特集 製造業におけるニューコンセプト 未来製造技術をもとめて 建築分野の新たなる展開

座談会 製造業におけるニューコンセプト 未来製造技術をもとめて

特集 製造業におけるニューコンセプト 未来製造技術をもとめて 社会基盤鋼構造物製造におけるニューコンセプト 橋梁構造分野を例にとって

特集 製造業におけるニューコンセプト 未来製造技術をもとめて 重工業におけるニューコンセプト

Sensors are perhaps the most important and integral components of our modern society. With global warming and environmental pollution garnering ever-increasing attention, as well as solutions for sustainabile and smart cities, the optimized performance of current and future energy systems and process industries is paramount. The accurate sensing and quantification of key parameters of such systems are essential for monitoring, controlling, and optimization efforts. In situ laser-based optical sensors are most suitable for achieving the desired characteristics of accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, portability, speed, safety, and intelligence. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the development and deployment of laser-based sensing solutions, although new challenges and opportunities continue to emerge rapidly. In this review paper, we focus on laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS)-based sensors owing to their simple architecture, easy implementation, and market penetration. We detail recent advancements made in LAS variants using new laser sources and techniques. A brief discussion on other laser-based sensing techniques, namely, photoacoustic spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, is provided to compare these strategies with LAS. The applications of laser-based sensors in various energy systemsincluding engines, turbines, power plants, furnaces, and boilers—as well as process industriessuch as petrochemical, semiconductor, natural gas leak detection, and corrosion detectionare presented, illustrating their many benefits and possible uses. A distinguishing aspect of this review paper is that we present the comparison of previous studies in tabular formats, making it easy to appreciate the recent progress in laser-based sensing solutions. Finally, suggestions on future directions and emerging technologies to pursue for the further enhancement, development, and deployment of laser-based sensors are proposed.

There is a huge demand for fast, reliable and low-cost analytical systems for the detection and quantification of proteins with relevance in medicine, environmental pollutant monitoring, food safety, detection of foodborne pathogens and bioterrorism. Indeed, the development of biosensors fulfilling the requirements of adequate sensitivity and selectivity as well as convenience of use and cost is one of the grand scientific, engineering, and educational challenges of the 21st century. In this context, electrochemical immunosensors are considered particularly attractive analytical tools as a consequence of their inherent high sensitivity, simplicity of the operational procedure, easy availability and affordable cost of the required equipment together with possibility of miniaturization and suitability for in-field applications. Electrochemical immunosensors seek to exploit the great potentiality of immunoreactions in conjunction with electroanalytical techniques in a broad context facing a wide variety of analytical problems in medicine, biomedical research, drug discovery, environment, food, process industries, security and defense. The main goal is to provide a selective and fast response to the presence of a specific compound in a complex mixture of components, without perturbing the system. Interestingly, immunosensing using electroanalytical techniques is playing a more and more important role in protein analysis. Moreover, the growing research in advanced nanomaterials has impressively impacted also this field, by providing a great variety of novel, versatile and rationally designed nanostructured supports for transduction, signal generation and amplification. In parallel with these major advances in nanotechnology, the wide variety of immunoreagents available (commercial or produced by genetic recombination on demand conjugated with a variety of tags according to the required needs) and the versatility of design and modification offered by electrochemical substrates have also played major roles in the outstanding capabilities demonstrated by these electrochemical biosensors. The plethora of sophisticated approaches developed has exceeded even the experts' expectations in terms of functionality and resiliency. Due to the high demand of the world market and human interest for having devices able to provide the concentration of species in different complex samples, in a simple and fast way, a hard competition on this field has occurred among the researchers in recent years. In addition, the excellent and solid academic and practical multidisciplinary formation in sensors biotechnology, surface chemistry, advanced nanomaterials, and electrochemical transduction and characterization methods for immunodetection of these researchers amply justifies the unimaginable progress reached in such a short time and the fact that people working in this area do not dare to put limits on this field. The present Special Issue, which compiles 9 full papers, 2 short communications and 8 dedicated review articles, was authored by leading experts and pioneers in electrochemical immunosensors. These articles shed useful insights into the latest advances, current trends and future prospects in this exciting field. In particular, the selected contributions described the development of electrochemical immunosensing scaffolds to detect pollutants (polybrominated diphenyllethers, mycotoxins), clinical biomarkers (interleukin-8, estrogen and progesterone receptors), drugs (brombuterol), rotavirus and microbes and revise nicely the use of screen-printed electrodes, common and uncommon nanostructures, polymeric films, 3D-printing microfluidics and proximity ligation assays in the development of electrochemical immunosensors. Compiled contributions give also expert and updated overviews of this topic in multiplexed approaches, control of electron transfer, advantages compared with aptasensors and latest applications in real clinical practice. Therefore, one can envision further exciting applications of electrochemical immune-platforms for making ‘house-calls' in biomedical diagnostics and cancer theranostics, as inspectors for environmental monitoring, even in harsh working conditions, as well as alarm devices for food safety. The unique combination and integration of nanotechnology, micro and nanofluidics with immunoreactions and electrochemical analytical methodologies is expected to produce major advances in this area and open up new opportunities not only from the scientific point of view but even from a market perspective preparing point-of-care devices and in-situ alarm systems. Given the rapid development, interest and progress made in this field, the examples compiled in this Special Issue are just a small sample of those expected to come in this amazing field which future growth and success will rely on the abilities of the researchers to continue innovating and collaborating to address the existing challenges and opportunities. In the near future, advances in fundamental knowledge of new nanomaterials along with a focus on practical applications in real-world systems will drive electrochemical immunosensors to breakthroughs in many fields of social and economical relevance. As a logical consequence of the incessant flow of impressive ideas and innovations it looks like this field has the horsepower to keep on advancing for the foreseeable future.

