職業運動主場優勢之研究－以美國國家籃球聯盟(NBA)為例

Introduction In interactive team sports, athletes constantly take behavioral decisions in situationally constrained contexts. Ecological perspectives assume that situational cues guide these decisions. Social-cognitive approaches posit that athletes consider internally stored information to complement ecological information. In line with these notions, significant effects of situational information and associative knowledge on passing decisions in Soccer have been found (Steiner, 2015). The aim of this study was to test the existence of similar effects in Basketball. Methods Three Basketball teams (N = 38, M = 23.47 years, SD = 6.41) playing in the third regional league of the ProBasket Association participated in the study. For each team, graphic illustrations of ten offensive game situations taken from championship games served as stimulus material. Participants took the perspective of the person on the ball and indicated which of six predefined acts (shooting [option A], penetration towards the basket [B], passes to each of four team members [C to F]) would be their first, second, and third choice respectively. Two measures representing situational constraints in regard to each act were calculated: The amount of defensive coverage by opponents and the openness of the area required to perform an act. Furthermore, participants rated all team members on six items covering Basketball-relevant abilities. The ratings were used to calculate measures of associative knowledge. A variable representing personal (for options A and B) and team members’ (options C to F) overall competency and one representing (personal and team members’) situation-relevant competency were computed. Ordinal regressions were calculated to estimate the effects of the ecological context and associative knowledge on the participants’ decisions. Results Results showed significant effects of defensive coverage (β = 1.084, p < 0.001) and the openness of the area required to perform the act (β = 1.086, p < 0.001). The harder a specific act was defended, the lower the chances that this option would be chosen. Chances for an act increased with more space available for its performing. There was no effect of the participants’ overall competency rating of the person involved in an act (self-ratings for options A, B; other-ratings for options C to F; β = -0.496, p = 0.222). A significant effect of the situation-relevant competency ratings on decision making was found (β = 1.009, p < 0.001). Pseudo R2 measures for the model were .116 (Cox & Snell) and .127 (Nagelkerke). Discussion/Conclusion The study supports previous findings regarding the importance of ecological informers and associative knowledge in the decision making processes of interactive team sports. Implications for further research are to specify more ecological variables and clusters of associative knowledge and to test their effects on decision making in sports.

We use a measure of home team advantage (HTA) that allows us to examine its relative strength across dissimilar sports leagues. Our metric confirms the widely reported existence of HTA. We control for relative team strength, thereby allowing comparisons across leagues. We find the strongest HTA in the National Basketball Association, followed by the National Football League and Major League Baseball in decreasing order.

Analysis of approximately 100 years of home-and-away South American World Cup matches illustrate that football competition at moderate/high altitude (>2000 m) favors the home team, although this is more than compensated by the likelihood of sea-level teams winning at home against the same opponents who have descended from altitude. Nevertheless, the home team advantage at altitudes above approximately 2000 m may reflect that traditionally, teams from sea level or low altitude have not spent 1-2 weeks acclimatizing at altitude. Despite large differences between individuals, in the first few days at high altitude (e.g. La Paz, 3600 m) some players experience symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) such as headache and disrupted sleep, and their maximum aerobic power (VO2max) is approximately 25% reduced while their ventilation, heart rate and blood lactate during submaximal exercise are elevated. Simulated altitude for a few weeks before competition at altitude can be used to attain partial ventilatory acclimation and ameliorated symptoms of AMS. The variety of simulated altitude exposures usually created with enriched nitrogen mixtures of air include resting or exercising for a few hours per day or sleeping approximately 8 h/night in hypoxia. Preparation for competition at moderate/high altitude by training at altitude is probably superior to simulated exposure; however, the optimal duration at moderate/high altitude is unclear. Preparing for 1-2 weeks at moderate/high altitude is a reasonable compromise between the benefits associated with overcoming AMS and partial restoration of VO2max vs the likelihood of detraining.

