КЛЮЧОВІ ІМПРЕСИВИ-2020 В ПУБЛІЦИСТИЧНИХ ТЕКСТАХ

Objective. The objective of the article is to study the features of youth slang and banter and their place in modern language systems; to investigate the specificity of the translation of youth slang and banter into Ukrainian from English and vice versa. Methods. The need to consider the formation of interactive relations between youth slang and banter in English and Ukrainian languages has led to recourse to the methods of historical and analytical approach, as well as analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of youth slang and banter. Results. Youth slang is an integral part of expressive vocabulary and serves to enrich and diversify the process of communication, works of literature, reports and journalistic works. Already at the beginning of the research, it was clear that this is a special vocabulary that not everyone understands, therefore, for the sake of an effective comparative analysis in English and Ukrainian languages, the main difficulties of translating youth slang and banter were first of all solved and considered. This is a rather important stage, because in order to move on to the main ways of education, it is necessary to correctly translate this or that slang expression. Having researched and presented an analysis of various scientific works and opinions on this matter, we learned that this branch of linguistics has been and continues to be of interest to many researchers. They described slang vocabulary from different angles, trying to analyze the origin, distribution, representatives and conditions of distribution. When writing, it was found that, in addition to the ways of formation acceptable for linguistics, one should rely on the emergence of social groups, because they are the beginners who lay the foundation for the creation of jargonisms. The obtained results also have given us an understanding that jargon is gaining popularity among all strata of the population and because of this, it is often used without even understanding the meaning of what is said or written. But on the other hand, in some spheres of distribution, it acts as an effective and even necessary means of communication. The topic was not chosen by chance, a large number of examples and a wide field of distribution provided an opportunity to investigate the initial stages of the formation of jargonisms. In addition, we paid attention to neoplasms in this area. Observation shows that any lexical structure of the language is a dynamic organism. It is constantly in need of development, rejects outdated units and accepts new ones. Having characterized the examples related to the new phenomena of the world scale, we made sure that the slang vocabulary is capable of changes and transformations. Having analysed the jargon of Oxford and Kyiv-Mohyla Academy students, we can draw conclusions about vocabulary in both languages. First of all, a comparative analysis of different ways of formation in English and Ukrainian languages was carried out. We singled out the main methods and, based on examples, provided certain statistics regarding the composition of methods (in percentage) in both analysed languages. Moreover, the results showed a tendency towards the spread of one or another path in certain social groups. Another important issue was the study of the appropriateness of the use of jargon. As the study showed, when submitting certain literary works, periodicals, journalistic articles and materials for public review, it is necessary to monitor not only the quantity and quality of this vocabulary, but also the topic where it will look appropriate. After all, in pursuit of popularity and attractiveness, authors often oversaturate the text. Sometimes it causes dissatisfaction in the reader, and sometimes even disgust. Understanding that modern Ukrainian literature is filled with so much youth slang and banter gave us the opportunity to make an in-depth analysis, illustrated with samples taken from the works. Considering everything analysed above, we note that we encounter jargon in everyday life almost every day. Currently, it is used in many areas and we can now clearly define the signs of its use, formation and distribution.

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the word-formation of socio-political vocabulary, revealed on the pages of the Western Russian media. In the article the author provides a brief analytical reference about scientists who have dealt with the problems of word formation; examines the main ways of forming socio-political vocabulary and determines their degree of productivity. Based on word-forming dictionaries, 5 ways of forming a new socio-political vocabulary presented in Western Russian newspapers are identified, and the degree of their productivity and frequency of morpheme use are determined. The word-formation analysis of the units of socio-political vocabulary of the Western Russian media demonstrates that suffixation is the most productive type of formation of a new socio-political vocabulary.

From the moment of its establishment the nationally oriented model of foreign language teaching, subject to certain changes in its theoretical understanding and practical use, has been in the center of linguadidactic studies. The article shows dominating trends in the interpretation of this notion in the context of the interaction between universal and nationally specific aspects of teaching a foreign language (Ukrainian and Russian) to speakers of unrelated languages. The authors trace the evolution of approaches to the main principle of this model, which is taking into account the mother languages of students, in the modern educational environment and in connection with the correction of the final goal of learning a language, i.e. teaching communication in a foreign language. The study revealed essential steps forward in subject relevance, content details, didactic and methodological support of the analyzed model of teaching. Special attention was paid to proving the necessity of linguodidactic interpretation of comparative and typological study results of the Ukrainian and Chinese languages aimed at the determination of potential interference zones, detection and systematization of difficulties in the acquisition of particularities of the Ukrainian language and ways of overcoming them. A shift in the linguodidactic description from universal senses, semantic and syntactic relations, and communication intentions to nationally specific forms of their expression seems to be methodically feasible. The article contains characteristics of typical mistakes of Chinese students made at phonetic, word formation and grammar levels, determined by essential structural and systematic differences between mother and target languages as well as peculiarities of cognitive, thinking and educational activities of this student group. Prospective for further studies are didactic and methodic processing of results of the comparison between fragments of Ukrainian and nonrelated mother languages of speakers.

