芝加哥大學所藏《沅湘耆舊詩集續編》等三種稿本相關資料問題論考

Hui Tong, the master of Pu Xue (a study focuses on exploring explanatory notes in ancient books) during Yongzheng and Qianlong Reign in Ching Dynasty, was famous in the academia with many publications. Hui Tong felt regretted that the articles of Shang Shu Da Chuan written by Fu Sheng were gradually disappearing and started to devote himself to compiling and emending the remains of this book. It took Hui Tong a lot of time and efforts to compile and emend the articles of Shang Shu Da Chuan but he made great achievements. However, after Hui Tong finished compiling these articles into a book, he failed to make the book be published and all his efforts were not known or appreciated by the world. At present, a manuscript of ”Shang Shu Da Chang” in Hui Tong's ”Hong Dou Chai” is collected in the Rare Book Collection of National Center Library. Although the author has written several articles to praise Hui Tong for his great works, the mistakes he had made in his Hong Dou Chai must be disclosed for the sake of pursuing the integrity of knowledge. This study divided the mistakes of Hui Tong into three parts: ”the mistakes of collection,” ”the mistakes of citation,” and ”the mistakes of letters.” And the mistakes of each part were explained by one or two examples. It is hoped that not only the outstanding work of Hong Dou Chai but also the shortcomings of it can be realized by the world through this study.

Fundamentals of Infrastructure Management

Mapping of the Collections of History of Medicine in Estonian Museums Leili Kriis, Sirje Sisask University of Tartu Museum The work plan of the University of Tartu Museum for the following years includes creating a new exposition for the university’s Old Anatomical Theatre. This made us wonder, what kinds of collections of history of medicine are there in other Estonian museums. A great opportunity to obtain information opened up with the Ministry of Culture’s support programme for developing museums that we participated in with our project “Mapping of the Collections of History of Medicine in Estonian Museums” from 17 April to 31 December 2013. To obtain data, we designed a questionnaire for the chief treasurers of the museums. Based on the answers we received, the following overview was compiled. At the time we conducted the survey, more than half of the materials of history of medicine in the museum collections had been entered also into the Estonian Museum Information System MuIS. Keywords related to the topic of medicine have been used. Most of the corresponding materials in Estonian museums are connected to pharmacies (material objects as well as photographs and archive materials), and furnishings of dental practices (Parnu Museum, Voru County Museum, etc.). Regional museums also contain objects of veterinary medicine. There are rare items of history of medicine such as an inoculation knife, cupping lancets, bloodletting devices, a bone saw, an irritation instrument, healing stones, a homoeopathic pharmacy, and many more. The most noteworthy archive materials are probably the inoculation materials, mud treatment materials (materials and manuscripts of Dr Hunnius from Haapsalu, mud treatment history of Saaremaa), and manuscripts by medics (historical overviews). Topics like doping (the Estonian Sports Museum), designing medical institutions (hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.) (Museum of Estonian Architecture, Museum of Viljandi), diseases and stress, and how these are reflected in a person’s creative work (Estonian Theatre and Music Museum) have also been documented. Most valuable are the stories found in the collections of county museums that tell of medical institutions (hospitals, pharmacies, sanatoriums, leprosariums, etc.) that have operated or are operating in the region and reflect the specific character of the region, as well as the materials of well-known local medics. Also materials related to alternative and folk medicine. All this enriches the general picture of the Estonian history of medicine. Our working group reached the conclusion that the contents of the MuIS dictionary should be structured in a better manner and supplemented with topics that are reflected in specific museum collections (alternative medicine, nutrition, environment, etc.). Images of museum objects are also important data carriers in the database. Rare historical documents deserve to be digitised as soon as possible since they tend to become fragile with time. Regional museums should also find room for materials related to the history and doctors of local medical institutions.