Editorial - special issue on autonomy, safety, and security for cyber-physical systems in the process industries

Nanotechnology offers immense promise for developing new technologies that are more sustainable than current technologies. All major industrial sectors have felt nanotechnology's impact, mainly from the incorporation of nanomaterials into their products. For example, nanotechnology has improved the design and performance of products in areas as diverse as electronics, medicine and medical devices, food and agriculture, cosmetics, chemicals, materials, coatings, energy, as well as many others. Moreover, the revenues from nanotechnology-enabled products are not trivial. For instance, Lux Research maintains that commercial sales in both Europe and the USA will attain revenues of over $1 trillion from nano-enabled products by 2015.The manufacturing of the nanomaterials for these products uses many processes equivalent to chemical manufacturing processes. As a result, manufacturing nanomaterials can produce either harmful pollutants or adverse environmental impacts similar to those from chemical manufacturing. Unlike the chemical industry, however, those same processes are not ingrained in the manufacturing of nanomaterials, and the opportunity exists at the initial design stage to purposely account for and mitigate out potentially harmful environmental impacts. While prevention has not been a priority in current industries, it can become a main concern for the new and future industries that manufacture nanomaterials on a bulk commercial scale. This is where green nanotechnology comes in.Green nanotechnology involves deliberate efforts aimed at developing meaningful and reasonable protocols for generating products and their associated production processes in a benign fashion. The goal is a conscious minimization of risks associated with the products of nanoscience. The green products of nanotechnology are those that are used in either direct or indirect environmental applications. Direct environmental applications provide benefits such as monitoring using nano-enabled sensors, remediation of hazardous waste sites with nanomaterials, or treatment of wastewater and drinking water with nanomaterials. Indirect environmental applications include, for example, the saved energy associated with either lighter nanocomposite materials in transport vehicles or reduced waste from smaller products.The production and process aspects of green nanotechnology involve both making nanomaterials in a more environmentally benign fashion and using nanomaterials to make current chemical processes more environmentally acceptable. Examples of producing nanomaterials in a 'greener manner' could involve but are not limited to the use of supercritical CO2, water, or ionic liquids to replace a volatile organic solvent. Either self-assembly or templating might also be used to eliminate waste in manufacturing. Renewables could be utilized as replacements for either nonrenewable and/or toxic starting materials. Microwave techniques might potentially help to conserve energy, as could both facile thermal and hydrothermal processes. Catalytic and photocatalytic reactions could also increase efficiency and decrease the formation of harmful byproducts. In addition, engineered nanomaterials themselves can be used as catalysts in current chemical processes and as separation membranes to aid in the efficiency of these operations. Furthermore, in order to be truly green, these products and processes must be considered within a lifecycle framework.The papers in this special issue are but a small sampling of the myriad of possibilities that green nanotechnology holds. In the nascent nanotechnology industry, green nanotechnology offers the opportunity to get it right in the first place. It is not too late to take Ben Franklin's words to heart, 'an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure'.

