淚和祭獻：論巴里的喪事物、情能和原詞

The long-standing tradition of mortuary rituals (literally ”rites of merit” or gongde) constitutes one important phase of Taiwanese funeral ceremonies. According to historical records, Taiwanese people have relied on Buddhist or Daoist specialists to preside over such rites. However, recent field investigations reveal the presence of an additional type of specialist that also performs mortuary rites for the general public, namely masters who claim to belong to a religion known as Shijiao (literally ”The Teachings of Sakyamuni”). The Shijiao is a loosely organized religious movement that embraces elements of Buddhism, Daoism, and communal religious traditions. Although the Shijiao has been the subject of several articles, most have focused on its presence in western Taiwan. In contrast, the development of the Shijiao in eastern Taiwan and the general state of its mortuary rituals has received little attention from the scholarly world. To bridge this gap, I have chosen to examine the Ciming Altar of Fengshan Village in Shoufeng Township (Hualien County), and present a detailed account of the various liturgies that constitute the ”midnight” (wuye) mortuary rite. I first define the term ”Shijiao” and delineate this movement's origins, distribution, and sectarian affiliations, in order to clarify aspects concerning the titles, functions, and religious attributes of its specialists. Next, I describe the current state of the Shijiao in Hualien and the development of the Ciming Altar. Additional attention is also devoted to the scale, timing, altar arrangement, participants, musicalinstruments, and costumes of the ”midnight” ritual. The significance of each individual procedure will also be explained.

This paper is about the emotional factors in Chiljeongsang(七情傷). To specify the collective term into specific categories, an examination of the meaning of emotion of the East and West was primarily undertaken. The importance of emotion lies in the fact that it provides a link between the individual and the outside world. Emotion was perceived as reflections of the human nature and mental activity by philosophers and psychiatrists throughout history. In the views of psychologists, the focus was on not emotion itself, but rather the emotional experience in human, and its psychological and physiological mechanism. In Traditional Medicine, problematic emotion is called Chiljeong(七情). The term Chiljeongsang(七情傷), which is a compound word of 'Chiljeong(七情)' and 'Sang(傷)' meaning 'damage', is used in referring to illness related to unhealthy emotions. It is used to describe illness caused by Chiljeong(七情) and mental disorders that result in emotional symptoms. It also refers to illness where Chiljeong(七情) plays a role in creating a more direct cause of illness in the larger pathogenic process. In the contents of Chiljeongsang(七情傷) in Traditional Medicine, emotion as causation of Gi(氣) disorder could be found the most, while explanation on the psychological process related to the creation of Chiljeong(七情) was insufficient. This tendency is related to the philosophical basis of Traditional Medicine. Out of the two patterns suggested, the mind-based Chiljeongsang(七情傷) pattern includes the psychological aspects of damage, in which key focus is on the cause that arouses problematic emotion, its process and the meaning this emotion entails. To explain this, concepts from psychiatry, especially Jung's theory on neurosis was adopted. In treating a Chiljeongsang(七情傷) patient, mere knowledge of the physiological changes of the body in terms of Gi(氣) is insufficient. This is because mental factors play a large role in Chiljeongsang(七情傷), and the more a condition is 'mental', the more complex it becomes and the more it influences life as whole. Therefore, the doctor must approach the patient with not only medical knowledge, but also overall knowledge on all aspects of human life.

<span lang="EN-US">Due to the expansion of new digital trends in the strategic development of territorial units, it became necessary to structure the socio-economic effects from the introduction of innovative technologies grounded on cloud computing. Realized the identification of cloud technologies impact on the social life in the era of digitalization, an online conference was held between representatives of government, business, science, and education of the Republics of Karelia, Komi, Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai (Russian Federation). In the context of innovative possibilities of platform economy, in discussion were identified the key effects of the cloud solutions implementation in the Russian Federation regions development prospect strategy. Namely, development of social and human capital, improvement of the quality and standard of living in a region, improvement of social interaction, development of social constructivism, economic potential, and competitiveness of social capital. It has been reported that the positive social effects of cloud technologies at the level of a territorial unit are achieved by increasing digital literacy of the population and opening up new opportunities and platforms for social interaction and constructivism; providing the population with convenient services and open data for participation in active social, economic and political life. Cloud technologies help to form a digital educational environment, modernize educational programs for the preparation of high-quality labor resources, develop digital infrastructure of individual settlements, create user content to preserve socio-cultural identity, and popularize a region in the global information space. Revealed that the possibilities of cloud technologies increase the population quality of living and ensure the growth of the efficiency and productivity indicators of labor resources. The listed above are achieved by expanding the marketing capabilities of business structures, providing them with new business models and digital services; optimization of resource management, digitization of business processes, and platform organization of labor. The capabilities of cloud solutions allow for the formation of flexible and effective interregional and international cooperation in a region, having a positive impact on regional economy and social capital development.</span>