It is rare to find a neglected subject in the history of medicine. Almost every aspect has been subject to repeated detailed scrutiny and recording by amateur historians and professionals alike, resulting in a plethora of articles, monographs and books. Although individual types of surgical instruments have occasionally been the subject of historical research and publication, this magisterial book is the first to give a detailed overview of the entire history of surgical instrumentation. In the English literature, only one book has previously attempted this. In 1942, CJS Thompson, then curator at The Royal College of Surgeons of England, published a short history of surgical instruments in a pocketsized book of only 113 pages, many of which were taken up by illustrations. It was inevitably superficial. Now, his successor as curator of surgical instruments at the College, John Kirkup, a retired orthopaedic surgeon, has produced what must surely be the definitive work on the subject. It is difficult to believe that it will ever be surpassed. The work is in four parts. Part 1 gives a general introduction but is largely taken up with a description of the sources used in compiling the information to follow. These include not only a very large number of historical articles and books on surgery but also a study of surgical instrument makers' catalogues over the past 200 years and, not surprisingly, the very large collection of instruments owned by the College as well as collections in other museums in Europe and the US. Part 2 comprises nearly 100 pages describing the different metals and other materials that have been used to make instruments over the centuries. These include animal parts such as bone and ivory, plants, stones, minerals, rubber, plastic, gum elastic as well as no less than 13 different non-ferrous metals and six ferrous metals. Part 3 is the perhaps the core of the book and is titled ‘Structure and Form’. It has ten chapters dealing in great detail with the evolution of different classes of instrument. Probes, needles, blades, forceps, retractors, scissors, catheters, haemostats, dilators and their various allies as well as implants and prostheses, diagnostic and therapeutic instruments – the list goes on. Each chapter comprises a historical introduction followed by an analysis of structure and then of function. Some of this material has been published previously in the Annals and formed the substance of the author's MD thesis. Part 4 is on applied instrumentation and, for example, deals with haemorrhage, wound closure, extraction of foreign materials and amputation. This section contains much of general surgical interest and for the occasional reader may be of greater interest than some of the more specialised earlier chapters. The book is lavishly illustrated throughout with more than 500 black-and-white line drawings and photographs. There is also a central section of 30 colour plates showing boxed collections of 19th-century instruments and plates from illustrated surgical manuscripts and books of the past. Each chapter is extensively referenced. To conclude, there is a comprehensive bibliography and a useful appendix detailing museums and collections throughout the world that exhibit surgical instruments. Are there any criticisms? I could find only one error during a detailed reading and that relates to an illustration rather than the text! Plate III is incorrectly labelled. Beyond this I found some of the illustrations disappointingly small given the detail they contain and a few have reproduced poorly. Overall, however, I believe this to be a unique reference volume that will be consulted for many years to come by those who wish to understand how the developing craft of surgery necessitated developments in instrument design and, conversely, how serial advances in materials technology allowed developments to take place in the craft of surgery. It will also be of special interest to instrument collectors and medical historians.

