裕隆籃球隊發展之研究(1965~1994)

The basketball match only needs simple place, a hoop, more than of two people, can reach sports with match result easily. In addition, the basketball match way changes variously, so no matter large small-scale, schools at all levels of the city suburb, popularizing should do a job with skill and ease. I do analysis of relevant materials, put in order through the analytic approach of documents and interview law, in order to understand Jiou Qiyu present situations of mini basketball sport development of primary school, and the advantage and predicament of its development, regarded as the reference of future development of basketball sports of primary school and put several main points in order out from studying as follows: 1. In Jiou Qiyu factors that basketball team of primary school study well, strong casts of teachers and sufficient administrative resource of offering of the school, is for being most important. 2. Jiou Qiyu predicaments that development faces at present of primary school, is when other schools promote the basketball to move to develop too, how solve, it is the important subject faced at present the same problems faced. In order to answer these questions, I sum up several suggestions: 1. Ministry of Education should assess the basketball movement development plan again, pays attention to the popularization of sports of basketball at the basic level. 2. The governments at all levels should increase basketball sports and develop the funds, subsidize every school and promote basketball sports, handle relevant contests. 3. Unblocked sports talents enter a higher school in the irrigation ditch, enable students with the specialized personnel to continue developing. 4. Build and ask sports of all counties and cities to be known, train basketball coach talents in a large amount, disseminate a basketball of sport seed personnel. 5. The school should take sport marketing actively, introduce enterprises and enter the campus, improve the communal participation will.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the differences between football players and basketball players in the mean absolute values ​​of maximum torque flexors and extensors, ratio of maximum hamstring torque to maximum quadriceps torque dominant (DOM) non-dominant (ND) leg and differences in bilateral imbalance of flexor muscles and knee extensors.
 Material and methods: The research included a sample of 39 professional athletes. The first subsample included 19 professional basketball players while the second subsample included 20 professional soccer players.
 Results: Based on the results of the torques of the extensors in the knee joint of the DOM and ND legs, it was established that there is no statistically significant difference between basketball players and football players. However, a statistically significant difference was found in the torque flexors of the knee joint DOM (p≤0.01) and ND (p≤0.00) of the leg between basketball players and football players. On the other hand, the results of the research indicate that the difference between basketball players and football players in the ratio of Hamstrings peak torque to Quadriceps peak torque was recorded only in the ND leg (p≤0.02), while the difference in the DOM leg is not statistically significant. The results of our study indicate that basketball players have a higher percentage of imbalances compared to football players, especially in m. hamstrings.
 Conclusion: This study provides normative data on populations specific to soccer and basketball, but does not provide evidence of the ability of the isokinetic assessment of lower extremity muscle strength to predict injuries to football players and basketball players.

Introduction In interactive team sports, athletes constantly take behavioral decisions in situationally constrained contexts. Ecological perspectives assume that situational cues guide these decisions. Social-cognitive approaches posit that athletes consider internally stored information to complement ecological information. In line with these notions, significant effects of situational information and associative knowledge on passing decisions in Soccer have been found (Steiner, 2015). The aim of this study was to test the existence of similar effects in Basketball. Methods Three Basketball teams (N = 38, M = 23.47 years, SD = 6.41) playing in the third regional league of the ProBasket Association participated in the study. For each team, graphic illustrations of ten offensive game situations taken from championship games served as stimulus material. Participants took the perspective of the person on the ball and indicated which of six predefined acts (shooting [option A], penetration towards the basket [B], passes to each of four team members [C to F]) would be their first, second, and third choice respectively. Two measures representing situational constraints in regard to each act were calculated: The amount of defensive coverage by opponents and the openness of the area required to perform an act. Furthermore, participants rated all team members on six items covering Basketball-relevant abilities. The ratings were used to calculate measures of associative knowledge. A variable representing personal (for options A and B) and team members’ (options C to F) overall competency and one representing (personal and team members’) situation-relevant competency were computed. Ordinal regressions were calculated to estimate the effects of the ecological context and associative knowledge on the participants’ decisions. Results Results showed significant effects of defensive coverage (β = 1.084, p < 0.001) and the openness of the area required to perform the act (β = 1.086, p < 0.001). The harder a specific act was defended, the lower the chances that this option would be chosen. Chances for an act increased with more space available for its performing. There was no effect of the participants’ overall competency rating of the person involved in an act (self-ratings for options A, B; other-ratings for options C to F; β = -0.496, p = 0.222). A significant effect of the situation-relevant competency ratings on decision making was found (β = 1.009, p < 0.001). Pseudo R2 measures for the model were .116 (Cox & Snell) and .127 (Nagelkerke). Discussion/Conclusion The study supports previous findings regarding the importance of ecological informers and associative knowledge in the decision making processes of interactive team sports. Implications for further research are to specify more ecological variables and clusters of associative knowledge and to test their effects on decision making in sports.