Cancer bereavement may be associated with unique challenges involved in the caregiving experience, particularly for spouses, who commonly adopt this role. However, the dominance of quantitative and diagnostically informed research has produced a-contextual theories, which reinforce increasingly medicalised conceptualisations of grief. In contrast, less attention has been given to the subjective experience in this context, particularly from a discursive perspective. Three focus groups comprising an overall total of six men and 17 women were used to facilitate discussions between spouses who were bereaved by cancer. A Foucauldian-informed discourse analysis was employed to examine how participants constructed grief and loss, and to identify the broader discourses that served to shape these. Additional attention was paid to the rhetorical aspects of these constructions. Three overarching discursive ‘sites’ were identified: i) medicalisation; ii) individualism and iii) productivity and purpose. Analysis of the discursive activity illuminated how these discourses co-existed, creating tensions within constructions that highlighted an increasing professionalisation of grief, and also carried expectations for individuals to manage their grieving in private, via practices of self-regulation. These discourses offered subjugated positions and served to reinforce the power differentials that exist between the bereaved and professionals. However, those constructions that resisted positions of powerlessness and being silenced enabled individuals a greater sense of authority within bereavement and led them to feel more open and connected as a result. The findings draw attention to the expectation for bereaved individuals to protect society from their emotions. This has important implications for how grief may be better supported within clinical psychology settings and points to the need to challenge unhelpful assumptions within society.

In response to the increasing interest regarding the emotional consequences facing service providers who perform emotion labor as part of their service roles, this study examined the causal sequences of emotion labor, emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion (the EEE sequence). By integrating Affective Events Theory, the concept of daily hassles and uplifts, and the EEE sequence, a theoretical model was developed to explicate the relationship among the emotional experience, performance and turnover intentions of service providers. In addition, the organizational factors of cultural orientation to emotions and workgroup emotional climate, and the individual factors of provider dissonance tolerance, hassle tolerance and uplift reactivity are introduced and depicted as influencing the EEE sequence. A survey was constructed to assess the variables in the model. Responses were obtained from 265 service providers sampled from five different service industries and analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. Results supported the links proposed in the theoretical model. Specifically, the EEE sequence was mediated by perceived hassles and moderated by provider tolerance for emotional dissonance and hassles. The proposed organizational and individual factors influenced perceived uplifts which, in turn, had consequences for provider service performance. Implications for theory, practice and future research of the encouraging results regarding the proposed model are discussed.