Jeff Magee and Jeff Kramer John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1999, 374 pp. ISBN 0471987107, $64.99 The book is an introductory text to the ideas, concepts, and topics of concurrency. The text focuses on understanding concepts and techniques, and problems of concurrency, not on the implementation or language. The author's overall goal is that by a combination of learning and doing using Java should make the process of acquiring the skills relating to concurrency interesting, enjoyable, and challenging. The Java language is thus used only for illustration and programming experience of the reader. The book is intended for a computer science student or software developer. A background in programming is expected, as well as some familiarity with the essential concepts of object-oriented programming. Knowledge of the Java programming language and operating systems concepts is beneficial but not required. After reading the text, a reader can expect to have a broad understanding of the concepts of concurrency, the problems that arise, methods to emphasis desirable properties in a concurrent system, and ways to avoid the undesirable ones. The text provides a systematic treatment of concepts, as means to rigorously specify and model concurrent systems, with Java examples to animate and illustrate the concepts discussed. The book is organized into twelve chapters, with three appendices. The first eight chapters provide a concise and comprehensive foundation of concurrency, with the remaining four chapters focusing on more advanced concepts. The latter four chapters are somewhat supplemental and can be read at the discretion of the reader. The content of the text is self-contained, with no reliance upon external references. The authors provide a concluding set of notes and further topics which reference external works, but these are not used in the chapter contents. The introduction provides the foundation for the book, and an idea of what will follow in the rest of the text. The basics of modeling and Java are covered. Authors follow with the concepts of processes, threads and with the idea of concurrency. The emphasis is on using Java, and on the notation used to define a concurrent process or thread. The discussion continues covering interleaving and asynchronous concurrency. Various details about composition of parallel processes and finite state processing modeling are presented. The programming of concurrent execution using Java is then examined via the concept of multiple threads. Here, sharing objects among Java threads is also discussed. The concept of conditional synchronization is covered next, and is used to construct a monitor. The methods of the base object in Java is used, and a waiting queue associated with a Java object is discussed and implemented. This discussion is followed by introduction of deadlock. Authors show the conditions necessary for a deadlock to occur and present an analysis of a concurrent system establishing that such a system is deadlock-free. The classic Dining Philosopher's problem is used to illustrate the distinction between finding deadlocks in models and in programs. The presentation continues with the safety property (that asserts that nothing bad happens), and the liveliness property (that asserts that nothing good happens). Here, authors use the material on model-based design to consolidate many of the concepts previously discussed. No one modeling method or design methodology is emphasized. Then creation and elimination of threads in a running program is covered next. The dynamic starting and stopping of Java threads is presented. The discussion moves then to messaging passing. Asynchronous and synchronous messaging is presented with Java programming examples. The concept of a rendezvous, allowing for interaction in a messaging system, is also presented. Based on the concepts developed so far filter-pipeline, supervisor-worker, and announcer-listener concurrent architectures are examined. Java programs demonstrating how the elements of each model interact at runtime are developed. The presentation completes with modeling and implementing of timed systems. Time is signaled by the passage of successive time ticks. The authors then elaborate on a system that is event-based rather than thread-based. Java programs are used to illustrate in implementation the concepts discussed. The three appendices provide a reference, specification, and listing of semantics for the finite-state modeling algebra used by the authors throughout the book. The text is ideal for teaching in a classroom environment, or for a motivated reader to use for self-paced learning. Its organization follows a logical train of discussion and thought, with each chapter building successively on the other, with the more difficult concepts and topics withheld until later. This gradual approach makes the material flow smoothly and cohesively from the beginning to the end. The book is intended as a textbook, so does organize the material and discussion as one, but does not become too dry or bland to stifle the reader's interest in the material. The examples are inter-mixed with the discussion to highlight and emphasize essential points the authors make in each chapter. The text illustrates concepts well under discussion, and does not become a long-winded recital of theory. The topics examined are fundamental to concurrency, and are well illustrated and discussed, but no one topic is examined extensively. The code examples are well written concerning the programming style, indentation and comments. A CD is provided, containing the codes from the book. In addition supplementary material consisting of presentation slides and an errata is provided on the author's WWW site, as well as on the CD. The book is up to date both on the topics of concurrency, and with the Java applets, code, and programs used to illustrate them. Later, as the Java language evolves, the examples may need to be updated, but for the time being the text well represents that state of the Java language. William F. Gilreath, Micron Technology, Inc., Boise Idaho

(2002). General Commentary to Marx's Manuscript of Capital, Book 3 (1864/65) International Journal of Political Economy: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 14-34.

The purpose of this scientific paper is to characterize the page 190v of the manuscript of Jagiellonian Library, cat. number 1297. Th e page in question contains the prayers and commentaries. Hitherto researchers have neglected this page so far, so it has not been fully described and some elements of the layout have not been identified (or misidentified) (see the papers of A. Bruckner, W. R. Rzepka and W. Wydra, C.K. Świecki et al.). The foregoing research has considered the page as a separate item, disregarding the surrounding pages. In this paper the author discusses the page as a whole. Th is allowed her to ask new questions concerning: the writer’s intention, the function of the page, and the possible status of an Old Polish text. In the main part of the paper the author makes an attempt to reconstruct the sequence of writing the elements of the layout (page composition), taking into consideration in particular the relations between the elements. According to the author it is possible to reconstruct the probable sequence of the writer’s actions, and therefore to retrace creative process of the scribe (known as Jakub of Piotrkow, the canon of Plock). Th e author assumes the three hypothetical stages of writer’s work. In the first stage he wrote Polish and Latin texts of Pater noster and Credo on the page. Then the page could have been used to lecture the prayers or to teach how to memorize them. Comparing the page on this stage with other known collections of basic prayers, we can eliminate the function of this record as a compendium or collection of common prayers. On later stages the writer added next elements: commentary on the translation of the prayers into Polish, a few words explanations (e.g. „The Holy Trinity: Th e Father, The Son and The Holy Spirit”, the division of water into snow, rain and ice) , an abridged version of Credo, a Polish version of Ave Maria and a paraphrase of Our Father by Ludolf the Carthusian. In the analysis the author points out the motivation behind the writing of consequent elements and their function (preaching and mnemonic). The last hypothetical stage of the creation of the page is writing down the text of Benedictiones mensae, not related to the elements mentioned before. The applied research procedure (reconstruction of the sequence of writing the texts on the page) allows to reconstruct alleged creative process. The analysis proves that the writer’s intention could have changed as subsequent elements were being written on the page. On the first stage the page could have served as a theological lecture or mnemonic teaching aid of the texts (both Latin and Polish). The receivers could have been the congregation (taught the basic prayers in Polish) or clerical students and the priests preparing to ministration (as the texts of prayers in Polish and Latin indicate). On the second stage the function of the page becomes clear: it serves as the teaching aid during lecturing of the articles of faith and explaining theological and linguistic matters (metatextual and metalinguistic commentary on the translations of prayers into Polish). That’s why we should consider the presumptive receivers not only simple folks (as some of the elements on the page are not applicable in this case) but clergymen or clerical students as well. The elements of the page were selected to use, depending on who was on the receiving end of the lecture and what was the purpose of it. According to the latest research on the distinguishing features and character of Old Polish texts we can assert that linguistic relics like this one, closely bound up with orality of medieval language, are not (were not) the complete texts but texts in statu nascendi. The discussed text is an example of genuine teaching aid, serving the writer, Jakub of Plock in ministering, and aft er that – probably the next clergymen.