The viewpoint of semiology which the most popular sport comics,instanced by《Slam Dunk》 Abstract Of all kinds of comics, the sport comics is the most popular one for children and teenagers. According to statistics, among 116 domestic research papers studying comics, only 7 concentrate on sport comics. This paper, therefore, aims to use paradigm and syntagm in the semiology to find the symbol of 《Slam Dunk》. Moreover, this paper studies the possibility of applying the Saussure’s point of view that semiology is constituted by signifier and signified and Roland Barthes’s mythology as far as this subject is concerned. The study found out that using the plot as paradigm, and the entire image in the comics as the syntagm, the symbol of each character will stand out. The symbol of a specific character is represented by his wear and hair style. For example, the short-cut hair style signified well- disciplined and obedient. Loose and non-sleeve sportswear with short sport pants and sport shoes are specially designed for basketball players. The number of sportswear for each basketball player implies his position and age in the team. Number 4 is a number for a team leader. The wear of the coach in the sport comics represent his professional ability. In the famous Japanese sport comics, Slam Dunk, all its characters, scene and plot have some special attraction to the readers like that of a myth. Each role represents some outstanding sportsman spirit like the Japanese martial arts, sport confidence, athlete’s identity, and heroic character. The mythological meaning of the scene in that comic signified the precious human value of cooperation and help for each other, the struggle between emotion connection, space and power. As for the plot, victory, friendship, endeavor, and trust are the main themes. Also packed in the plot are individualism vs. group consciousness, sport morals and ethics, immoral conflict which is a challenge to basketball age culture. All is absolutely realistic and under the global influence of the NBA impact. These elements created by comic authors enable the hearts of the readers and watchers to be closely tied. The myth inside Slam Dunk actually creates a myth for sport comics. The writer of this paper wishes that the results of this study will guide a new research direction for future sport comic researchers. Key words: sport comics, semiology, mythology, Slam Dunk

Sporting industry is no longer a brand new notion for the world. It has a history of more than 250 years. This concept dates back to the 1750s when the noblemen in Britain started a jockey club. Owing to the well social effect, the mechanism resulted from the corporate governance and the related rules and regulations it had adopted, the developing mode was soon followed by other enterprises, which is so-called the origin of the sporting industry. In a modern era when globalization and multi-polarization serve as the mainstream, the interaction between countries and the influence of sub-national actors, like non-governmental organization, multinational company, interest group have all been put on the front stage. In addition, the border between countries is starting to fade away, followed by the emergence of new issues, like drug, global crime, epidemics. The world is gradually stepping in an era called “global governance”, characterized by the cooperation between individual and system, public and private institution and the sport industry also follows up this big trend in terms of huge public-private investments, geometrically expanding professionalism, advanced management culture applied activities as well as in the mega events connected. China, a new emerging power, has already focused much on sport industry considering the opening of 2008 Beijing Olympics, the successful bidding for 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the development of professional leagues like CBA (Chinese basketball association), CSL (Chinese Super League), and the ever increasing sport-related enterprises. However, we cannot ignore that problems still exist. So this paper aims at making an analysis of Chinese sport industry under the framework of global governance in four aspects: sports sponsorship, sport media, professional sport and major sports events.

Most team sports are characterized by positions to which the players in a team are assigned. The goal of this classification is to attribute specific responsibilities during a game. Moreover, the same classification drives the buying and selling of players according to team managers and coaches strategies. The existing positions - often defined a long time ago - tend to reflect traditional points of view about the game and sometimes they are no longer well-suited to the new concepts arisen with the evolution of the way of playing. This paper focuses on basketball and aims at describing new roles of players during the game, by means of the analysis of players' performance statistics with data mining and machine learning tools. In detail, self-organizing maps and fuzzy clustering procedures are adopted in tandem to define groups of players with similar way of playing. The results show that, when considering the modern basketball players' statistics, classical positions are not able to fully represent their way of playing, and a new set of 5 roles emerges as a meaningful classification of players' characteristics.