Most team sports are characterized by positions to which the players in a team are assigned. The goal of this classification is to attribute specific responsibilities during a game. Moreover, the same classification drives the buying and selling of players according to team managers and coaches strategies. The existing positions - often defined a long time ago - tend to reflect traditional points of view about the game and sometimes they are no longer well-suited to the new concepts arisen with the evolution of the way of playing. This paper focuses on basketball and aims at describing new roles of players during the game, by means of the analysis of players' performance statistics with data mining and machine learning tools. In detail, self-organizing maps and fuzzy clustering procedures are adopted in tandem to define groups of players with similar way of playing. The results show that, when considering the modern basketball players' statistics, classical positions are not able to fully represent their way of playing, and a new set of 5 roles emerges as a meaningful classification of players' characteristics.

Owing to the establishment of Chinese Basketball Alliance, the people all have passion for playing basketball. Yulon Basketball Team, which wins the golden championship in the beginning of Chinese Professional Basketball Match, has founded for the longest time. The motive and goal of this research is not only to describe its process of transforming from an amateur team to a professional one, but also to find out the background of its foundation and the summary of its development. The historical method of investigation and survey are used in this study. We also work hard to collect all relative data. After sorting out and analysing the data, we can clearly figure out the cause of foundation of the team and the situation of its development from 1965 to 1994. The founder of Yulon car-manufacture Limited Company Ching-ling Yan set up Yulon Basketball team in 1965 to respond to” the Sports of Whole People”. At that time, basket ball was very popular and was also a flourishing activity in Taiwan. In previous years of its establishment, the team has sound organization and perfect system Moreover, they laid stress on the relationship of the group. Consequently the prizes went to them for five times in the provincial league matches. So they won the most championships and broke the record. At the commencement of the league match, Yulon Basketball team wan unconquerable Though once perform anced badly. We found three reasons for the rise and fall of their behavior: 1. The limitation of development of players themselves. 2. The coatch's arrangement of the team and the applications of strategies. 3. The leaders of the enter prise pay much attention to them plus the fan's passion and encouragement. The average age of the players is too high and over emphasis of the main players are their fatal disadvantages. So to reunite the abilities of the players will be the key point toapprove. It tends to manage spcially and has division of organization in addition to recruiting more capable players as the team transforms to professional basketball one. They attach much importance on their image. They also promote their image well. As long as they can build up their own style, they surely would get great mark and make their mark.

From Grass Roots to World Class (A Strategy for Delivering Physical Activity)During the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the Hungarian sports team's performance was worse than expected by most of the Hungarian people and the leaders of the Hungarian sports establishment. The Hungarian athletes returned home with a much lower medal tally than in previous decades. More than two years have elapsed since the Olympic Games, but instead of analysing the real reasons for the poor performance, most of the debates in Hungary are about whether we will restore our reputation by taking 8-10 gold medals in the 2012 London Olympics.People in the United Kingdom are also full of hope for a great medal tally in London, not just because of the "home team advantage" but also by reason of the UK's outstanding performance in 2008. The British team finished fourth in the final medal table at the Beijing Olympic Games despite their poor performance one-and-half decades ago in Atlanta, surprising not just the British but also the whole world. By this time, the British strategy was to invest not just in elite sports but also in grass-roots participation sports. If Hungary wants to enhance its elite sports, it must engage in similar changes. It is clear from the latest data that the Hungarian XXI Sports Strategy's aim of making Hungary a sporting nation seems an illusion. Participation sports, which are the foundation of national sporting success and provide the future talents for the elite sports sector, are in need of urgent and substantive reform.By means of secondary analyses and document analyses this article discusses the current state of British sport using the latest data. It then examines recent reforms in English participation sports as well as the latest sports strategy in England and its objectives. In all this, it makes comparison with what is happening in Hungary. The upshot is that Hungary and Britain differ at many points throughout the whole process, from strategy planning to implementation. These contrasts explain the differences in the effectiveness of the British and Hungarian processes. We hope that the outcome of this examination of the efficient Western European process and its comparison with the unsuccessful Hungarian system will assist those responsible for the development of participation sports and elite sports in Hungary.