La présente étude prend appui sur deux ouvrages récents, portant sur des objets voisins mais non « juridiques » à proprement parler puisqu’ils relèvent plutôt de l’histoire des idées, pour esquisser une réflexion sur les fondements du droit économique. Il s’agit de celui que Christian Laval a consacré à Bentham et aux utilitaristes (tous deux vus comme une des « racines du néolibéralisme ») : L’homme économique, et de l’ouvrage collectif consacré à Spinoza ou mieux au spinozisme sous le titre énigmatique de Spinoza et les sciences sociales, sous la direction d’Yves Citton et Frédéric Lordon. À l’heure où les concepts et catégories fondamentales du droit en général et du droit économique en particulier se renouvellent à grande vitesse, souvent de manière empirique (propriété économique, régulation), alors aussi que l’État traditionnel est concurrencé dans sa fonction régulatrice traditionnelle par toutes sortes d’instances non étatiques sources de droit(s) et génératrices d’ordre(s), il est opportun de procéder à un tel retour aux sources. Au terme de ce parcours, il apparaît que l’homme « économique », c’est-à-dire calculateur ou stratège, mû par ses intérêts bien compris et qui se prolongent dans les différents libéralismes selon Ch. Laval, n’est pas très éloigné de l’homme spinoziste, inventé par un penseur de génie dans un environnement non capitaliste. Pensé en dehors de toutes les médiations et de tous les médiateurs familiers à la pensée libérale (Droit, État), l’homme selon Spinoza est en effet doté des atouts nécessaires pour lui permettre d’affronter les « forces obscures » du marché, à commencer par cette volonté d’être au monde et de faire « effort » pour y demeurer : le « conatus » spinoziste. S’agit-il de la version philosophique un peu sophistiquée de l’« esprit du capitalisme » évoqué naguère par Sombart ? C’est ce que laissent entendre les auteurs de l’ouvrage ici commenté, en se saisissant de toutes sortes de questions d’actualité (le prix du pétrole, la valeur de la monnaie). On peut les suivre, fort de cette conviction qu’il vaut mieux porter un regard extérieur sur les transformations du monde que d’essayer de les « décrire » avec des instruments d’analyse périmés.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Sun Shen-Xing(1565-1636)’s Confucian thought, based on the text of Kun Si Chao and Shen Du Yi. Hwang Zong-Xi (1610-1695) said in the Ming Ru Xue An, “Sun Shen-Xing epitomized the thought of Donglin School,” which indicated that Sun Shen-Xing’s philosophical thought was significant and representative in the development of Donglin School in late Ming. However, Sun Shen-Xing’s philosophical thought and his writings haven’t been noted and focused on in academic. In view of this, this thesis probes into the origin of Shen-Xing’s problem consciousness and the development of his Confucian thought via document arrangement and textual research. Therefore, chapter II gives a general overview of the version of Kun Si Chao and Shen Du Yi, and separately introduces Sun Shen-Xing’s writing motions and the process of publication. In chapter III, with the context of Kun Si Chao and Shen-Xing’s former problem consciousness, the author analyzed how Shen-Xing interpreted the conception of “human nature(xing),” “destiny(ming),” and “mind(xin)” under his thinking structure that temperament(qi zhi) and righteousness(li yi) are two sides of a coin. In chapter IV, based on Shen Du Yi, the author focused on the change of Shen-Xing’s explanation of self-discipline(shen du), pointed out that Sun Shen-Xing converged moral Kungfu on “extensive study”, “accurate inquiry”, “careful reflection”, “clear discrimination,” “earnest practice,” making a great effort into the way of human instead of only being guided by the way of heaven. In summary, Sun Shen-Xing’s philosophical thought is practical, turning metaphysics into daily human relationships, placing a high value on practice. However, as he re-interpreted the text of classics, the signified he used usually differed from common sense, resulting in his alternative concepts hard to read and understand. Despite the fact that Sun Shen-Xing’s philosophical thought was full of the characteristic of both Li School and Xin School, with the passing of time, Shen-Xing’s kungfu theory was more obviously inclined to Li School and for practical use in his later years, which reflects one aspect of the academic transformation from ming dynasty to qing dynasty.

The Architecture of Co-operation investigates the relationship between the collective subject and urban form through co-operation as means of production. The point is how individuals can organize co-operation today for the city as a project and what could be the role of architects into this process. Thus, the aim of the thesis is first to attempt to provide scientific evidence for the production of architecture through co-operation, highlighting possible potentials as well as pitfalls. And second, is to question whether (and if so how) co-operation can turn into a conscious project to organize the relationship between individuals and urban form. From a grammar of the concept of Human Nature the definition of co-operation adopted is a human nature evolution factor to survive the struggle against adverse circumstances. It is influenced by the contingent material factors proper to each age, but also grounded in biological invariants that human beings own as species for survival. A close reading of the work of three architects and their projects can provide a genealogy of the Architecture of Co-operation: H. Meyer with his co-op architecture for the mass society of the Weimar Republic, E. Mari and the Gruppo N promoters of emancipation through self-design in the ‘60s and ’70s in Italy, and C. Price with his concept of anticipatory and enabling architecture in the advent of Anglo-Saxon neoliberalism. This genealogy seeks after a problematization of co-operation taking distance from “participation”, the main threads of research analyse the relationship subject - object/ individual - urban form, the question of authorship and the role of the architect, and how to foster self – valorization, organization and creativity of the collective subject through architecture.