This thesis is based upon studies conducted between June 2003 and June 2007 at the Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography at Basel University. It was developed under the supervision of Rainer Abart (FU Berlin) and Christian de Capitani (Basel University) and essentially benefited from the guidance of Ralf Schuster (Austrian Geological Survey) in terms of the regional geological framework. The thesis is divided into six chapters, four of which (Chapter 2 to 5) can be regarded as individual manuscripts: Chapter 1 (‘Introduction’) briefly presents the general background and the aim of the thesis. Chapter 2 (‘Characterization of polymetamorphism in the Austroalpine basement east of the Tauern Window using garnet isopleth thermobarometry’) focuses on the description of the method ‘garnet isopleth thermobarometry’ and its application to polymetamorphic garnet porphyroblasts from the Austroalpine basement. This method allows to estimate P-T conditions for the formation of pre-existing equilibrium assemblages, employing bulkrock chemistries and garnet as the only relict mineral phase. This study is published in the Journal of Metamorphic Geology. Chapter 3 (‘THERIA G: A software program to numerically model prograde garnet growth’) contains the description of the software program THERIA G, which was developed throughout the course of the preparation of this thesis. THERIA G extends earlier work to simulate the formation of garnet in a given volume of rock to garnet populations. Chapter 3 clearly demonstrates that the chemical composition of garnet porphyroblasts may be influenced by chemical fractionation between garnet and rock matrix during growth, intracrystalline diffusion in garnet, and the nucleation history. This study is under review in Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Chapter 4 [‘Prograde garnet growth along complex P-T-t paths: Results from numerical experiments on polyphase garnet from the W¨olz Complex (Austroalpine basement)’] presents an application of THERIA G. Due to the application of THERIA G, essential parts of the P-T-t paths of two different metamorphic events can be obtained from a single polyphase garnet porphyroblast of the Austroalpine basement. This study is under review in Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Chapter 5 [‘Coupling garnet growth forward modelling with monazite geochronology: An application to the Rappold Complex (Austroalpine crystalline basement)’] links thermobarometrical information obtained from garnet growth modelling with microprobe monazite ages. As a result, a possible geothermal history is suggested, which indicates the complex metamorphic evolution of the Austroalpine crystalline basement. This study is to be submitted for publication in the Journal of Metamorphic Geology. Chapter 6 (‘Overall conclusion’) presents the main summery and conclusion of the entire thesis. The Appendix, which contains supplementary material to all the chapters, and the enclosed CD, at which the remaining data are stored, complete the thesis.

