КЫЛЫМ КАРЫТКАН КАНДАГАЙ

Moldo Niyaz is a person who has a unique place in the Kyrgyz language, literature, history and culture. He is the ancestor of the development of the form of written literary language in the nineteenth century. His work Sanat Digarasttar is of great importance as one of the priceless documents that makes it possible to reflect on the state of the language, almost in the previous century and a half and on the written monuments of the Kyrgyz language for linguistic science in the middle of the XIX century. Artistic and aesthetic value, dignity, all the beauty of Sanat songs left by the author are reflected in the language features. Therefore, in order to learn the written technologies of the ancient Kyrgyz peoples, it is necessary to study the language features of the works of Moldo Niyaz from different sides. Based on this direction, the article makes a comparative analysis of the grammatical local language features of the language in the work of akyn with the modern Kyrgyz literary language. Scientific works of researchers in this direction,devoted to dialects, such turkologists as K. K. Yudakhin, B. M. Yunusaliev, I. A. Batmanov, T. K. Akhmatov, Zh. Mukambaev, G. Bakinova, E. Abduldaev, K. Beknazarov, Sh. Zhaparov, K. Kyrbashev, A. Biyaliev, Zh. Zhumaliev, T. Sydykov were the scientific and theoretical foundations of our work. Thus, the study and definition of such issues as the emergence of the Kyrgyz literary language, history, development of the language-this is today also one of the main problems. When solving these problems, the issue of research of the works of pischuschih akyns before the October revolution can become the main linguistic base. From this point of view, it is necessary to study from different sides the works of akynovkak Moldo Niyaz, the written language of regional use, especially the XIX–XX centuries before the formation of the Kyrgyz people as a nationality.

The scientific article discusses data on Kyrgyz people living outside the territory of Kyr¬gyzstan in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Their localization, distribution and settlement areas of the Kyrgyz in the Ferghana Valley, tribal composition, material and spiritual cultures are studied. For the analysis, scientific, scientific and statistical materials were used on the number and settlement of Kyrgyz in the Ferghana Valley. Ethnocultural ties of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic-speaking peoples have also been studied. The article examines historical data about Kyrgyz living outside the territory of Kyrgyzstan, including in neighboring Uzbekistan. This work examines the localization of the Kyrgyz, their areas of distribution in the Fergana Valley, tribal composition, material and spiritual culture of the ancient people. The terri¬tory of the Fergana Valley, which is currently under the jurisdiction of independent states (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), has been known since ancient times under the additional name “Golden Val¬ley” The history, culture, language of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyz ethnic group and other features are closely related to the population and culture of the Fergana Valley. It is known that the Kyrgyz have lived in the valley, its foothills and mountainous areas since time immemorial. Some historical sources and works of researchers indicate that the Kyrgyz inhabited the Fergana Valley and surrounding areas in the 10th-11th centuries. AD It should be noted that the Kyrgyz have long lived in the Fergana Valley and its foothills. An example of this, along with historical sources, can be toponymic names associated with the names (ethnotoponyms) of Kyrgyz tribes and clans, which are quite densely populated in the region. In general, to date, comprehensive studies of the ethnic history, ethnogenesis, ethnic culture, language, material and spiritual culture of the Kyrgyz living in Uzbekistan have not been carried out. For the analysis, scientific, scientific and statistical materials on the number and settlement of the Kyrgyz in the Fergana Valley were used. The ethnocultural ties of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic-speaking peoples have also been studied.

Six human remains (dating approximately 2500 years ago) were excavated from Pengyang, China, an area occupied by both ancient nomadic and farming people. The funerary objects found with these remains suggested they were nomads. To further confirm their ancestry, we analyzed both the maternal lineages and paternal lineages of the ancient DNA. From the mitochondrial DNA, six haplotypes were identified as three haplogroups: C, D4 and M10. The haplotype-sharing populations and phylogenetic analyses revealed that these individuals were closely associated with the ancient Xiongnu and modern northern Asians. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of Y chromosomes from four male samples that were typed as haplogroup Q indicated that these people had originated in Siberia. These results show that these ancient people from Pengyang present a close genetic affinity to nomadic people, indicating that northern nomads had reached the Central Plain area of China nearly 2500 years ago.

The Keles region is the natural boundary between the nomadic pastoral peoples and the sedentary agricultural peoples of Central Asia. Because in this region, the ancient peoples were sedentary along the full-flowing rivers Kurkeles, Keles, Shyrshyk and Angren, which flow into the Syr Darya River, and the peoples of the north of this region were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. The past of the region is little studied to this day. For these reasons, a group of Kazakh- Turkish archaeologists intend to jointly explore the Myntobe burial ground, take up the history of its study and systematically introduce it into scientific circulation. During the research work, within the framework of this topic, the identity and area of distribution of the Zhetiasar, Otyrar-Karatau, and Kaunshy cultures of the Kangli tribes that lived in the region are determined. It also provides important information about the archaeological research conducted at the Myntobe burial ground. The chronology of the necropolis burial grounds is determined by a comparative analysis of the exhibits obtained as a result of archaeological excavations. This article is based on the research project of the International Kazakh-Turkish University named after Khoja Ahmed Yasawi on the topic “Excavations of the Myntobe necropolis”, funded by the Plenipotentiary Council.

