, is when other schools promote the basketball to move to develop too, how solve, it is the important subject faced at present the same problems faced. In order to answer these questions, I sum up several suggestions: 1. Ministry of Education should assess the basketball movement development plan again, pays attention to the popularization of sports of basketball at the basic level. 2. The governments at all levels should increase basketball sports and develop the funds, subsidize every school and promote basketball sports, handle relevant contests. 3. Unblocked sports talents enter a higher school in the irrigation ditch, enable students with the specialized personnel to continue developing. 4. Build and ask sports of all counties and cities to be known, train basketball coach talents in a large amount, disseminate a basketball of sport seed personnel. 5. The school should take sport marketing actively, introduce enterprises and enter the campus, improve the communal participation will.

Is playing sports some kind of ritual? In sports we found certain repetitive moves, such as ”free throws” in basketball games, ”ball servings” in tennis, and ”shooting” in archery, but what do all these repetitive, fixed, and technical related moves do? Why do some scholars name these ”repetitive moves” with a religious term ”ritual”? Do raise the national flag or ignite the Olympic torch in sports event also relate to rituals? This research intended to figure out the existence and function of sport rituals, furthermore to find out what content and categories sport rituals contain. Lastly, to identify whether playing sport can be a ritual within life. This paper generally based on the structure of ”Separation-Transition-Incorporation” in ”Rites of passage” by Arnold van Gennep, and following researches done by Victor Turner. From the microscopic view of ”free throw ritual” to the macroscopic view of ”Sport Ritual,” by using the same structure of Separation-Transition-Incorporation, this research examined the impact of ”Liminality” and its insight. This paper reveals the existence of ”The Sport Ritual,” and could be put into two categories, namely ”Ritual of Techniques” and ”Ritual of Culture Representation.” The moves of free throw and shooting can be the examples of the former ritual, while the latter would be raising national flag before the game. Furthermore, The Ritual of Cultural Representation could be recognized as ”Cohesion Ritual,” ”Symbol Ritual” and ”Violence Ritual” etc. The answer to whether playing sport can be a ritual within life is certain; people go to gym regularly just as going to church every Sunday. Though the feeling, place, and content are quite different, but in terms of the rhythm of life and the effect as life rituals like wedding or funeral, playing sport has indeed became new ritual in modern life. The key concept is that through participating sport people can break the social norms and gap between races, culture, age, gender, and social class. Taking Hawaii triathlon for example, people from different ages, races, social status can all attend it. Thus it signifies the value of playing sport.

Sporting industry is no longer a brand new notion for the world. It has a history of more than 250 years. This concept dates back to the 1750s when the noblemen in Britain started a jockey club. Owing to the well social effect, the mechanism resulted from the corporate governance and the related rules and regulations it had adopted, the developing mode was soon followed by other enterprises, which is so-called the origin of the sporting industry. In a modern era when globalization and multi-polarization serve as the mainstream, the interaction between countries and the influence of sub-national actors, like non-governmental organization, multinational company, interest group have all been put on the front stage. In addition, the border between countries is starting to fade away, followed by the emergence of new issues, like drug, global crime, epidemics. The world is gradually stepping in an era called “global governance”, characterized by the cooperation between individual and system, public and private institution and the sport industry also follows up this big trend in terms of huge public-private investments, geometrically expanding professionalism, advanced management culture applied activities as well as in the mega events connected. China, a new emerging power, has already focused much on sport industry considering the opening of 2008 Beijing Olympics, the successful bidding for 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the development of professional leagues like CBA (Chinese basketball association), CSL (Chinese Super League), and the ever increasing sport-related enterprises. However, we cannot ignore that problems still exist. So this paper aims at making an analysis of Chinese sport industry under the framework of global governance in four aspects: sports sponsorship, sport media, professional sport and major sports events.

Owing to the establishment of Chinese Basketball Alliance, the people all have passion for playing basketball. Yulon Basketball Team, which wins the golden championship in the beginning of Chinese Professional Basketball Match, has founded for the longest time. The motive and goal of this research is not only to describe its process of transforming from an amateur team to a professional one, but also to find out the background of its foundation and the summary of its development. The historical method of investigation and survey are used in this study. We also work hard to collect all relative data. After sorting out and analysing the data, we can clearly figure out the cause of foundation of the team and the situation of its development from 1965 to 1994. The founder of Yulon car-manufacture Limited Company Ching-ling Yan set up Yulon Basketball team in 1965 to respond to” the Sports of Whole People”. At that time, basket ball was very popular and was also a flourishing activity in Taiwan. In previous years of its establishment, the team has sound organization and perfect system Moreover, they laid stress on the relationship of the group. Consequently the prizes went to them for five times in the provincial league matches. So they won the most championships and broke the record. At the commencement of the league match, Yulon Basketball team wan unconquerable Though once perform anced badly. We found three reasons for the rise and fall of their behavior: 1. The limitation of development of players themselves. 2. The coatch's arrangement of the team and the applications of strategies. 3. The leaders of the enter prise pay much attention to them plus the fan's passion and encouragement. The average age of the players is too high and over emphasis of the main players are their fatal disadvantages. So to reunite the abilities of the players will be the key point toapprove. It tends to manage spcially and has division of organization in addition to recruiting more capable players as the team transforms to professional basketball one. They attach much importance on their image. They also promote their image well. As long as they can build up their own style, they surely would get great mark and make their mark.