We consider the problem of dynamically rating sports teams based on the categorical outcome of paired comparisons such as win, draw and loss in football. Our modelling framework is the cumulative link model for ordered response, where latent parameters represent the strength of each team. A dynamic extension of this model is proposed with close connections to nonparametric smoothing methods. As a consequence, recent results have more influence for estimating current abilities than results in the past. We highlight the importance of using a specific constrained random walk prior for time--changing abilities which guarantees an equal treatment of all teams. Estimation is done within an extended Kalman filter type approach. An additional hyperparameter which determines the temporal dynamic of the latent team abilities is chosen based on optimal one-step-ahead predictive power. Alternative estimation methods are also considered. We apply our method to the results from the German football league ``Bundesliga'' 1996/97 and to the results from the American National Basketball Association (NBA) 1996/97.

Given its fast-growing popularity and unique on-court competitive demands, 3 × 3 basketball has captured a considerable amount of attention over recent years. However, unlike research focused on studying 5 × 5 basketball players, there is a lack of scientific literature focused on examining countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and sprint performance characteristics of 3 × 3 athletes. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare force-time metrics during both eccentric and concentric phases of the CMJ and acceleration and deceleration capabilities between 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 top-tier professional male basketball athletes. Ten 3 × 3 and eleven 5 × 5 professional basketball players volunteered to participate in the present study. Upon completion of a standardized warm-up, each athlete performed three maximum-effort CMJs, followed by two 10 m sprints. A uni-axial force plate system sampling at 1,000 Hz was used to analyze CMJ force-time metrics and a radar gun sampling at 47 Hz was used to derive sprint acceleration-deceleration measures. Independent t-tests and Hedge's g were used to examine between-group statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) and effect size magnitudes. The findings of the present study reveal that 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 professional male basketball players tend to display similar neuromuscular performance characteristics as no significant differences were observed in any force-time metric during both eccentric and concentric phases of the CMJ (g = 0.061-0.468). Yet, prominent differences were found in multiple measures of sprint performance, with large effect size magnitudes (g = 1.221-1.881). Specifically, 5 × 5 basketball players displayed greater average and maximal deceleration and faster time-to-stop than their 3 × 3 counterparts. Overall, these findings provide reference values that sports practitioners can use when assessing athletes' CMJ and sprint performance capabilities as well as when developing sport-specific training regimens to mimic on-court competitive demands.

Despite the high rate of lower limb injuries in basketball players, studies of the dominant-limb effect in elite athletes often neglect injury history. To determine lower limb explosive-strength asymmetries in professional basketball players compared with junior basketball players and control participants. Cohort study. Academic medical institution. 15 professional basketball players, 10 junior basketball players, and 20 healthy men. We performed an isokinetic examination to evaluate the knee extensor (Ext) and flexor (Fl) concentric peak torque at 60 degrees .s(-1) and 240 degrees .s(-1) and (Fl only) eccentric peak torque at 30 degrees .s(-1) and 120 degrees .s(-1). Functional evaluation included countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, 10-m sprint, single-leg drop jump, and single-leg, 10-second continuous jumping. Variables were compared among groups using analysis of variance or a generalized linear mixed model for bilateral variables. The 2 groups of basketball players demonstrated better isokinetic and functional performances than the control group did. No differences in functional or relative isokinetic variables were noted between professional and junior basketball players. Professional players with a history of knee injury failed to reach normal knee extensor strength at 60 degrees .s(-1). Knee Ext (60 degrees .s(-1)) and Fl (eccentric 120 degrees .s(-1)) torque values as well as 10-second continuous jumping scores were higher in those professional players without a history of knee injury than those with such a history. Compared with the group without a history of knee injury, the group with a history of knee injury maintained leg asymmetry ratios greater than 10% for almost all isokinetic variables and more than 15% for unilateral functional variables. The relative isokinetic and functional performances of professional basketball players were similar to those of junior players, with no dominant-side effect. A history of knee injury in the professional athlete, however, was reflected in bilateral isokinetic and functional asymmetries and should be considered in future studies of explosive strength.