In the modern world, with the deepening of the internationalization of the economy and the growing interaction between different countries, there is a need for effective use of language tools to ensure quality and accurate translation of economic terminology. German language is particularly important in this regard, as it is one of the key languages of the European Union and has great significance in the field of economics. This article discusses the structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases; it also characterizes word formation tools and their role in defining the meanings of economic vocabulary and facilitating its translation into the Ukrainian language. The structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases are quite complex and require careful study. German economic terminology is provided with various terms used in the fields of banking, accounting, finance, insurance, taxation, and other areas of the economy. The peculiarity of German economic terminology lies in its structural and semantic characteristics, which include both lexical and morphological peculiarities. Terminological phrases have a stable character in terms of their semantic specification. One of the ways to determine the meaning of an economic term is to use knowledge of methods and means of word formation. The peculiarity of the German language lies in its large number of word formation tools, such as suffixes, prefixes, infixes, suffixal abbreviations, and others. The use of these tools allows for the creation of new terms and terminological phrases that reflect new realities in the economy. This article is useful for those interested in linguistics, especially in the field of economic vocabulary. It can also be helpful for translators and those involved in translating texts from German to Ukrainian.

The article explores the methods of forming casual topolexemes, their connotative meaning and stylistic colouring. The aim of the research is a structural-semantic analysis of connotative toponyms in common speech and teen slang, which function in the internet communication and in other forms of informal communication and also represented in the dictionaries of teen slang and jargon vocabulary. From the semantic point of view, all informal equivalents of the official city names, including teen slang, are expressively rich, non-trivial, and have connotations of different meaning in their semantics. By their structure, they can be one-word, compound or complex word combinations: Лохнеса, Чорноморська Пальміра, перлина біля моря (Odesa). Most of the compound nominations, namely, periphrasis, positively characterizes these topo-objects, emphasizing styles or individually specified cognitive features. Connotation also characterizes official names of the Ukrainian cities and villages: Бовдури, Крижопіль, Зачепилівка, etc. The most active way of forming connotative informal topolexemes, including topo-slang, is contraction — reduction of a word part, abbreviation, letter abbreviation: Крам (Kramatorsk), Херс (Kherson), Хмель (Khmelnitsk), Фриско (Ivano-Frankivsk), ЗП (Zaporizzha). Teen slang names should be seen in contrast to the ”basic” official names as their expressivelyevaluating or verbally-palyful equivalents with the lower (more often) social-language status. The significant role in word formation is given to the topo-suffixes -к/ -івк(а), -ах(а), and the suffixoid -сіті: Македонівка (Makiyivka), Констаха (Kostyantynivka), Кривбас-сіті (Kriviy Rig). The ironically-humorous effect, the “jocular proclamation to the world”, mostly specific to the teen slang, is produced by the derivatives, which are formed by the model of the foreign toponyms, naming huge, world-famous, ideal (in the nominator’s opinion) world metropolises: Криво-де-Жанейро (Kriviy Rig), Ріо-де-Житомир, Сан-Харцизько, Волна-Вегас (Volnovakha), Хьюстон (Donetsk). An important feature of informal topolexemes is the formation of semanic-stylistic paradigms, synonymyc chains, which can reach quite a significant amount; it reflects the systems organization of this onomastis area. All of the above indicates the immense word-forming possibilities of the Ukrainian language in the field of connotative topolexemes.