Using affective events theory to conceptualise nurses’ emotional behaviour: A scoping review

Thinking through affective theories by Alfred North Whitehead, Giles Deleuze, and Brian Massumi, this paper proposes an understanding of pedagogy that is sensational. To consider affective theories and their implications for educational research, I engage with a relational artwork, “The Chinatown Foray,” by Toronto‐based artist Diane Borsato. In “The Chinatown Foray,” the artist and the audience, which consisted of amateur mycologists, foodies, and a few art students, foraged through Chinatown in Manhattan, New York, to collect various mushroom species in the shops and markets, followed by a group lunch of dim sum at a local restaurant. In the paper I describe relational art and situate Borsato’s practice within this paradigm. From there I contextualize the use of walking as a form of research‐creation and attend to the politics of smell in the construction of alterity. The paper concludes by way of Deleuze and Guattari’s (1986) theories of the “minor,” which recognizes that bodily encounters—the act of one body interacting with another body—are affective. I argue that close, critical, and deeply contextual analyses of relational art practices as sensational pedagogy advances, develops, and enhances understandings, theories, and practices of body knowledge. Moving beyond a simple binary of mind and body, a sensational pedagogy endeavors to free the base senses, like smell, from their limiting associations.

When SlutWalk marched onto the protest scene, with its focus on ending victim blaming and slut shaming, it carried the promise of a renewed feminist politics. Focusing on SlutWalk London, this study examines representations and selfrepresentations of the protest in British national newspapers, blogs and Tumblr posts to explore how this promise has been negotiated in the contemporary media space. Building on the notion that contemporary media culture is characterised by a postfeminist sensibility, this study asks: how and to what extent is SlutWalk London represented as a feminist intervention in this culture? In particular, how do representations of the protest, by the media and by activists themselves, reproduce or challenge a postfeminist sensibility? Following Rosalind Gill, the thesis conceptualises the elements of postfeminist sensibility as: choice; individualism and empowerment; natural difference; irony and knowingness; and a view of feminism as passe or ‘done wrong’. The elements of feminist sensibility are conceptualised as: equality; solidarity and politicisation; intersectionality; anger and hope; and a view of feminism as current and relevant. To explore representations and self-representations of SlutWalk, texts and images from newspapers and social media platforms, as well as interviews with organisers and participants, are analysed using content, discourse and thematic analyses. The findings reveal that protestors’ self-representations (on social media and in interviews) are characterised more consistently by a feminist sensibility, while newspaper representations of protestors and of the SlutWalk protest display a more mixed picture of both postfeminist and feminist sensibilities. This indicates a process of negotiation between feminist and postfeminist sensibilities in social and mass media, and suggests that, while contemporary media culture maintains an overall postfeminist sensibility, SlutWalk is nevertheless represented in some spaces by a feminist sensibility. In particular, news items are characterised more consistently by a feminist sensibility, which marks a significant achievement; however, columns (especially by female, feminist authors) show a more postfeminist sensibility. This discrepancy highlights some surprising barriers facing feminist protestors seeking to intervene in the postfeminist media culture and fulfil their feminist promise.