Negotiation is a daily process used to resolve the problems that may arise during any construction project. But what are the options when the negotiations break down and problems remain unresolved, negatively impacting budgets, projects, and working relationships? A clear understanding of alternative dispute resolution ADR —an alternative to litigation after negotiations have failed—is a crucial and invaluable tool for anyone entering into a contract. This special issue seeks to identify and publish a collection of papers from mediators, arbitrators, and professionals from the field of construction industry ADR that will provide readers with a firm understanding of the role ADR can play in risk management and how it can assist in resolving disputes when they arise during a project. Of particular interest will be two broad categories of papers that can advance knowledge and provide practical information and strategies for incorporating ADR into the construction community. Subject areas that will be considered for this special issue include, but are not necessarily confined to: • Using ADR principles as a predispute risk management tool. • Recognizing the importance of understanding and including a dispute resolution clause in contracts; • Keeping satisfactory records as a strategy to avoid escalating disputes; and • Identifying the relationships between the stakeholders on a project and what legal obligations/rights each stakeholder has and/or owes. • Using ADR as a postdispute remedy. • Understanding the mediation and/or arbitration process for the construction industry;

The process industry is an important pillar industry for national economic and social development and an important support force for sustained economic growth [...]

Hydrocarbon is a vital kind of chemical compounds to form liquid fuels and polymer monomers. It is the backbone of the national economy and is closely related to people’s lives. Hydrocarbon processing refers to the production of hydrocarbon with different structures through the separation or chemical conversion of petroleum resources, such as refined petroleum products, which is a top-down way. Hydrocarbon processing, including series of chemical conversion reactions such as carbon-carbon bond cleavage, covers the major processes of petroleum refining and petrochemicals, and is the main production route for hydrocarbon products. Hydrocarbon synthesis uses non-petroleum-based resources such as coal, natural gas, and biomass as carbon source, through chemical conversion such as carbon-carbon bond coupling and carbon chain growth. The hydrocarbon synthesis is a route that assemblies small molecules to target hydrocarbon products by bottom-up way. It covers the main processes of the new coal chemical industry and natural gas chemical industry, and is also an important component of the future biomass conversion and renewable energy industry. Hydrocarbon synthesis is an important supplement to current and future production of hydrocarbon. But, the shortage of oil resources is inevitable. The shale gas revolution has also brought new options to the global en-ergy economy. Facing the challenges of resource and environmental, traditional hydrocarbon production technology has been unable to meet the needs of economic development. The sustainable development of the energy and chemical industry is urgent, and the direction is clear. (1) To increase the efficiency of the use of petroleum resources to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. (2) The development of new hydrocarbon synthesis methods based on non-oil resources such as C1 platform reactions. Many new catalytic reaction processes and routes are involved in hydrocarbon processing and hydrocarbon synthe-sis. The catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons constitutes a complex reaction network, thus solving the C–C, C–H bond activation, shape-selectivity conversion, C–C bond coupling and chain growth control is an important problem in cata-lytic research. In particular, in order to realize the industrialization of catalytic technologies such as hydrocarbon pro-cessing and hydrocarbon synthesis, it is necessary to build a bridge from the laboratory (theory) to the industry (engi-neering). The key scientific issues that need to be solved can be summarized as: synergy between important elements such as “systematic vs. elementary”, and “apparent vs. intrinsic”.

Aim. The work aimed to systematize and assess the existing trends and risks in the development of the modern Russian media market. Objectives. The work seeks to study the specifics of modern processes in the media industry, to identify trends and risks that affect the structure and transformation of the future Russian national media industry; to reveal the prospects for the strategic development of the Russian media market. Methods. The study employed general scientific principles of system, historical and comparative analysis, as well as methods of deduction and induction to identify the general and the particular in various processes of the Russian media market. In order to generalize and systematize the information obtained, the methods of analysis and integration were used to reveal the essence of the modern process of transformation of the Russian media industry. Results. Based on the analytical review results, it was revealed that the leading trends of the Russian media industry are multi-format content, personalization and uniqueness of produced and posted online content, rethinking of the value approach in modern Russian media and the concept of training professional personnel. The main risks and factors of global influence include the intensive introduction and use of artificial intelligence, the procedure for assessing the effectiveness of various media channels, the ongoing crisis of the Russian advertising media market. Conclusions. The work studied the theoretical and practical issues focused on the specifics of the media market and the media industry. Based on the analysis results, trends and risks in the Russian media market development were systematized. The main trends highlighted included the dynamism of the modern information agenda, as well as its high sensitivity to changes under the influence of technology and geopolitical factors. The leading current trend of 2025 is the examination of publicity and the analysis of technologies for creating and promoting a corporate and personal brand. The most significant risks identified were ongoing media inflation, growing threats from the external world environment regarding the protection of the interests of Russian media, the lack of dialogue with large international media holdings, the growth of fakes, and the intensification of the negative use of deepfake technology in the media space. The prospects for the development of the modern Russian media market include an increase in demand for digital media channels, personalization and uniqueness of produced and posted content in order to attract new consumers, increased implementation of technological innovations in the media industry, and global changes in consumer behavior.