We asked survey respondents: How can the UBC Library serve you better? Please tell us! The respondents replied: By making it easier to FIND resources, people, places, and help. The University of British Columbia (UBC) Library participated in the LibQUAL+® survey for the first time in January/February 2007. The preliminary quantitative data from ARL notebooks, including radar charts; LibQUAL+® Analytics-Institution Explorer; other worksheets and templates, etc.) were used and shared with over 200 library staff in open sessions. To get started with the qualitative analysis and to enhance the quantitative data, we used two analytical tools: ATLAS.ti and Nesstar WebView. We downloaded the “comments” from LibQUAL+® to ATLAS.ti and the SPSS files to Nesstar WebView. These tools enabled us to analyze the qualitative and quantitative data systematically, to expose and explore relationships between the qualitative and quantitative data, and to focus the results of the survey on specific user groups, places and services.

Research Societies in Soviet society Kersti Taal Library of the University on Tartu In the year 1940 there were numerous research societies in Estonia, the activities of which were rearranged in the first Soviet year. Most of the private societies were already closed. Because of the beginning of the war in 1941 no changes, except the initial plans, were made. The learned Estonian Society and the Society of the Academic Native Language, discussed in the article, survived in the war years, their evacuated property reached Tartu successfully but both societies had lost an essential part of their membership. The Learned Estonian Society and the Society of the Academic Native Language could start their activities after the adoption of the respective regulation of Soviet of People’s Commissars of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Estonia of 22 September 1945. After the establishment of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Estonia in 1946 the subordination of the societies to Tartu University was changed into the subordination to the Academy of Sciences. Meetings of presentations and the arrangement of collections continued in both societies in the old way until 1950. The themes of presentations were selected in conformity with the new conditions- as much as possible Russia-centred. The learned Estonian Society tried to continue publishing yearbooks but only the manuscripts were made and no publication followed. The publication of Fr. R. Faehlmann, the founder-member’s manuscripts heritage failed. In its word the Society of the Academic Native Language devoted its attention to the work in the big masse of people – the collection of dialects continued, the students’ language circle started its work. After the VIII plenary session of the communist Party of Estonia in 1950 which started extensive search of bourgeois nationalists and their liquidation campaigne, it was planned to close both societies. The main reason was that the opened Institute of History and the Institute of Language and Literature at the Academy of Sciences did the same work. The societies were accused of keeping to bourgeois traditions, passiveness and in little interest in solving the problems of the Soviet population. The Learned Estonian Society was under the special attack. The chairman of the society professor Harri Moora was declared a bourgeois nationalist; the Learned Estonian Society was liquidated with the decision of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of Soviet Estonia as of 28 June 1950 (restored in 1988). The Society of the Academic Native Language succeeded in continuing its activities using the tactics of delay. The collection of dialects could be presented as the work in broad masses of people. In the following years of Soviet power different publications came out – the yearbook, scientific proceedings, instructions for collecting language materials, “The Local Dialect” (“Kodumurre”), the best papers of dialect correspondents. Language days were organised in Schools, language conferences were held. Being the only research society in humanities, the Society of Academic Native Language also joined folklorists, ethnographers, archaeologists and historians.

ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FIVE YEARS after its ratification, the Constitution of the United States has become the subject of a great book. The reference applies to the recently published two-volume work entitled Politics and the Constitution in the History of the United States, by William Winslow Crosskey, a member of the law faculty at the University of Chicago. Some people will call Crosskey's book vicious, because it proposes a construction of the Constitution which they fear; others will call it an irreverent work, for by implication it criticises those they revere; still others will damn it as a corrupting influence, for it challenges many of the orthodoxies of our legal and political system. Unquestionably it is the most revolutionary commentary ever published on the Constitution. Yet these very controversies are bound to contribute to the acceptance of the construction these volumes expound. When examined, the legal structure which unfolds not only is convincing, but in addition is most compatible with the present political economy of the United States. Logic, evidence, methodology and economic interest are combined so effectively that a break with currently accepted concepts about the Constitution seems almost assured within a few years.