A variety of post-exercise recovery strategies are used by team sport athletes. However, little research has investigated the use of recovery strategies by team sport athletes across a range of competition levels. Furthermore, equivocal evidence exists to support the use of one recovery strategy over another. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate recovery usage by team sport athletes across a range of competition levels in various sports, and the effects of differing recovery strategies after single and multiple bouts of simulated team sport match-play exercise. A systematic review of the literature revealed CWI, CWT and ACT produced mostly equivocal effects in comparison to CONT for performance and perceptual recovery. Cold water immersion and CWT also improved performance and perceptual recovery in a number of instances, CWI also decreased performance in a small number of instances. No differences were indicated between ACT and CONT for performance recovery and mostly for perceptual recovery, with a small number of decreases after ACT in comparison to CONT for perceptual recovery. Current evidence was therefore not conclusive on the effectiveness of these recovery strategies. Three original studies are subsequently presented in this thesis that aim to address the current unclear evidence on recovery strategies. The aim of the first study (Chapter 3) was to identify via survey which recovery strategies are currently used by Australian male and female team sport athletes of varying competition levels. Three hundred and thirty-one athletes were surveyed across fourteen team sports and five levels of competition; 57% of whom reported utilising one or more recovery strategies. All international athletes reported using massage for recovery. Athletes of all other competition levels utilised stretching (STR) the most (98% national, 79% state, 87% regional and 77% local athletes). Water immersion strategies were most often used by national and international athletes. Stretching was self-rated the most effective recovery strategy (4.4/5; where 5 = very effective) with active, land-based (ALB) considered the least effective by its users (3.6/5). Laziness and time constraints were the main self-reported reasons provided by those who did not undertake a specific recovery strategy. Water immersion strategies were considered effective or ineffective largely due to psychological reasons. In contrast STR and ALB were considered to be effective or ineffective mainly due to physical reasons. Results from Chapter 3 indicate that the perceptions of athletes on recovery strategy effectiveness did not always align with scientific evidence. The availability of particular recovery strategies may also affect recovery strategy selection. It is recommended that athletes and coaching staff are provided with up-to-date information on the effects of different recovery strategies to ensure informed decisions are made regarding recovery strategy selection. The aim of the second study (Chapter 4), a randomised controlled trial (RCT; N = 34), was to compare the effectiveness of CWI, CWT, ACT, a combination of cold water immersion and active recovery (COMB) and a control (CONT) condition after a single bout of simulated team-game circuit exercise (55 min). Performance and perceptual recovery indices were assessed over a 48 hr time period. Results suggest that CWI and COMB produced detrimental jump power performance at 1 hr compared to CONT and ACT, and thus should not be selected for short term recovery. It is likely that 1 hr was not sufficient time for muscles to rewarm after CWI and COMB resulting in decreased jump performance at this time. Findings also suggest CWT should be elected for short-term perceptual recovery after a team sport game. The heat component of CWT may have contributed to feelings of relaxation and accordingly enhanced perceptions of recovery. No between recovery differences were found at 24 and 48 hr post the simulated team-game circuit exercise. The aim of the third study (Chapter 5; N = 14) was to examine the use of CWI, CWT, ACT, COMB and CONT recovery across repeated small-sided games simulating acute tournament match-play (three 15 min efforts, 3 hr apart, with recovery after bouts 1 and 2) upon performance, perceptual and physiological indices of recovery over an 8 hr time period. Results indicated that CWT was superior to ACT for performance, and COMB was superior to ACT and CONT for perceptual recovery during the simulated tournament day. The ACT recovery was detrimental to performance and perceptual recovery and thus a similar ACT recovery protocol should not be elected for use in a team sport multiple-game tournament day. The mechanisms most likely associated with the beneficial CWT findings compared to ACT include a combination of the negative effects of ACT such as no rest and increased energy consumption and the positive effects of CWT such as the alternation between vasoconstriction and vasodilation. During a COMB recovery the actions of hydrostatic pressure and leg movement may assist with blood flow and enhanced perceptions of recovery. The ACT recovery is most likely detrimental during a tournament day due to the extra metres covered, adding to the experienced soreness and fatigue. The results of the RCTs question the high anecdotal use of CWI by national and international athletes as reported in the survey, with CWI found to have no positive effect upon performance or perception after a single bout of a simulated team sport or during a simulated tournament day. In conclusion, the current research has highlighted the need for athlete and coach education on the effects of recovery strategies, noting the limitations associated with the inconclusive nature of evidence regarding the use of specific recovery strategies. Contrast water therapy is recommended to be used for short term perceptual recovery after a single team sport event. A COMB recovery should be elected for superior perceptual recovery over a team sport tournament day. The research presented in this thesis has significantly contributed to post-exercise recovery research by providing an overview of recovery strategy use by Australian-based team sport athletes and by providing evidence-based recommendations from trials that compare the effectiveness of various recovery strategies used by team sport athletes. These findings provide athletes and coaches with up-to-date information to assist with informed decision making about their recovery choices in particular sports and contexts. Recommendations for future research have also been identified, including investigation into whether performance or perceptual recovery is more important and whether individualised recovery is required for optimum team performance.