The article explores the development of language generation technologies, from machine learning models to fluid neural networks for text generation. English is one of the most widespread languages in the world: it is the official language of more than 60 countries. The events of recent years have led to the development of the popularity of the Ukrainian language not only in the country but also abroad. The article analyses scientific sources on this topic, the results of which formed a base for creating a genealogical tree of the development of language synthesis technology. The study pays particular attention to the problem of automating the generation of texts in the Ukrainian language, which includes the absence of strict grammatical constructions of sentences, numerous rules of word formation, presentation of words, placement of accents, and exceptions to almost all rules. The article presents several different transformative architectures that one can use to generate the Ukrainian language. We considered the problems of training such networks and ways to solve them for machine learning models and neural networks. As a result, we determined the stages of development of a neural network for the generation of texts in the Ukrainian language. Even though neural networks are a powerful tool of artificial intelligence, they have certain limitations that the new architecture – liquid neural networks (LNN) – is devoid of. The article also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The LNN architecture differs from traditional neural networks in its ability to efficiently process continuous or time series data. If new data is available, LNNs can change the number of neurons and connections in a layer. Due to these two main features of LNN, the network expresses the system’s state over time as opposed to the traditional neural network (NN) approach, so it does not require large amounts of observed training data to obtain accurate results. In conclusion, we should note that, despite their shortcomings, LNN networks are more dynamic, adaptive, efficient, and reliable than traditional neural networks and have many potential uses. Keywords: neural network, Ukrainian language, machine learning, speech synthesis, text-to-speech.

As the criticism of our current state of journalism and the current state of journalism education mounts, we ask a simple question: Could political science graduates do a better job of providing political reporting than graduates with journalism degrees? Although we do not test this question empirically, a review of the extant literature suggests that political science departments and curricula have the potential to foster graduates that have a high level of political knowledge, political judgment, and critical thinking skills. These skills are essential for political reporters if they are to wade through political spin, manipulation, and misdirection. Secondly, if political science graduates are indeed more qualified to provide political reporting to US citizens and to reenergize American democracy, would media executives be willing to hire such graduates absent a degree in journalism? This question we do examine empirically. With a survey of current media executives utilizing a battery of questions assessing their willingness to hire nonjournalism graduates, we are pleased to find an openness on the part of media executives to hire political science graduates to do their political reporting, even if such graduates do not possess a degree in journalism. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Political Science Education for the following free supplemental resource: Appendix A. This appendix contains a survey.]

This case highlights the work of a Spanish-English dual language bilingual school with a racially, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse student community that takes a strong stance on political issues that impact minoritized immigrant families. The school values a critical understanding of power and actively focuses on social justice. This lens permeates all levels of school-based decision-making, including family engagement, curriculum development, and classroom-based practice. Often, this means that teachers take on “controversial” topics, even if it means making some families uncomfortable in the interrogation of white privilege, which often intersects with US citizenship and middle-class socio-economic status. We highlight how this approach manifests itself with one teacher who dealt with parent pushback to a read-aloud. During a time of increasing anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies, Mx. B decided to draw upon the experiences of many of their immigrant students in the first-grade classroom to engage in a read-aloud about a child whose parent was being detained. Soon after, they receive a complaint from a white US-born parent who thought this topic was too contentious. The role of the school and Mx. B as a policymaker highlights the importance of directly addressing—rather than shying away from—these critical topics in schools.