[Introduction]: During the past decade Asia has experienced intense economic growth leading to a significant increase in demand for managers and professionals. In Asia, and particularly in East and South East Asia, women's participation rates in the labour force are ranked among the highest in the world (see ILO, 2007). Higher educational levels and falling fertility rates have contributed to women's increasing participation in the labour force. As women become more educated and qualified for managerial positions, the number of Asian women managers and executives is predicted to rise over the next decade. However, although several research studies pertaining to women in management were conducted during the 1990s, given the rapid changes in Asian workplaces over the past decade it may well be that much of what we know is outdated, irrelevant and based mainly on studies conducted in developed countries (Omar and Davidson, 2001). This book examines the opportunities and challenges for women managers in the Asian cultural context and presents an update on their progress in management. The influence of Asian cultures and religious traditions has been used to explain women's under-utilisation and under-representation in management (see Adler, 1993-1994; Omar and Davidson, 2001). One aim of this book is to examine such influences on organisational and management practices, and how these affect women in management in Asian economies. Some elements of management practices are universal whereas others, such as human resource (HR) practices, are more unique to a given context. Women have increasing opportunities and an increasing number of women have attained managerial positions. However, a review of women in management (Omar and Davidson, 2001) also found differences in experiences based on locality, and suggested that women in Asia might encounter greater challenges because of the culture and traditions of Asian societies. The Asian economies examined in this book have undergone rapid economic transfonnation. Much of what we know about women managers today is drawn from studies in developed countries: less is known of women in Asia and the specific barriers faced by women in Asian economies. In addition, the 'voice' of women managers remains to be heard, especially of those in Confucian and patriarchal societies such as many of those in Asia. In sum, there is a tension between more universal, 'best practice' -based, often Western management approaches and the more contingent, culturally nuanced practices that apply to and impact on women managers. This will emerge from the comparison across economies offered here. This chapter discusses the gender-organisation-system perspective, which is the theoretical framework adopted to explain the underrepresentation and under-utilisation of women in management. This is followed by an overview of women in the labour market, their educational levels and the proportion of women in managerial and professional positions. The chapter examines the factors that contribute to occupational gender segregation, earnings gaps between men and women, issues related to the balancing offamily and work life and the barriers to women's career advancement. The final sections discuss the influence of national culture, focusing particularly on Asian societies, and present an overview of the economies featured in this book.

In a poem composed in 1832, the Chosŏn-Korean polymath Chŏng Yagyong (1762–1836) declared his fidelity towards Confucian literary principles. Chŏng’s poem was a product of an elite education, and in both form and content, it embodied the ideals of the Chosŏn elite: written in classical Chinese rather than Korean, it was an expression of cultural self-confidence. From the point of view of nationalism and its emphasis on vernaculars, it seems strange to define oneself through a cosmopolitan written language. But Chŏng was no nationalist. He was a Confucian conservative, and the sense of distinction and difference that animated Chŏng’s poem was Confucian and literary. His articulation of such ideals manifested unease over the erosion of Confucian literary values in China and the prospect of the same occurring in Chosŏn under Chinese influence. The source of that influence was books imported from China. What Chŏng was reacting against was, at root, the commodification of literature and all that had entailed in Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) China. Although such concerns had grown increasingly urgent a half-century before, they had a long pedigree in Chosŏn, stretching back to debates that had arisen in relation to Ming China and the principal emblem of the commodification of literature: commercial bookstores. This paper examines some of the principal differences between Chinese and Korean literary cultures that were embodied in Chŏng. It therefore begins with a brief overview of Chŏng and his poem, before turning to a discussion of some key sociopolitical and intellectual features that distinguished Chosŏn’s literary culture from that of China. Sixteenth-century attitudes towards bookstores are discussed to contextualize subsequent worries over Chinese books, with special attention given to the historical and historiographical dimensions of the question, before concluding with an assessment of the final moments of direct Chinese literary influence in Korea.