The basketball match only needs simple place, a hoop, more than of two people, can reach sports with match result easily. In addition, the basketball match way changes variously, so no matter large small-scale, schools at all levels of the city suburb, popularizing should do a job with skill and ease. I do analysis of relevant materials, put in order through the analytic approach of documents and interview law, in order to understand Jiou Qiyu present situations of mini basketball sport development of primary school, and the advantage and predicament of its development, regarded as the reference of future development of basketball sports of primary school and put several main points in order out from studying as follows: 1. In Jiou Qiyu factors that basketball team of primary school study well, strong casts of teachers and sufficient administrative resource of offering of the school, is for being most important. 2. Jiou Qiyu predicaments that development faces at present of primary school, is when other schools promote the basketball to move to develop too, how solve, it is the important subject faced at present the same problems faced. In order to answer these questions, I sum up several suggestions: 1. Ministry of Education should assess the basketball movement development plan again, pays attention to the popularization of sports of basketball at the basic level. 2. The governments at all levels should increase basketball sports and develop the funds, subsidize every school and promote basketball sports, handle relevant contests. 3. Unblocked sports talents enter a higher school in the irrigation ditch, enable students with the specialized personnel to continue developing. 4. Build and ask sports of all counties and cities to be known, train basketball coach talents in a large amount, disseminate a basketball of sport seed personnel. 5. The school should take sport marketing actively, introduce enterprises and enter the campus, improve the communal participation will.