The particular psychological function that judge ability intermediates between natural people and moral people is performed by the organ to channel comprehension and rationality. It firstly needs to have ordinary concept (to decide judging ability), then have particular individual object (introspection judging ability). The judging ability to esthetic appreciation is the first part of the book of Kant's ”criticism to judging ability.” Humans have inborn ability in distinguishing good from evil, and beautifulness from ugliness which is the ”internal organ” (or the 6(superscript th) sense organ). This ability is originated from nature belonging to a human being's psycho and rational part, which is born with esthetic appreciation ability.Rationality is the benign root of human nature (our disposition is benign when we human beings were born). It suits moral quality of social life, makes spirits active, and distinguishes beautifulness and ugliness from true disposition. Benignancy is beautiful and malignancy is ugly, so the sense of morality and estheticism is all the same. Kant said: ”estheticism is the symbol of morality,” which relates esthetic appreciation to sympathy, kindness and justness; that is, the socialization of estheticism (or social estheticism). The sense of estheticism only focuses on ostensible sensible nature (such as sound and color), yet love cares about the recipient's sensible nature of joyfulness. Love is a sort of ”compound emotional desire,” and it is also the main psychological content in the sense of estheticism. Estheticism is a sort of social nature, which is content with people's demand for socialization, since not involved in desire, its sense is unselfish. The sense of estheticism has its necessity, and the recipient of the sense of estheticism must be able to trigger people's sense of contentedness and pleasant feeling. Necessity does not get implied in rationality and conceptuality, so it is subjective. The sense of estheticism is the pleasant feeling of inner and outer harmony caused by the recipient's subjectivity implying the nature of purpose.The so-called judging ability to the esthetic appreciation as mentioned by Kant is appreciating, tasting, and making fun. He believed that judging ability is a kind of perception, so the perception's scope of four items (quantity, quality, relationship, module status) in his arguments has been applied to analyze judging esthetic appreciation.

The viewpoint of semiology which the most popular sport comics,instanced by《Slam Dunk》 Abstract Of all kinds of comics, the sport comics is the most popular one for children and teenagers. According to statistics, among 116 domestic research papers studying comics, only 7 concentrate on sport comics. This paper, therefore, aims to use paradigm and syntagm in the semiology to find the symbol of 《Slam Dunk》. Moreover, this paper studies the possibility of applying the Saussure’s point of view that semiology is constituted by signifier and signified and Roland Barthes’s mythology as far as this subject is concerned. The study found out that using the plot as paradigm, and the entire image in the comics as the syntagm, the symbol of each character will stand out. The symbol of a specific character is represented by his wear and hair style. For example, the short-cut hair style signified well- disciplined and obedient. Loose and non-sleeve sportswear with short sport pants and sport shoes are specially designed for basketball players. The number of sportswear for each basketball player implies his position and age in the team. Number 4 is a number for a team leader. The wear of the coach in the sport comics represent his professional ability. In the famous Japanese sport comics, Slam Dunk, all its characters, scene and plot have some special attraction to the readers like that of a myth. Each role represents some outstanding sportsman spirit like the Japanese martial arts, sport confidence, athlete’s identity, and heroic character. The mythological meaning of the scene in that comic signified the precious human value of cooperation and help for each other, the struggle between emotion connection, space and power. As for the plot, victory, friendship, endeavor, and trust are the main themes. Also packed in the plot are individualism vs. group consciousness, sport morals and ethics, immoral conflict which is a challenge to basketball age culture. All is absolutely realistic and under the global influence of the NBA impact. These elements created by comic authors enable the hearts of the readers and watchers to be closely tied. The myth inside Slam Dunk actually creates a myth for sport comics. The writer of this paper wishes that the results of this study will guide a new research direction for future sport comic researchers. Key words: sport comics, semiology, mythology, Slam Dunk

During the War of Resistance to Japan (1937–45), the cultural scene in Japanese-occupied Shanghai took on a “feminine” quality, as female leads dominated stage performance and film screens. This essay seeks to engage this gendered phenomenon through examples of Ouyang Yuqian’s wartime play Peach Blossom Fan (Taohua shan) and the film Mulan Joins the Army (Mulan congjun). Borrowing affect theory in conjunction with the gendered perception of modernity, the author argues that these representations of female characters, on the one hand, highlight the subjective projection of male intellectuals motivated by intense feelings of shame and anger, which constitutes a feminized national imagination encountering the colonial Other. On the other hand, such representations continue the May Fourth project of enlightening and liberating woman from the conventional family while reintroducing the concept of the nation in the family setting and proposing the foundational family as the basic unit of the new nation.