Objective. The objective of this article is to investigate the etymology of English affixes. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature on the problems of etymology, word formation, affixation; theoretical generalization and concretization; comparative method and methods linguistic research (contrastive and structural). Results. Etymological analysis plays a significant role in comparative linguistics as it determines the origin of words, records the history of changes in their structure, and explains their modern form In the course of the study one of the main ways of word formation in English, namely affixation was analysed. Affixed morphemes make changes to the word, they are divided into word-altering (modify the grammatical meaning) and word-forming (modify the lexical meaning). The former perform a grammatical role without affecting the lexical meaning of the word. Word-altering affixes are universal, i.e. they are applicable to all (or most) words of a given grammatical category. Word- forming affixes introduce a new lexical meaning, additional to that already contained in the root morpheme. Word-formation affixes are not universal, although, at first glance, they are used quite regularly in the process of creating new words from the same root. English suffixes and prefixes are diverse in origin. Along with productive suffixes and prefixes, which help to keep adding new lexical items to the English language, there are non-productive or alloproductive ones that occur either in one or more words or as a morphological feature of parts of speech. The study of prefix and suffix morphemes in English allows us to better understand the structural features of the language and their influence on word formation and the expression of grammatical relations. The study of these morphemes reveals the versatility of the language system, contributes to the enrichment of linguistic richness and improves linguistic expression. References Busel, V. T. (2005). Velykyi tlumachnyi slovnyk suchasnoi ukrainskoi movy : 250000 [A large explanatory dictionary of the modern Ukrainian language : 250000]. Kyiv, Irpin, Perun Publ., VIII, 1728 p. Vakariuk, L. O. & Pantso, S. Ye. (2010). Ukrainska mova. Morfemika i slovotvir. Navchalnyi posibnyk [Ukrainian Morphemics and word formation. Study guide]. Ternopil, Navchalna Knyha Bohdan Publ., 200 p. Horpynych, O. (1999). Suchasna ukrainska mova [Modern Ukrainian]. Kyiv, Vyshcha Shkola Publ., 207 p. Etymolohiia [Etymology]. Encyclopedia of modern Available at: https://esu.com.ua/article-18044 Slovotvorennia v suchasnii anhliiskii movi [Word formation in modern English] Available at: https://speak-up.com.ua/news/sposoby-slovotvorennya-v-anglijskij-movi/ Usi prefiksy v anhliiskykh slovakh zi znachenniamy ta prykladamy, yaki polehshat vam navchannia [All prefixes in English words with meanings and examples to make learning easier] Available at: https://cambridge.ua/uk/blog/prefixes-in-english/ Yaki ye sufiksy v anhliiskii movi? [What suffixes are there in English?] Available at: https://bukischool.com.ua/blog/sufiksy-v-angliiskiy-movi Yankovets, O. (2019). Slovotvirni sufiksy anhliiskykh terminivimennykiv prykordonnoi sfery [Word-forming suffixes of English term-nouns of the border area]. Inozemna filolohiia [Foreign philology], Issue 132, pp. 45–56. Bauer, (2023). The Birth and Death of Affixes and Other Morphological Processes in English Derivation. Languages, Issue 8, 244. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2226- 471X/8/4/244 Online Etymology Dictionary. Available at: https://www.etymonline.com/word/

The number of religious congregations with Web sites nearly tripled from 1998–2006, and each year another 10,000 congregations launch a Web site (Chaves & Anderson, 2008). Couple this with the fact that 79% of attendees are now in a congregation with a Web site. Scholars of media and religion know very little, however, about the content of these Web sites or what they tell us about the culture of different religious groups. The aim of this article, therefore, is to examine how congregations are constructing Web sites to advertise their identity, organize their followers to get involved in civic and political issues, and provide an interactive space for online participation in actual ministries. Extensive qualitative data were gathered from 600 individual congregation Web sites from nine denominations in 53 different cities across the United States. The results of the descriptive analysis of these data suggest that there is a strong correlation between the “off-line” characteristics of a particular congregation and the “on-line” characteristics of the same congregation. Evangelical congregations tend to have more complex, attractive, and interactive Web sites and fall into the “online religion” camp. Liberal-Protestant and Catholic congregations tend to create static “brochure” style Web sites that emphasize their denominational identity and thus fall into Hadden and Cowan's (2000) “religion online” camp. This study expands our theoretical knowledge about the proliferation of media into, and out of, religious congregations, and offers a broader understanding about how institutions negotiate their online identity in the digital age. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Media and Religion for the following free supplemental resource: Appendix II: Web Site Screen Shots.]

The article deals with the basic aspects of the speech genre of condemnation on the materials from journalistic texts (in particular online publications). It is outlined the main features of journalistic style that lead to the need to study the problem of interaction between speakers in terms of social relations, and the research of verbal reactions of society to the actions of some of its representatives who violate certain moral and social norms. The basic language units, typical of this genre, and in particular for texts on political issues are analyzed in the article. The current works of the researchers in the field of the study of speech genres that operate within the discourse of confrontation are analyzed. The relevance of the problem is caused by the necessityof detailed study of evaluative speech genres in Ukrainian press, providing the identification ofpragmatic characteristics of speech acts and linguistic units of different levels, which organize the communicative intention of the speaker. The aim of the article is to highlight the basic aspects of the speech genre of condemnation in Ukrainian journalism and the main features of its verbal expression. Linguistic units, typical for expression of condemnation are dominated by those the semantics of which contain negative evaluation and structure-cliches with negative semantics. However, there are cases when the text does not contain any lexical units with semantics of negative evaluation, but there is general condemnation pragmatics. Keywords: speech genre, publicism, evaluation, condemnation, linguistic unit.

