이산화탄소 수출입과 입법과제

Economic viability of full-chain CCUS-EOR in Indonesia

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is essential for achieving sustainable development and a strong driving force for improving enterprise total factor productivity (TFP). This paper empirically examines the relationship between CCUS and TFP of enterprises based on the collection and organization of CCUS texts in the annual reports of Chinese listed companies from 2002 to 2022. It is found that CCUS has a significant positive impact on corporate TFP. The conclusion still holds after considering issues such as endogenous problems. Mechanism analysis finds that CCUS improves the external environment of enterprises and enhances the ability to obtain bank loans while at the same time improving enterprises’ innovation ability, which in turn helps promote the TFP of enterprises. Heterogeneity analysis finds that the positive impact of CCUS on enterprise TFP is more prominent in large-scale enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and the eight key emitting industries than in small-scale enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises, and other industries. This investigation innovatively employs a text analysis methodology to measure CCUS, reveals the potential determinants influencing CCUS technology on the TFP, and furnishes a scientific foundation for policy refinement.

Investment decisions on carbon capture utilization and storage retrofit of Chinese coal-fired power plants based on real option and source-sink matching models

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) would be an essential component of various strategies to address global climate change. It will play a major role in removing carbon emissions that can not be avoided. The countries are adopting and have successfully practiced various financial/ policy instruments such as carbon pricing, tax credits, and procurement programs in favour of low-carbon products to make CCUS economically viable. India is one of the countries those have submitted their net-zero emission targets. However, hard-toabate sectors like industries and irreplaceable coal power plants that jointly contribute to almost 80% of total CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, can achieve net-zero only by utilisation of negative emission technologies such as CCUS. CCUS technology allows various capture methods followed by different separation technologies of CO<inf>2</inf>. The transportation of CO<inf>2</inf> can be done through pipelines, rails, trucks, and ships. The captured CO<inf>2</inf> can be converted into different products for various applications and storage. In this paper, different CCUS technologies with various methods of CO<inf>2</inf> separation and carbon capture are discussed. The paper presents a short review of different CCUS projects running in India at a pilot stage along with challenges in their commercial implementation.

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) appears to be a feasible solution for the decarbonization of coal-fired power stations, particularly in countries heavily dependent on these facilities. Despite its potential significance in reaching the Net Zero Emission goal by 2060, the progress of CCUS implementation in Indonesia has been slow. The present study seeks to elucidate the progression of CCUS development and investigate prospective research to facilitate CCUS deployment in Indonesia. A literature survey was conducted. A bibliometric analysis comparing Indonesia’s CCUS literature and global CCUS literature was deployed. Findings reveal the presence of literature gaps concerning technology (capture, utilization), supply chain (transportation), environmental evaluation, and regulatory/policy framework. Future study is therefore recommended on the previously indicated topics, in addition to finance strategies and the application of machine learning to enhance the scalability of CCUS.