Introduction In interactive team sports, athletes constantly take behavioral decisions in situationally constrained contexts. Ecological perspectives assume that situational cues guide these decisions. Social-cognitive approaches posit that athletes consider internally stored information to complement ecological information. In line with these notions, significant effects of situational information and associative knowledge on passing decisions in Soccer have been found (Steiner, 2015). The aim of this study was to test the existence of similar effects in Basketball. Methods Three Basketball teams (N = 38, M = 23.47 years, SD = 6.41) playing in the third regional league of the ProBasket Association participated in the study. For each team, graphic illustrations of ten offensive game situations taken from championship games served as stimulus material. Participants took the perspective of the person on the ball and indicated which of six predefined acts (shooting [option A], penetration towards the basket [B], passes to each of four team members [C to F]) would be their first, second, and third choice respectively. Two measures representing situational constraints in regard to each act were calculated: The amount of defensive coverage by opponents and the openness of the area required to perform an act. Furthermore, participants rated all team members on six items covering Basketball-relevant abilities. The ratings were used to calculate measures of associative knowledge. A variable representing personal (for options A and B) and team members’ (options C to F) overall competency and one representing (personal and team members’) situation-relevant competency were computed. Ordinal regressions were calculated to estimate the effects of the ecological context and associative knowledge on the participants’ decisions. Results Results showed significant effects of defensive coverage (β = 1.084, p < 0.001) and the openness of the area required to perform the act (β = 1.086, p < 0.001). The harder a specific act was defended, the lower the chances that this option would be chosen. Chances for an act increased with more space available for its performing. There was no effect of the participants’ overall competency rating of the person involved in an act (self-ratings for options A, B; other-ratings for options C to F; β = -0.496, p = 0.222). A significant effect of the situation-relevant competency ratings on decision making was found (β = 1.009, p < 0.001). Pseudo R2 measures for the model were .116 (Cox & Snell) and .127 (Nagelkerke). Discussion/Conclusion The study supports previous findings regarding the importance of ecological informers and associative knowledge in the decision making processes of interactive team sports. Implications for further research are to specify more ecological variables and clusters of associative knowledge and to test their effects on decision making in sports.

Most team sports are characterized by positions to which the players in a team are assigned. The goal of this classification is to attribute specific responsibilities during a game. Moreover, the same classification drives the buying and selling of players according to team managers and coaches strategies. The existing positions - often defined a long time ago - tend to reflect traditional points of view about the game and sometimes they are no longer well-suited to the new concepts arisen with the evolution of the way of playing. This paper focuses on basketball and aims at describing new roles of players during the game, by means of the analysis of players' performance statistics with data mining and machine learning tools. In detail, self-organizing maps and fuzzy clustering procedures are adopted in tandem to define groups of players with similar way of playing. The results show that, when considering the modern basketball players' statistics, classical positions are not able to fully represent their way of playing, and a new set of 5 roles emerges as a meaningful classification of players' characteristics.

We consider the problem of dynamically rating sports teams based on the categorical outcome of paired comparisons such as win, draw and loss in football. Our modelling framework is the cumulative link model for ordered response, where latent parameters represent the strength of each team. A dynamic extension of this model is proposed with close connections to nonparametric smoothing methods. As a consequence, recent results have more influence for estimating current abilities than results in the past. We highlight the importance of using a specific constrained random walk prior for time--changing abilities which guarantees an equal treatment of all teams. Estimation is done within an extended Kalman filter type approach. An additional hyperparameter which determines the temporal dynamic of the latent team abilities is chosen based on optimal one-step-ahead predictive power. Alternative estimation methods are also considered. We apply our method to the results from the German football league ``Bundesliga'' 1996/97 and to the results from the American National Basketball Association (NBA) 1996/97.

During the last decades, Physical Education has been passing through many changes, especially after the 80’s, with the increasing of the discussions and the elaboration of new proposals related to its objectives, approaches and contents. However, studies have been showing that little has been done on the teaching practice in some places of this country. So, this research tried to analyse the contents dealt on the Physical Education’s classes, on the first series of the Ensino Fundamental, on 6 public schools in Campo Grande-MS. It was an exploratory study, adopting the sistematized observation as research technique. The results show that, although there is a diversification of the teaching contents, the traditional coletive sports (futsal, volleyball, handball and basketball) were predominant on the majority of te schools and classes. The traditional games also appeared as very well approached. It could be concluded that, having a diversification of possibilities of body experience on the Physical Education classes, the group sports have priority, even on the first series of the Ensino Fundamental.