Techno-economic analysis (TEA) has been considered an important tool to evaluate the economic performance of industrial processes. Recently, the application of TEA has been observed to have exponential growth due to the increasing competition among businesses across various industries. Thus, this review presents a deliberate overview of TEA to inculcate the importance and relevance of TEA. To further support the aforementioned points, this review article starts with a bibliometric analysis to evaluate the applicability of TEA within the research community. Conventional TEA is widely known to be conducted via software modeling (i.e., Python, AMIS, MATLAB, Aspen HYSYS, Aspen Plus, HOMER Pro, FORTRAN, R, SysML and Microsoft Excel) without involving any correlation or optimization between the process and economic performance. Apart from that, due to the arrival of the industrial revolution (IR) 4.0, industrial processes are being revolutionized into smart industries. Thus, to retain the integrity of TEA, a similar evolution to smart industries is deemed necessary. Studies have begun to incorporate data-driven technologies (i.e., artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain) into TEA to effectively optimize both processes and economic parameters simultaneously. With this, this review explores the integration of data-driven technologies in the TEA framework. From literature reviews, it was found that genetic algorithm (GA) is the most applied data-driven technology in TEA, while the applications of blockchain, machine learning (ML), and artificial neural network (ANN) in TEA are still considerably scarce. Not to mention other advanced technologies, such as cyber-physical systems (CPS), IoT, cloud computing, big data analytics, digital twin (DT), and metaverse are yet to be incorporated into the existing TEA. The inclusion of set-up costs for the aforementioned technologies is also crucial for accurate TEA representation of smart industries deployment. Overall, this review serves as a reference note for future process engineers and industry stakeholders who wish to perform relevant TEA, which is capable to cover the new state-of-art elements under the new modern era.

From the Ground Up-Materials Science in Singapore.

Heat transfer in flooded evaporators of the refrigeration, air conditioning or process industries is mainly enhanced by modifying the surface structure of evaporator tubes in the micro and/or macro range. To quantify the effect of such modifications, however, the influence of the basic roughness structure on the heated surface has to be separated. Starting from recent publications, experimental results of heat transfer and bubble formation from horizontal copper tubes with different outer diameters (8 or 25 mm) and roughness structures to various boiling liquids are analyzed in this paper to improve our knowledge of the specific events connected with the formation of bubbles at active nucleation sites and their effect on local heat transfer. It is shown that a single, standardized roughness parameter like the (integral) mean roughness height P a is not sufficient to explain the effect of the heating surface structure on nucleate boiling heat transfer. Instead, detailed information on characteristic roughness parameters of the heated surfaces is necessary for the analysis, making it possible to define the size and form of cavities included in the roughness structure and their positions on the surface. An analysis that aims in this direction is given in a separate contribution to this special issue by A. Luke, who prepared the surfaces and provided the basic data on the set of standardized roughness parameters, the probability distributions of which are used in this paper.

A new fast sensor for simultaneous high temperature diagnostics (above 800 K) of nitrogen oxide (NO) concentration and gas temperature (T) was developed based on the spectral fitting of low-resolution NO UV absorption near 226 nm. The sensor was intended for process control in future low-carbon footprint heavy process industries using renewable powered electro fuels (e.g. H2, NH3) or plasma torches as heat source. Due to excitation of molecular vibration, the shape of the selected NO feature, including (0, 0), (1, 1), and (2, 2) vibrational transitions of the A2Σ+ − X2Π2 electronic system had a strong temperature sensitivity at temperatures above 800 K. The fitting was made using the well-known NO molecular constants of the A2Σ+ − X2Π2 electronic system. To reduce the computational time, a library of the molecular spectra calculated at different temperatures was created. The fitting of an experimental spectrum representing the convolution of the instrument line function of the spectrometer with the molecular spectra was performed using the pre-calculated library spectra. Based on comparison with conventional measurement methods, the accuracy of the developed sensor was within 15% for NO and about 40 K for T, clearly showing the potential for fast in situ diagnostics in hot process gases.