The cardiovascular response to exercise has several variables but this study will be limited to the heart rate response, blood pressure response and predicted VO2 max. These variables are what this study will be utilizing to evaluate the fitness level of the participants. The purpose of this study was to estimate the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and compare the cardiovascular response of professional male football players and basketball players to Chester step bench test.A total of 100 athletes (50 football players and 50 basketball players) recruited through convenience sampling participated in the study. The research design was quasi experimental research design. The instruments used were heart rate monitor, electronic blood pressure monitor, 30cm Chester step, stop watch, mobile metronome version 1.2.4, height meter, bathroom scale. The V02max was estimated from HR recovery (HRrec) after 15seconds using the equation V02max=111.3-(0.42 xHRrec).Comparative analysis of the data was done using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics of independent t-test with alpha level of significance of 0.05. In the result, Significant differences were recorded between the VO2 max of football players 81.15kg/ml/min and basketball players 72.39kg/ml/min; heart rate 72.10bpm and 93.58bpm; systolic blood pressure 147.90mmHg and 142.46mmHg; while there was no statistically significant difference in their diastolic blood pressure 81.820mmHg and 81.020mmHg. The study showed that football players had significantly higher VO2 max (81.14±0.66 ml/kg/min), than the basketball players (72.38±0.78 ml/kg/min), indicating that football players had more aerobic capacity than basketball players. High VO2 max is the primary indicator of aerobic fitness, cardiovascular health, and endurance performance. Coaches of different football clubs and basketball clubs should take serious the matter of consistent training of their players to improve and avoid decline in their cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals should cultivate the habit of exercising in order to improve their cardiorespiratory fitness and minimize the risk of some diseases associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness.

The objective of this study is to analyze the NBA records of both the home and away teams for discussion of the ”home team advantage”. The results from 14,268 games of 29 teams during the 2000 to 2006 basketball seasons were used as analytical data for this study. After analyzing the data through descriptive statistics and Chi-square, the results of the study were: 1. The overall records of NBA home teams were distinctively better than that of away teams; there was a noticeable difference between the two. 2. Among the 29 NBA teams, there were only 4 teams that did not achieve 50% of home records, namely the Atlanta Hawks, Toronto Raptors, Chicago Bulls, and Golden State Warriors. All of the remaining 25 teams had exceeded 50% of home records. 3. The records for the NBA West Conference home teams were distinctively better than those of the East Conference; there was a noticeable difference between the two. 4. For post season games, the East Conference and West Conference both achieved obvious differences in home records; the West Conference was distinctively better than the East Conference. 5. For post season games, the winning rate of home teams was even higher and there was a noticeable difference between the home and away teams. 6. Despite being ranked as the top 5 NBA teams or last 5 NBA teams, all home team records were better than away team records; there was a noticeable difference between the two. According to results of abovementioned analysis, this study suggests that each NBA team should capitalize on their home team advantage and improve their own winning rate, as well as enhancing psychological factors of players, so as to diminish players' tendency to underestimate themselves when playing on their home court and lacking confidence when on an away court.

This study aims to explore the variations in external and internal loads on a quarter-by-quarter basis among professional Chinese basketball players. It emphasizes the crucial impact of these variations on optimizing athletic performance and match strategies. An observational longitudinal study design was employed, involving sixteen male players from the National Basketball League during the 2024 season in China. Data collection was facilitated through the use of Catapult S7 devices for measuring external loads and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) for assessing internal loads. Linear mixed-effects models were utilized for the statistical analysis to identify differences in workload intensities across game quarters based on player positions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between external and internal load throughout the game. The analysis uncovered significant positional differences in workload intensities across game quarters. Guards were found to have a higher PlayerLoad™ (PL) per minute in the first quarter, while centers demonstrated an increase in high-intensity accelerations and jumps in the fourth quarter. Furthermore, a significant moderate correlation between sRPE and PL was observed across all game quarters, indicating a link between physical exertion and athletes' perceptions of effort. The study offers new insights into the dynamic physical demands faced by basketball players and the importance of using both objective and subjective measures for a comprehensive assessment of athlete performance and wellbeing. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of physical exertion and athlete perception, providing a foundation for future research and practical applications in the field of basketball science.