This research intent to know condition of medium and prasarana is sport and health physical education at SMP Country one Purwareja Klampok's district Banjarnegara's Regency school year 2012 / 2013. Method that is utilized in this research is quantitative. Approaching that is utilized gets analisis's descriptive character. This observational type is observational survey. This observational population is all SMP Country One Purwareja Klampok's district that total 3 schools . Sample took by samplings totaled tech and result sample as much 3 SMP. Methodic data collecting that digunkan is methodic questionnaire or kuesioner, observation method, method documents, and interview's method. Base observational result to be known that medium average and prasarana for branch sporting athletic with presentase 65.04%, basketball (44.00%), football (54.76%), for volleyball (53.57%), badminton (73.91%), gymnastics (50.00%), school health (55.34%).Of research and study result gets to be concluded that medium and prasarana penjasorkes at SMP Country One Purwareja Klampok's district Banjarnegara's regency adequately is equal to Penjasorkes's learning.

Date My Car is an online program which is sponsored by iQIYI in 2012. It aims at letting people make friends through the media of cars. Women from 20 to 35 years old as well as men over 20 years old with their cars are all qualified for participation. In the program, the female guests may infer the male guests’ characters and interests through their cars’ brands, price, appearance as well as the cars’ internal decorations. Through this method, the female ones may find their Mr. Rights. In this case, car, which is only a plain vehicle, is put on the position where it can show a person’s inner world. Its brand, price, color, style and targeting consumers, even the decoration and small objects in it, all become the most essential aspects concerning the owner’s taste and his appearance. This article analyzes such phenomenon based on the Semeiotics raised by Roland Barthes and the theory of symbol consumption put forwarded by Jean Baudrillard. Besides, it analyses some feasible methods to make the automotive advertising more attractive in the above mentioned program with theories of Semeiotics and ideological advertisements. Keywords—Semeiotics; symbol consumption; car; Date My Car; ideological advertisements; signifier; signified I. THE CAR FORMS A PERSON’S EXTRINSIC IMAGE Every person has his or her own extrinsic features including the bodily features like height, face, hair style and so on. Meanwhile, the extrinsic features of a person also involve the dressing style, decoration as well as the to-carry-goods etc. One’s image is essential for self-expression because the information it passes forms the first impression he/she leaves on others in interpersonal communications. Each extrinsic feature like dress and hair style has its special meaning. Telephones and cars are all the more so. For a person living in an era where style and individuality are valued, showing his or her distinctive style as well as personality with the extrinsic features has become quite fashionable. Nowadays, with the population of automobiles, the car has become an important element constituting a person’s extrinsic image. When girls judge a man, they will, in many cases, take “car possession” as a reference of his qualification for being a husband. Moreover, the price, color, model, brand as well as its decorations are all for their consideration. II. AUTOMOBILES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILIP KOTLER’S THEORY OF “STAGE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR” The famous marketer Philip Kotler divided all the consuming behaviors into three basic stages. Stage one is the consumption of quantity, namely, people will buy what they can afford and what they are accessible to. Stage two is the consumption of quality, namely, they will buy what is good in quality and special in style. Stage three is the consumption of mental satisfaction which emphasizes the mental experience and interpersonal communication. Whether the consumption happens or not depends on the consumers’ personal preference. During such process,the psychological value wins functional value. Therefore, it is strictly consumption of feeling rather than wholly perceptual consumption. People’s consumption patterns have been post-modernized in today’s wealthy and prosperous society. The consumption of automobiles in such a special era has stepped into stage three with the cars’ popularization and the overspread of automotive advertising. When people purchase cars, they value not only the cars’ function but also the mental satisfaction the cars can bring. III. AUTOMOBILES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ROLAND BARTHES’S SEMEIOTICS AND JEAN BAUDRILLARD’S THEORY OF “SYMBOL CONSUMPTION”

Editor's Spotlight/Take 5: Growth Plate Alteration Precedes Cam-type Deformity in Elite Basketball Players (DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2740-6)

Youth basketball player's experience, enjoyment and burnout levels in recreational and specialization context

Physicians have long been closely allied with competitive sports. In 157 AD, Galen served as a physician to Greek gladiators.(1) Severe musculoskeletal trauma certainly shortened the careers of ancient pugilists who survived their matches. However, modern gladiators-from pick-up basketball players to football professionals-often get to "play another day" because of advances in orthopedic surgery, particularly those of the last 30 years.

Self-shadowing is an important factor in the appearance of hair and fur. In this paper we present a new rendering algorithm to accurately compute shadowed hair at interactive rates using graphics hardware. No constraint is imposed on the hair style, and its geometry can be dynamic. Similar to previously presented methods, a 1D visibility function is constructed for each line of sight of the light source view. Our approach differs from other work by treating the hair geometry as a 3D density field, which is sampled on the fly using simple rasterization. The rasterized fragments are clustered, effectively estimating the density of hair along a ray. Based hereon, the visibility function is constructed. We show that realistic selfshadowing of thousands of individual dynamic hair strands can be rendered at interactive rates using consumer graphics hardware.