The article presents the results of archaeological researches of 2005, carried out on the Pavlodar Priirtyshye emergency site. The site was located on the territory of Mayskoye district of Pavlodar region near the village Mayskoye. The object of the study is an accidental find of a researcher-paleontologist, who surveyed the coastal Irtysh River shoreline to find paleontological material. The burial site has been subjected to considerable destruction under the influence of spring floods and the and the overflow of the river. The present article is devoted to the introduction into scientific turnover of the results of the archaeological research of the Mayskoye emergency site. Despite significant destruction of the object, the conducted research allowed to reveal valuable archaeological materials, which are highly informative and contribute to an in-depth study of the medieval history of the region and neighboring territories. The article is aimed at the analysis of archaeological data obtained as a result of excavations at this site in order to reconstruct burial rites and military culture of medieval nomads of the Upper and Middle Priirtyshye. The data obtained in the process of archaeological excavations allow to analyse the burial rites, accompanying inventory and also determine the cultural and chronological belonging of the given site of historical and cultural heritage. The archaeological study of the site revealed the peculiarities of the burial, which makes it possible to reconstruct the customs and traditions of the region in the early medieval period. Particular attention was paid to military equipment, which allows us to draw conclusions about the social status of the buried person and his role in society. The results of the work provide insights into funerary practices and military culture of the medieval nomads of the Irtysh region, and may also be useful for further research of the archaeological heritage of the country. The archaeological materials revealed in the course of the study make a significant contribution to the existing scientific data on the nomadic societies of Eurasia, expanding the understanding of their socio-economic structure, cultural practices and adaptation strategies. The analysis of the obtained data contributes to an in-depth study of the dynamics of historical processes in the region, making it possible to trace the transformation of funerary rituals, changes in the system of armour and material culture, as well as to identify the specifics of interaction between different ethno-cultural groups in the medieval period. These materials may become the basis for broader comparative studies and a deeper understanding of the country's cultural processes. The study also creates new opportunities for further archaeological and interdisciplinary work, contributing to a deeper understanding of the socio-cultural processes of the region.

The work provides a methodology for teaching the topic of quantities (length, time, mass and capacity, area and perimeter, etc.), which is one of the main topics in primary school. Recommendations are given for teaching and learning each quantity. Recommendations are given on the history of quantities used by the ancient Kyrgyz people and their use in practice. The results of research with numbers in experimental studies are quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. 56 ИТЭИ. Образование, наука и инновации. №11, 2025 Methodological guidelines are offered to school teachers and future primary school teachers in conveying these topics to students.

Genetic Data Suggests that the Jinggouzi People are Associated With the Donghu, an Ancient Nomadic Group of North China

The article deals with the problem of studying totemism and totemic signs as the basis for artistic culture emergence. The author substantiates the idea that the study of the materials on totemism of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia will assist in the research of the totemic symbols of written and oral-epic sources, as well as in conducting the initial analysis of the Kyrgyz people’s spiritual nomadic heritage. Considerable attention is paid to the texts of the epic “Manas” and “Compendium of the Languages of the Turks” by Mahmud Kashgari. On the basis of the historical written sources of Central Asia the author comes to the conclusion that the totemic symbol formation in national identity is a fact of ethnography and folklore as a science.

This study compares such musical and folklore genres as badyk-kulyapsan, tongue twisters, widespread among nomadic peoples of the Kazakh steppes, with some genres of such peoples as Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Kumyks and Mongols. For example, the most ancient magic song (with musical accompaniment), found in folklore, is regionally spread only among Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, and Tajik peoples living in Central Asia. This song is not found only among related Turkic peoples, so the authors consider badik a genre form that emerged after the disintegration of the Turkic unification. The badik genre originally emerged as the basis of ancient Turkic song performed in the rituals of ancient Turkic peoples. However, there are reasons to believe that its texts emerged in later times, as this song was not widespread among all Turkic peoples, but was found only among the peoples of Central Asia. Since tongue twisters are a small genre, their study began much later. The tongue twisters do not have a certain musical accompaniment as badik-kulapsan, but they are performed in the form of verses in accordance with the intonation peculiarities of each person and the emphasis is placed on the purity of words. Therefore, a special musical melody prevails in badik-kulapsan. The tongue twisters are a playful instrument, which is rationally used to correct children's speech, introducing them to the oratorical art. Badik-kulapsan songs are of regional character only for Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak, Uzbek, Tajik peoples of Central Asia. Sometimes one of the badik types was called kulyapsan. In this study, the songs of badik-kulyapsan, which are used at present only among the Kazakhs of Uzbekistan, as well as samples from not yet published rare books of the Alash intelligentsia, were introduced into the scientific turnover.

In this article, the authors, on the basis of ethnographic materials, attempted to uncover the ways and reasons for the deferred burials «amanatka koyu» («temporarily bury»), and their connection with aspects of the worldview of nomadic tribes, including the Kazakh people. They gave a description of the funeral rite of the deceased. Considered in the historical interrelation of the tradition of the burial of the Saka kings in the large pantheons, the burial of the Kazakh khans, biy rulers and batyrs in the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yassaui, as well as the tradition of spreading the news of the death of influential people. In addition, considered the burial without a corpse (cenotaph) occurring in the Kazakh people.

The article considers the issue of research in domestic science of archeological monuments, the so-called, late nomads in the XIX–XX centuries. Based on existing sources, the authors identified its main stages and most characteristic features. In particular, it is determined that the first such attempts were made in the pre-revolutionary period and they marked the beginning of the study of nomadic peoples of the tenth-fourteenth centuries and the accumulation of scientific knowledge about them. Later, these studies received a new lease of life. Thus, thanks to the success of domestic archeology in the 1960s – 1970s, the first generalizing works were published, among which the monograph of G. A. Fedorov-Davydov, who first divided the monuments of the late nomads into certain dated chronological blocks. These studies have been continued in the works of other scientists. Among them, it should be noted the famous researcher S.A. Pletnev. which for the first time defined the main features of the funeral rite and material culture of various ethnic groups of nomads of this time, which became to some extent textbook in domestic archeology. At the same time, the authors determine that despite the significant successes of domestic science in the XIX–XX centuries in this direction, many issues on the outlined issues still remain quite controversial and need further study.