Background: Improving our understanding of the situations and biomechanics that result in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in basketball players may support the design of more effective programs to mitigate the risk of injury. Purpose: To (1) describe the mechanisms, situational patterns, and gross biomechanics (kinematics) of ACL injuries in professional basketball matches using video analysis and (2) document the distribution of ACL injuries according to player position, phase of the match, and location on the court. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 38 ACL injuries in professional male European basketball leagues from the 2013-2014 to 2019-2020 seasons were identified. There were 36 (95%) injury videos analyzed for injury mechanisms and situational patterns, while biomechanical analysis was possible in 32 cases. Overall, 3 independent reviewers evaluated each video. Data according to player position (n = 38), phase of the match (n = 38), and location on the court (n = 36) were evaluated. Results: More injuries occurred while attacking (n = 25 [69%]) than defending (n = 11 [31%]). There was 1 (3%) direct contact injury, 21 (58%) indirect contact injuries, and 14 (39%) noncontact injuries. Most injuries (83%) occurred during 3 main situations: offensive cut (n = 17 [47%]), landing from a jump (n = 8 [22%]), and defensive cut (n = 5 [14%]). Injuries generally involved knee flexion (with minimal hip/trunk flexion and reduced plantarflexion) in the sagittal plane and knee valgus loading in most cases (75%). A similar number of injuries occurred during the first (53%) and second (47%) halves of the match, with a higher prevalence in the second (37%) and fourth (34%) quarters. Half of the injuries occurred during the first 10 minutes of effective playing time. More injuries occurred in guards (58%), and 73% of all injuries occurred in the scoring zone. Conclusion: Indirect contact was the main injury mechanism found in male professional basketball players. The offensive cut was the most common situational pattern. Biomechanical analysis confirmed a multiplanar mechanism, with knee loading in the sagittal plane accompanied by dynamic valgus. More injuries occurred in the first 10 minutes of a player's effective playing time, within the scoring zone, and among guards.

To quantify and compare the internal workloads experienced during the playoffs and regular season in basketball. A total of 10 professional male basketball players competing in the Italian first division were monitored during the final 6 weeks of the regular season and the entire 6-week playoff phase. Internal workload was quantified using the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) method for all training sessions and games. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (day type × period) was utilized to assess differences in daily s-RPE between game days, days within 24 hours of games, and days >24 hours from games during the playoffs and regular season. Comparisons in weekly training, game, and total workloads were made between the playoffs and regular season using paired t tests and effect sizes. A significant interaction between day and competitive period for s-RPE was found (P = .003, moderate). Lower s-RPE was apparent during playoff and regular-season days within 24 hours of games than all other days (P < .001, very large). Furthermore, s-RPE across days >24 hours from playoff games was different than all other days (P ≤ .01, moderate-very large). Weekly training (P = .009, very large) and total (P < .001, moderate) s-RPE were greater during the regular season than playoffs, whereas weekly game s-RPE was greater during the playoffs than the regular season (P < .001, very large). This study presents an exploratory investigation of internal workload during the playoffs in professional basketball. Players experienced greater training and total weekly workloads during the regular season than during the playoffs with similar daily game workloads between periods.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted various aspects of life, including sports. This study explores the impact of the pandemic on sports confidence among college athletes, focusing on differences across gender and sports disciplines. Objective: To assess the level of sports confidence among male and female athletes and basketball players, and to evaluate how confidence varies between these groups post-COVID-19. Methods: An electronic survey was administered to 100 college athletes (50 athletes and 50 basketball players) from University of Kerala and Mahatma Gandhi University. The survey, using the Sports Confidence Inventory Questionnaire, measured nine subscales of sports confidence. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0, with independent t-tests applied to determine differences in sports confidence levels between genders and sports disciplines. Results: The analysis revealed that overall sports confidence did not significantly differ between male and female athletes across most subscales (p> 0.05). However, there were notable differences between athletes and basketball players. Basketball players exhibited higher confidence in several subscales, including Mastery, Physical and Mental Preparation, and Coach’s Leadership. Environmental Comfort and Situational Favorability were also higher among basketball players. Conclusion: The study highlights the resilience and adaptability of college athletes during the pandemic, emphasizing the importance of sport-specific factors in shaping sports confidence. These insights can aid coaches and educators in developing targeted interventions to support athlete confidence in future crises.