A book collection in corpore is usually used to describe a historically formed, indivisible collection of books having a historic, scientific and cultural value. Specialized research on this topic in Lithuania has been scanty, if any, with the exception of research conducted on acquiring and storing book collections in libraries as well as similar topics. The article aims at investigating the theoretical aspects of using the term book collection and providing the analysis of existing practices and trends with regard to book collections both in Lithuanian and foreign libraries. To achieve this objective, the following methods of literary analysis and empirical research have been used: analysis of library websites, expert survey, interviews with the library staff taking care of book collections at their disposal. The objects of research are the book collections in corpore, acquired and stored in the National Library of Lithuania, libraries of state-level and county libraries. The libraries which decide to store and preserve book collections in corpore, undertake a museum function, that is, the inherent function pertinent to a memory institution. This function is not characteristic of public libraries. However, it is among the core functions of the libraries having the national and state status. Based on the criterion of the former owner, collections in corpore can be grouped as follows: personal libraries (the libraries of outstanding statesmen, public figures, science and culture mak­ers) and book heritage of various institutions (institutional libraries). It turned out that currently 144 collections in corpore are being stored in the National Library of Lithuania, state-level and coun­ty libraries, with personal libraries identified as the prevailing group among them (137). The seven remaining collections in corpore are institutional libraries. The analysis of the information available in library websites on the collections in corpore revealed that the material presented is rather scarce and the websites do not contain comprehensive infor­mation about the scope of the respective collections. Thus, the user’s access to information is rather restricted. Today, the acquisition of collections in corpore has been reduced in scope, reflecting the current situation in librarianship. The status of some of the libraries which have acquired a great many book collections in corpore (for example, Vilnius University Library) have to be reviewed. Hav­ing established whether we are dealing with a collection in corpore or whether it is merely a donated collection of books, we can integrate the books in question into the library holdings, marking book provenance indicators in a bibliographic description in the online catalogue. Due to their exclusiv­ity, book collections in corpore are becoming book monuments. Such a status puts their custodians under an obligation to treat them as the sets of documents having special value, that is, as book monuments.

The Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Vienna was established on January l, 2000 by merging the Institutes of Sinology and Japanese Studies. Initially comprising the pillars Sinology, Japanese, and Korean Studies, the fourth pillar, the Chair of East Asian Economy and Society (EcoS), was established in 2007. The first Head of Department was Erich Pilz (2000-2001), followed by Sepp Linhart (2001-2012), both leading researchers on Japanese history, society, and culture. The current head is Rudiger Frank (since 2012), specialized in East Asian politics and economics, in ge- neral and North Korea, in particular. In addition to six professors, the Department of East Asian Studies currently has a staff of about 50 permanent and temporary researchers and lecturers (Institut fur Ostasienwissenschaften der Universitat Wien, 2001-2013).In addition to language courses, the disciplines Sinology, Japanology, and Koreanol- ogy offer strong social and cultural science studies. EcoS focuses on current political, security, and economic relations in East Asia and the respective national political and economic systems. The Department of East Asian Studies applies a broad area defini- tion of East Asia by incorporating North-East and South-East Asia. In this context, South-East Asia, in particular the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in promoting East Asian regionalism, has always figured prominently in the respective EcoS courses. Yet, in order to demonstrate the growing international rel- evance of this region, it has been a strategic aim of Rudiger Frank to institutionalize South-East Asian Studies at the EcoS Department to complement its range. In Octo- ber 2013, the position of a university assistant at the postdoc level was created. Two university assistants (praedoc) and one study assistant, concentrating on North-East Asia, complete the EcoS team. Overall, the teaching and research program at EcoS reflect the interconnectedness of North-East and South-East Asia. For instance, two key areas of research are state socialist systems (notably China, North Korea, and Vietnam) and climate change, the environment, and energy.Since October 2008, EcoS offers a four-semester Master of Arts (MA) as well as a PhD course on East Asian Economy and Society. Since an adaption of the curriculum in 2011, the MA is offered exclusively in English, and South-East Asia features explic- itly as an area of research in addition to the North-East Asian countries China, Japan, and the two Koreas. The Master course promotes the inter- and transdisciplinary comparative analysis of international relations and of domestic politics and econom- ics in the region in the twentieth and twenty-first century. In their Master thesis, students have to compare specific topics in at least two countries, either in North- or South-East Asia. The program provides students with a broad range of possibilities to specialize in topics of their choice. In addition, students have to acquire basic lan- guage skills in an East Asian language, particularly in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. An admission requirement is a Bachelor or an equivalent college or university degree; eligible majors are, for instance, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese Studies, (Internation- al) Business Studies, or Political Science. The five core modules are Contemporary East Asian Language, East Asian Economy, East Asian Politics, East Asian Society and Research, and Master's Colloquium.Due to the popularity of the program in other European but also East Asian coun- tries, student numbers have far exceeded the initial planning for 25 students per study year (217 Master students in the summer term 2013). Due to the shortage in staff, room, and teaching resources, the rectorate decided to introduce admission re- quirements, starting with winter term 2013/2014. Since then, students have to apply for admission to EcoS; inter alia, they have to submit a demanding letter of motiva- tion, detailing their research interests and goals after graduation. …