The article deals with linguistic innovations selected from modern periodicals and electronic publications. The general tendencies that characterize the contemporary Ukrainian literary language, in particular in the mass media discourse, are emphasizeds. It has been found out that there are many innovations that have new forms and meanings, for example: bot, timlid, thrash, cash; as well as there are innovations in which the form is old, but lexical-semantic structure has expanded due to the emergence of additional lexical-semantic variants: «Green printer», social elevator, E-baby. Multistructural neologisms function in the language of the mass media. Among them those tokens are productive that are formed by the prefix method of word formation, the special valence is marked by prefixes with reduced semantics: de-, pseudo-, nedo- etc.

Objective This study investigated the link between personality, opinions on social and political issues, and social media use, as well as the moderating effects of social media use on the relationship between personality and those opinions. Past research suggests that personality, opinion direction (i.e. favourability of an issue), and social media use are inter-related. However, the relationship between personality and opinion strength (i.e. how extreme an opinion is disregarding favourability), and potential moderating effects of social media use on that relationship have yet to be investigated. Method Participants (N = 536) completed surveys measuring social media usage, personality, and opinions on various social issues. Results Several personality traits predicted opinion direction or strength on at least one social issue. When all social issues were combined to measure overall progressive opinions, openness and extraversion predicted opinion direction, and openness predicted opinion strength. Time spent on social media significantly predicted direction of opinions on several issues, as well as strength of opinion on the issue of gender equality, however it did not moderate any relationship between personality and opinion direction or strength. Conclusions Although opinions, personality, and social media use are sometimes related, individuals high or low in particular personality traits are at no greater risk of polarising due to social media use than anyone else.

This article is dedicated to the formation of English-language neologisms as a result of lexical and semantic nomination. The object of this research is the changes in the lexical system of modern English language based on the analysis of media and online publications. The subject of this research is the methods of formation of neologisms in the late XX and early XXI centuries. The author determines the most common methods of the formation neologisms in digital periodicals, online news websites, forums and blogs. Analysis is conducted on such methods of word formation as affixation, conversion, formation of complex words, shortening and hybridization, abbreviation, etc. It is noted that the majority of neologisms result from lexical nomination. The goal of this article lies in analysis of the formation of neologisms used in the English lexicon for a long period of time, and thus have acquired a certain official standing. Such lexical innovations have been included or are in the process of being included into the official English language. An attempt is made to reveal the key features of methods of formation of neologisms, which are of primary importance for the communicative and social activity in their broadest sense. Majority of neologisms in the language, which is over 70%, result from the lexical methods of word formation; while the share of neologisms formed via semantic derivation is only a few percent of the total number of lexical innovations.

Introduction. Researchers of media discourse, along with the positive aspects of the development of modern Ukrainian literary language in the media, point to the decline of media speech culture. The purpose of the article is to record examples of Russification and language negligence in online publications, to provide practical recommendations for improving the speech culture of journalists. Results. Interferems and Russianisms in online mass media are studied. The source base of the study was journalistic texts of online publications of national and regional significance ("Ukrainian Truth", "Doba").The analysis of the revealed deviations from lexical norm is carried out, the basic erroneously dangerous places are specified. It is proved that a common type of lexical errors in the language of the media - interferems and Russianisms. According to the classification of interference, in the analyzed online publications can be divided into two groups of such non-normative units. The first group includes single tokens-interferems. They form a small system of representatives. The second group of formations of interferomic character consists of non-normative combinations of several tokens. In the process of linguistic examination of journalistic materials, non-normative tokens-Russianisms (a word or phrase borrowed from the Russian language or built on the model of Russian words and expressions) were revealed. The inappropriateness of using nouns with the suffix -k- to denote an action in appropriate contexts is characterized, instead the analyzed materials distribute such formations. A number of extra- and intralinguistic factors have been identified, which have led to the spread of Ukrainian Russian-language interference elements in speech. The main extralinguistic reasons are the following: living in Ukraine a significant number of people who only understand the Ukrainian language, but do not speak it; knowledge of the majority of Ukrainian citizens in both languages - Ukrainian and Russian; improper knowledge of Ukrainian speakers of its norms; poor vocabulary of speakers; imperfect language policy in the state; lack of an effective mechanism for implementing the Law on Languages. The main intralinguistic factors are the typological affinity of the East Slavic languages and the formal (sound-letter) similarity of a large part of the Ukrainian and Russian lexicons. Results. Thus, online publications, both national and regional, are characterized by a low degree of language competence. In particular, activity in the use of interference tokens and Russian tokens has been demonstrated.