Jeff Magee and Jeff Kramer John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1999, 374 pp. ISBN 0471987107, $64.99 The book is an introductory text to the ideas, concepts, and topics of concurrency. The text focuses on understanding concepts and techniques, and problems of concurrency, not on the implementation or language. The author's overall goal is that by a combination of learning and doing using Java should make the process of acquiring the skills relating to concurrency interesting, enjoyable, and challenging. The Java language is thus used only for illustration and programming experience of the reader. The book is intended for a computer science student or software developer. A background in programming is expected, as well as some familiarity with the essential concepts of object-oriented programming. Knowledge of the Java programming language and operating systems concepts is beneficial but not required. After reading the text, a reader can expect to have a broad understanding of the concepts of concurrency, the problems that arise, methods to emphasis desirable properties in a concurrent system, and ways to avoid the undesirable ones. The text provides a systematic treatment of concepts, as means to rigorously specify and model concurrent systems, with Java examples to animate and illustrate the concepts discussed. The book is organized into twelve chapters, with three appendices. The first eight chapters provide a concise and comprehensive foundation of concurrency, with the remaining four chapters focusing on more advanced concepts. The latter four chapters are somewhat supplemental and can be read at the discretion of the reader. The content of the text is self-contained, with no reliance upon external references. The authors provide a concluding set of notes and further topics which reference external works, but these are not used in the chapter contents. The introduction provides the foundation for the book, and an idea of what will follow in the rest of the text. The basics of modeling and Java are covered. Authors follow with the concepts of processes, threads and with the idea of concurrency. The emphasis is on using Java, and on the notation used to define a concurrent process or thread. The discussion continues covering interleaving and asynchronous concurrency. Various details about composition of parallel processes and finite state processing modeling are presented. The programming of concurrent execution using Java is then examined via the concept of multiple threads. Here, sharing objects among Java threads is also discussed. The concept of conditional synchronization is covered next, and is used to construct a monitor. The methods of the base object in Java is used, and a waiting queue associated with a Java object is discussed and implemented. This discussion is followed by introduction of deadlock. Authors show the conditions necessary for a deadlock to occur and present an analysis of a concurrent system establishing that such a system is deadlock-free. The classic Dining Philosopher's problem is used to illustrate the distinction between finding deadlocks in models and in programs. The presentation continues with the safety property (that asserts that nothing bad happens), and the liveliness property (that asserts that nothing good happens). Here, authors use the material on model-based design to consolidate many of the concepts previously discussed. No one modeling method or design methodology is emphasized. Then creation and elimination of threads in a running program is covered next. The dynamic starting and stopping of Java threads is presented. The discussion moves then to messaging passing. Asynchronous and synchronous messaging is presented with Java programming examples. The concept of a rendezvous, allowing for interaction in a messaging system, is also presented. Based on the concepts developed so far filter-pipeline, supervisor-worker, and announcer-listener concurrent architectures are examined. Java programs demonstrating how the elements of each model interact at runtime are developed. The presentation completes with modeling and implementing of timed systems. Time is signaled by the passage of successive time ticks. The authors then elaborate on a system that is event-based rather than thread-based. Java programs are used to illustrate in implementation the concepts discussed. The three appendices provide a reference, specification, and listing of semantics for the finite-state modeling algebra used by the authors throughout the book. The text is ideal for teaching in a classroom environment, or for a motivated reader to use for self-paced learning. Its organization follows a logical train of discussion and thought, with each chapter building successively on the other, with the more difficult concepts and topics withheld until later. This gradual approach makes the material flow smoothly and cohesively from the beginning to the end. The book is intended as a textbook, so does organize the material and discussion as one, but does not become too dry or bland to stifle the reader's interest in the material. The examples are inter-mixed with the discussion to highlight and emphasize essential points the authors make in each chapter. The text illustrates concepts well under discussion, and does not become a long-winded recital of theory. The topics examined are fundamental to concurrency, and are well illustrated and discussed, but no one topic is examined extensively. The code examples are well written concerning the programming style, indentation and comments. A CD is provided, containing the codes from the book. In addition supplementary material consisting of presentation slides and an errata is provided on the author's WWW site, as well as on the CD. The book is up to date both on the topics of concurrency, and with the Java applets, code, and programs used to illustrate them. Later, as the Java language evolves, the examples may need to be updated, but for the time being the text well represents that state of the Java language. William F. Gilreath, Micron Technology, Inc., Boise Idaho