국토교통부와 산업통상부는 2019년 9월 “신개념 항공교통수단으로 활용될 미래형 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV: Personal Air Vehicle)’의 개발 및 교통산업 활성화를 위한 민관 합동 발전전략협의체(이하 ‘협의체’라 한다)를 구축 운영한다.”고 밝힌바 있다. 이 협의체는 항공, 자동차, 배터리, 전기 전자, 교통서비스, 정비 인프라 등 다양한 분야의 산업전문가, 학자 및 연구자가 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’ 산업 발전을 위해 공동의 노력을 기울임과 동시에 향후 핵심기술의 개발 및 국제공동개발 지원, 산업 생태계 조성 및 전문인력 양성, 성능 및 품질 향상지원 및 국제표준, 민군 협력 등 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’의 보급 등 관련 서비스산업 등의 활성화 방안에 대한 검토를 수행하게 된다. 현대자동차는 2020년 1월 7일 개최된 ‘국제전자제품박람회2020(CES 2020: Consumer Electronics Show 2020)’에서 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’의 컨셉트 모델 ‘S-A1’을 공개하면서, 이와 함께 현대자동차가 구상하는 ‘도심항공모빌리티(UAM: Urban Air Mobility)’ 체계를 함께 공개한 바 있다. ‘도심항공모빌리티(UAM)’은 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’를 이용하여 이용자들이 도심지 내에서 지상의 교통정체에서 자유롭게 이동할 수 있도록 하고, ‘모빌리티 환승거점(HUB)’를 기반으로 착륙 이후에는 도심지내 주요 시설로 바로 이동할 수 있는 미래 모빌리티 생태계를 구축하고 2028년 그 상용화를 목표로 하고 있다. 이와 같이 정부(국토교통부, 산업통상자원부)나 기업(현대자동차 등)에서 발표한 전략을 살펴보면 미래의 도심지내 교통수단은 지상에는 ‘자율주행자동차’가 달리고, 공중에는 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’가 날아다니는 모습을 향후 10년 이내에 현실화될 것이 기대된다 할 것이다. 다만, ‘도심항공모빌리티(UAM)’ 체계가 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’를 기반으로 한다는 점에서 항공, 전자, 전기, 통신, 정비 등 관련 기술이나 환승거점(HUB) 등과 같은 시설의 구축이 매우 중요하다 할 것이지만, 최우선시 되어야 하는 것은 이러한 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’가 자유롭게 이동할 수 있는 공간을 어떻게 확보할 것인지에 대한 검토라 할 것이다. ‘자율주행자동차’의 경우에는 기존 도로 위에서 이동하면 될 것이지만 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’는 지상이 아닌 공중을 비행한다는 점에서 기존 도로의 이용이 어렵기 때문이다. 만약 이 에 대한 부분이 우선 해결되지 못한다면 향후 ‘도심항공모빌리티(UAM)’ 체계의 상용화는 어려울 것이다. 이에 본 논문은 ‘도심항공모빌리티(UAM)’ 체계의 구축 및 그 상용화를 위한 핵심장치인 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’의 상용화를 위해 구축되어야 할 시설 및 도심지내 그 이동 공간 에 대한 검토를 통해 ‘개인용 비행체(PAV)’의 도심지내 운영에 관한 법적쟁점을 제시하고 그 개선방안에 관한 법적 검토를 수행하고자 한다.The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the Ministry of Industry and Trade said in September 2019 that they are going to establish and to operate ‘a Joint Government-Private Development Strategy Consultative Body’ for developing the future model of ‘Private Air Vehicle’ and for revitalizing the transportation industry, a new concept of air transport. The consultative body will promote joint efforts by industry experts, scholars and researchers in various fields, including aviation, automotive, battery, electric and electronic, transportation services, maintenance and infrastructure, while also promoting review of personal aviation (PAV) services such as development of core technologies and international joint development support for industrial ecosystems, support for improvement of performance and quality, and cooperation among civil forces. Hyundai Motor Co., Ltd. unveiled the concept model ‘S-A1’ of the ‘Private Air Vehicle (PAV)’ at the ‘CES 2020 Consumer Electronics Show 2020’ held on January 7, 2020, along with the unveiling of Hyundai Motor s ‘UAM: Urban Air Mobility’ system. Using ‘Private Air Mobility (UAM)’, ‘Private Airplane Mobility (PAV)’ aims to establish a future mobility ecosystem that allows users to move freely from ground-to-ground traffic jams within urban centers and directly to major facilities in urban areas after landing on the basis of ‘Mobility Transfer Point (HUB)’. If we look at the strategies announced by the government (the Ministry of Land, Transport, Trade, Industry and Energy) and companies (the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy) and Hyundai Motor (Hyundai Motor), we will expect that the future transportation in the city will be a self-driving car on the ground and a personal airplane (PAV) flying in the air within the next 10 years. However, the implementation of related technologies, such as aviation, electronics, electricity, communications, maintenance, and other facilities such as transit points(HUB) will be critical in that the ‘UAM’ system is based on ‘Personal Air Mobility’(PAV), but the top priority should be to review how to ensure that these Private Flights (PAVs) can move freely. In the case of self-driving cars, they can move on existing roads, but the use of existing roads is difficult in that ‘PAVs’ fly in the air, not on the ground. If this is not resolved in advance, the commercialization of the ‘urban air mobility’ system will be difficult in the future. Therefore, this paper focuses on the legal issues concerning the operation of ‘Private Air Vehicle (PAV)’ in city areas through a review of the facilities to be built for the commercialization of ‘Private Air Mobility(UAM)’ system and its moving space in urban areas, and intends to conduct a legal review of the improvement measures.

Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) technology is pivotal for achieving global emissions reduction goals. The rise in CCUS facilities, with a near doubling of global capture capacity, indicates industry momentum. Robust flow measurement across the CCUS transport and storage networks are essential for commercial contracts, financial incentives, and regulatory compliance since these are underpinned by accurate quantification of the CO2 quantity transferred across the CCUS chain. However, a critical gap exists in verification and quality assurance of flow meters as currently there are no traceable calibration facilities that operates with liquid and/or dense phase CO2. However, globally there are many accredited traceable water and oil calibration facilities in operation, which can meet the required flow rates and meter sizes. An experimental study was then conducted at TÜV SÜD National Engineering Laboratory, UK, and at the Institute for Energy Technologies, NO, to explore the transferability of calibration between water, oil, and CO2 using five flow meter technologies with the aim of providing a preliminary assessment of whether meters calibrated in alternative fluids can accurately measure liquid and supercritical CO2. The results suggest that this approach could work for Coriolis meters. The results also suggest caution in relying solely on using Equations of State to calculate density values and a recommendation is presented to currently employing direct density measurements until a more comprehensive understanding is achieved on Equations of State performance for CO2-rich mixtures. To the best of the author's knowledge this is the first time that such experimental investigation is conducted, and the results shared publicly.

As fossil fuels will continue to be a key source of energy for the world, the role of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) has become increasingly important in addressing climate change by limiting emissions and by establishing a pathway to reaching net-zero. In spite of its significance, the deployment of CCUS globally in the past decade has not met expectations. It is largely due to the challenges in commercializing the technology. On the contrary, ADNOC successfully deployed CCUS in 2016 and has been operating Al Reyadah - the world's first CCUS project in Iron &amp; Steel Industry and Middle East's first commercial CCUS project for enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). Similar to other industrialized economies, Abu Dhabi has various sources where carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted. It also has an advanced oil &amp; gas industry which requires CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in order to improve production output. ADNOC synergized these two industries to create a business case. The concept of a CO2 network, linking CO2 producer (source) and CO2 user for EOR (sinks) was developed as far back as 2008. Various studies where undertaken and a steel facility was identified as an ideal choice for a 1st project, given availability of CO2 and proximity to the ADNOC oil fields. In 2012, Al Reyadah was formed to develop the facility and pipeline that is operating today. This is the first step in a vision that would see multiple sources within Abu Dhabi that will be connected via a pipeline network to supply the CO2 needs of ADNOC for EOR, sequestering CO2 and reducing the UAEs greenhouse footprint, whilst freeing up vital hydrocarbon gases (used currently in EOR) for use in commercial industry. From inception, Al Reyadah has been referenced for decarbonization by many global organizations including International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and has won prestigious recognitions from Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) and Emirates Energy Awards (EEA). This paper discusses the various strategies and commercialization tactics that ADNOC applied to deploy this unique project, which is only among 21 CCS/CCUS projects operating in the world in 2020 and a precursor to thousands of CCS/CCUS projects that are expected to be built globally in the coming years.

A novel process design and techno-economic performance assessment for methanol synthesis from Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) is presented. Methanol synthesis using BFG as a feedstock, based on direct CO2 hydrogenation at commercial scale was simulated using Aspen Plus software to evaluate its technical performance and economic viability. The applied process steps involve first conditioning BFG using adsorption based desulfurisation, water-gas shift, dehydration, then separation of components into N2, CO2 and H2 rich streams using pressure swing adsorption. The H2 stream and a fraction of the CO2 stream are fed to a methanol synthesis system, while the remaining CO2 may be considered for geological storage in a Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) case, or not in a Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU) case. Techno-economic analysis confirms methanol production from BFG is economically attractive under certain conditions, with Levelized Cost of Methanol production (LCOMeOH) calculated to be 344.61 £/tonne-methanol, and costs of CO2 avoided of − 20.08 £/tonne-CO2 for the CCU process and 9.01 £/tonne-CO2 for the CCUS process when using a set of baseline engineering assumptions. Sensitivity analysis of the process simulation explores opportunities for optimising the methanol synthesis system in terms of the impact of reactor size and/or recycle ratio on LCOMeOH. Economic viability of the CCU(S) processes is also found to be highly dependent on the cost of the feedstock BFG. Future cost savings as compared to business-as-usual steel production by 2030 in consideration of expected increases in the carbon price are estimated to be 10.59 £/tonne-steel for CCU and 24.61 £/tonne-steel for CCUS.