The main objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the techniques of jump and standing sets of volleyball setlers. The 1994 Woman World Volleyball Tournament was sponsored by the International Volleyball Association. The tournament rules are the same as the previous year where only the world top volleyball teams were invited. The number of teams invited were expanded to 12 as compare to only 8 teams the previous year. The invited teams took part in sixty six exciting games over a span of thirty days in different locations in Asia. The totla prize money was increased from one million US dollars to one and a half million US dollars. In each of the game, all the players showed incredible determination and team spirit. The main conclusions of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The teams with the descending order of utilizing jump set are respectively Japan with 36.64%, Chinese Taipei with 28.20%, Russia with 22.025 and Cua with 15.14%. The teams using standing set in descending orders are respectively Russia with 30.64%, Cuba with 29.02%, Japan with 21.40% and Chinese Taipei with 18.945. From the statistics, it is clear that the Asian teams, owing to their shorter height are using jump set more frequently to improve their attacking efficiency. On the other hand, the Cubanand Russian teams are much taller, Consequently, standing set is used more commonly. 2. Chinese team's success rate of jump set is better than standing set. 3. From Table 14, we can see that the Chinese team had been using the Formula A with time differential fast attact more effectively than striking from the back court. The other teams used mainly Long Strikes as their main weapon of attack. 4. Based on the figure in the Table 1, though the setting technique of our setter, Miss Jui Ling LIU, is as goo as those of setter within other teams, she is not tall enough to promote the whole team's performance for competititon. Our suggestion is that upon choosing the desired players, we must pat a portion of consideration on the pleys' height in addition to their good volleyball skills.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This research is motivated by the low learning discipline of the learning citizens, this is related to the high intensity of playing online games for the learning citizens of the Mandiri Racing Team. This study discusses, 1) to see the complexity of playing online games, 2) to see the discipline of learning competence, 3) to see the relationship between the intensity of playing online games with the discipline of learning at the Independent Racing Team Course Institute. This type of research is quantitative correlational. The study population was learning citizens registered with the Institute of Independent Racing Team Courses, totaling 75 learning residents. Samples were taken as much as 40%. The number of samples is 30 people. The sampling technique uses cluster random sampling. The technique of collecting data through a questionnaire, the data collection tool consists of agreed lists. This research data analysis technique uses percentages and product moments. The results of this study can be seen (1) the higher intensity of playing online games for learning citizens at the Institute of Independent Team Racing Course, (2) the low discipline of citizens learning the learning process, and (3) requires a significant relationship between online play games with the learning discipline of the Race Team Independent Course. Suggestions in this study are 1) for citizens to learn in order to improve discipline in learning at the Independent Course Team Race Course, 2) for instructors to be able to increase knowledge about learning discipline for citizens to learn the Independent Course Team Race Course, 3) for parents of learning citizens in order to be a reference and knowledge about disciplining children&#39;s activities.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A REPORT by the British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the National Institute for Health Research puts the cost of malnutrition in England at a staggering £19.6 billion a year, more than 15% of total public expenditure on health and social care (Elia 2015). However, this important study received little media coverage when published last November. It is possible that many trusts and healthcare professionals were not aware of its publication. If we are not aware, how can patients be? Malnutrition is expected to increase due to an ageing population. Almost one third of adults are malnourished on admittance to hospital, as are 35% of adults admitted to care homes. Malnutrition can have a detrimental effect on the functions of all parts of the body. It can delay recovery and prolong hospitalisation. A person who is undernourished will be more prone to chest infections, pressure ulcers and hypothermia. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012) quality standard for nutrition support in adults states that all people screened for risk of malnutrition should have their screening results and any nutrition support plans documented in writing and communicated in and between settings. In reality, does this happen? Do primary care or care home teams have a handover from hospital teams about nutritional care? Do nurses in primary and secondary care settings have the correct equipment to enable them to perform a nutrition screen? Do they have hoist scales for immobile patients? Do trust boards pay enough attention to nutritional care? To compound difficulties, many older people are becoming socially isolated and may be depressed or unable to go out to purchase food. There are also conflicting messages from healthcare professionals. For example, problems associated with obesity are well publicised, but the Patients Association (2011) highlighted a lack of awareness among patients about their risk of developing malnutrition, how it can be prevented and where they can seek advice and support. The charity also suggested that while the public associate good nutrition with eating a balanced diet, they do not make the link between good nutrition and maintaining a regular weight.

The author examines six age-group specific suicide rates in 2016 between states (in the continental United States) with and without professional sports teams in baseball [MLB], football [NFL], hockey [NHL], and basketball [NBA]. States with at least one team in baseball or football have significantly lower suicide rates among adults in all six age groups (over 20 years of age). States with at least one hockey team have significantly lower suicide rates for all adults over the age of 20, except the oldest age group (adults 65 years of age or over). The results are weakest for states with at least one basketball team. Adults only between 25 and 44 years of age and 65 years of age or over have significantly lower suicide rates with at least one NBA team.

Entomological assessment of lymphatic filariasis transmission in "hotspot" and control districts after several rounds of mass drug administration in Ghana

The Team Physician: Ethical and Legal Issues

From the beginning, the WNBA—which was born of the NBA’s approval in the NBA’s cities with NBA teams’ colors and largely NBA-related names and which survived a challenge from the ABL by virtue of its NBA affiliation—has featured a more stringent age eligibility rule than the NBA. When taken together, the two rules create two different tracks—one for men and one for women—to be negotiated on route to a professional basketball career in the United States. This sort of dualtracking, in which one route presents advantages over the other, is unacceptable in a nation committed to gender equity, and it therefore requires Title VII scrutiny. Although parent companies often are not held liable for their subsidiaries’ acts, both the integrated enterprise doctrine and the direct liability participation doctrine suggest the NBA could be held liable for the discrimination that flows from the divergent policies. And, therefore, whether the NBA is determined under Title VII analysis to be a third party employer or an employment agency, an aggrieved woman basketball player who is ruled ineligible under the WNBA’s age eligibility rule but who would be eligible, were she a man, under the NBA’s age eligibility rule, will have a potentially viable claim. As such, the NBA and WNBA would do well to revise their age eligibility policies such that men and women of the same age have the same access to employment in the NBA and WNBA, respectively.