This article examines the Act on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, Storage, and Utilization (CCUS Act) of the Republic of Korea from the perspective of marine environmental protection and response to climate change. Although the CCUS Act establishes a legal framework for developing carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) technologies, it provides insufficient measures to protect the marine environment. More specifically, the authority of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) is limited compared to that of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and there are few explicit provisions dedicated to marine environmental protection, and strategies for enhancing public participation and transparency remain underdeveloped. Additionally, the absence of clear standards for carbon dioxide (CO₂) stream purity and cross-border CO₂ movement fails to meet the strict marine pollution prevention standards set by the London Protocol. Accordingly, this study proposes the measures to address these concerns.

Multi-objective optimization for the deployment of carbon capture utilization and storage supply chain considering economic and environmental performance

The rapid increase in the number of greenhouse gases that may be attributed to anthropogenic activity has led to a significant rise in the average surface temperature of the globe, which in turn has caused global warming. These impacts are assessed using an indication such as global warming potential, represented in units of carbon dioxide equivalent and used to show a region's overall carbon footprint. Human activities' influence on the environment may be measured using a “carbon footprint,” which refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases those activities generate. Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) will play a significant and essential part in India's efforts to cut its CO2 emissions in half by the year 2050 and reach net-zero emissions by 2070. This study identified prospective sources of CO2 emissions from various sectors in India. Additionally, this study investigates the technology for CO2 capture, utilization, and potential storage in India.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) consists of several technologies that are capable of playing significant and diverse roles in the achievement of global energy and climate goals under the context of energy transition. It forms a relevant technological approach for capturing carbon and delivering a net zero energy system. Currently, CCUS projects are mainly taking place in developed countries, with some of them having specific promotion policies such as 45Q under IRA in the US. Several of the current CCUS activities take the form of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). CCS have a value chain comprising the CO2 capture, compression and liquefaction, transportation (by pipeline or ships), and storage (e.g., underground in saline aquifer or depleted reservoirs). CCU shares some of the CCS value chain elements, except storage, as it consists of techniques and initiatives that convert captured emitted carbons into useful products. Hence, adopting a qualitative research methodology, this study explores the concept and relevancy of CCUS in achieving net zero emissions using hydrogel as a case study. This study aims for the implementation of a new CCUS value chain that involves products based on carbon sequestration in land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR), leading to a high potential for mitigating carbon emissions. Consequently, CCUS is vital to attenuate the problems of climate change, as it plays a key role in decarbonizing and facing the challenge of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, in addition to providing a long-term alternative compatible with sustainable development. Based on its properties and characteristics, especially as a polymeric electrolyte with a high capacity for conducting physical separation, this study proposes hydrogel as a viable technique for the maximum capture of atmospheric carbon. Such captured carbon is then utilized for various applications or stored appropriately. This study concludes with a highlight of specific lessons learned in this regard, and the major challenges observed with this CCUS technique.

Addressing climate change urgently requires substantial reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, with industrial processes, particularly those dependent on fossil fuels, being major contributors. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) presents a promising technological solution. Among CCUS methods, chemical adsorption stands out for effectively capturing CO2 from industrial flue gas streams by leveraging strong chemical bonds between CO2 and adsorbent materials. This approach offers several benefits, including selective CO2 capture from gas mixtures and a higher capture capacity compared to traditional methods. By efficiently capturing CO2, chemical adsorption significantly aids decarbonization efforts. The captured CO2 can be utilized in various industrial processes, creating a closed-loop system that reduces fossil fuel reliance, or it can be stored underground for long-term management. Nonetheless, challenges such as developing efficient regeneration methods for desorbing captured CO2 and reducing the costs of adsorbent materials and processes must be addressed for widespread adoption. Despite these challenges, ongoing research shows great promise for a sustainable future. Chemical adsorption in CCUS has the potential to revolutionize CO2 capture and facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy, offering a critical solution for mitigating the impacts of climate change.

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