愛媛県久万町高殿安山岩産高Ｓｉ／Ａｌ比を持つレビ沸石

Clinohumite is found in serpentinite near Fujiwara village, Ehime Prefecture, which belongs to the central part of the Sambagawa metamorphic terrane. The mineral forms as vein or lenticular aggregate in serpentinite and shows reddish brown to dark brown in color.Under microscope, it shows strong pleochroism and dispersion, some crystals have lamella twins parallel to 001. The refractive indices are α=1.637, β=1.645-1.648, γ=1.669 and γ-α=0.032.Chemical composition and X-ray powder data of the clinohumite are presented and genetic relation of coexisting minerals are discussed in this paper.

Panichiite, ammonium hexachlorostannate(IV), (NH 4 ) 2 SnCl 6 , is a new mineral species found in a medium-temperature intracrater fumarole (~250°C) at La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Sicily, Italy. The mineral occurs as aggregates of minute colorless octahedra up to 0.2 mm in diameter on fragments of altered pyroclastic breccia, in association with alunite, anhydrite, bismuthinite, godovikovite, demicheleite-(Br) (BiSBr), BiSCl (IMA 2008–020) and two other new species, a sodium ammonium aluminum sulfate chloride (IMA 2008–057) and an ammonium bismuth chloride that is presently under study. Panichiite is cubic, space group Fm 3 m (no. 225), with Z = 4; the unit-cell parameter a is 10.064(1) A, and V is equal to 1019.4(2) A 3 . The X-ray powder-diffraction pattern is in excellent agreement with that of the synthetic compound; the strongest six reflections [ d obs in A( I )( hkl) ] are: 5.811(100)(111), 5.032(73)(200), 2.516(69)(400), 3.035(48)(311), 1.779(42)(440), and 2.250(39)(420). Chemical analyses obtained with an electron microprobe in energy-dispersion mode gave, on average, Cl 56.57, Sn 31.62, Br 1.53, K 1.05, total 90.77, with NH 4 + (by difference) 9.23, for a total of 100.00 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula [(NH 4 ) 1.90 K 0.10 ] ∑2.00 Sn 0.99 (Cl 5.94 Br 0.07 ) ∑6.01 . The calculated density for the compound with the above empirical formula is 2.423 g/cm 3 . The index of refraction n obtained using immersion methods is 1.68(1) (λ = 589 nm). The structure, including the positions of the hydrogen atoms of the ammonium ion, was refined from single-crystal diffraction data to a final R of 0.030 for 153 independent observed reflections [ I > 2σ( I )]. The six equivalent Sn–Cl distances in the octahedral SnCl 6 2− ion are 2.429(1) A, and the Cl...N distances are 3.559(1) A. The mineral (IMA 2008–005) is named in honor of Prof. Ugo Panichi, a pioneer in the study of minerals from Vulcano.

Aluminum nitride crystals in the form of six‐sided prismatic needles, up to 0.5 mm in diameter by 30 mm long, and thin plates, 2–3 mm in diameter, have been prepared by vaporization of aluminum in a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from about 1800° to 2000 °C, and the properties of the crystals determined. Also, an aluminum nitride body, having a density of 98% of theoretical, has been prepared by hot pressing the fine powder, and a study made of its properties.

Delindeite and lourenswalsite are two new barium titanosilicate minerals found as microscopic crystals in miarolitic cavities in nepheline syenite in the Diamond Jo quarry, Hot Spring County, Arkansas. Delindeite is found as aggregates of flake-like crystallites in compact spherules, light pinkish grey in colour, with a resinous, pearly lustre. The flakes are biaxial positive with average n ∼ 1.813; the measured density is 3.3 g/cm3. Electron diffraction revealed a monoclinic unit cell in space group C2/m or subgroup, with a = 21.617(13), b = 6.816(5), c = 5.383(3) Å, β = 94.03(5)° (refined from X-ray powder data). The strongest X-ray lines are (hkl, dobs, Irel): (200, 10.80, 100); (311, 3.54, 24); (6̄01, 3.083, 28); (601, 2.888, 31); (2̄21, 2.806, 20); (910, 2.262,18). The crystals are submicroscopically twinned on (100) and also produce additional continuous diffraction streaks parallel to a*, which double the b and c axes. The formula derived from electron and ion probe analyses (H2O by difference), as constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (Na,K)2.7(Ba,Ca)4(Ti,Fe,Al)6Si8O26(OH)14, with Na > K, Ba ≫ Ca, Ti ≫ Fe,Al; Z = 1. Lourenswalsite occurs as very thin hexagonal plates in rosettes, silver grey to light brownish grey in colour. The crystals are biaxial negative with very low 2V angle. Indices of refraction are nα = 1.815, nβ ≈ nγ = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm3. X-ray and electron diffraction show a sharp pseudohexagonal lattice with a = 5.244 Å, but extremely diffuse diffraction streaks normal to the hk0 plane. In these streaks a period of 20.5 Å can be discerned. A hexagonal unit cell with a = 5.244(2) Å, c = 20.49(3) Å can be refined from the powder diffraction data but does not account for some lines, probably because of extreme layer disorder as shown by precession single-crystal patterns. The strong X-ray powder lines are (002, 10.22, 20); (-, 3.93, 20); (111, 2.608, 100); (300, 1.5145, 80); (220, 1.3111, 25). The formula given by microprobe analyses, constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (K,Ba)2(Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe)4(Si,Al,Fe)6O14(OH)12 with K > Ba, Ti ≫ (Mg,Ca,Fe), Si > Al > Fe; Z = 1. These minerals are formed under oxidizing weathering conditions, and iron is assumed to be in the Fe3+ state.

Intra-Tissue Refractive Index Shaping (IRIS) uses a 405 nm femtosecond laser focused into the stromal region of the cornea to induce a local refractive index change through multiphoton absorption. This refractive index change can be tailored through scanning of the focal region and variations in laser power to create refractive structures, such as gradient index lenses for visual refractive correction. Previously, IRIS was used to create 2.5 mm wide, square, -1 D cylindrical refractive structures in living cats. In the present work, we first wrote 400 mu m wide bars of refractive index change at varying powers in enucleated cat globes using a custom flexure-based scanning system. The cornea and surrounding sclera were then removed and mounted into a wet cell. The induced optical phase change was measured with a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), and appeared as fringe displacement, whose magnitude was proportional to the refractive index change. The interferograms produced by the MZI were analyzed with a Fourier Transform based algorithm in order to extract the phase change. This provided a phase change versus laser power calibration, which was then used to design the scanning and laser power distribution required to create -1.5 D cylindrical Fresnel lenses in cat cornea covering an area 6 mm in diameter. This prescription was inscribed into the corneas of one eye each of two living cats, under surgical anesthesia. It was then verified in vivo by contrasting wavefront aberration measurements collected pre-IRIS with those obtained over six months post-IRIS using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.

As NASA pursues the exploration mission, advanced propulsion for the next generation of spacecraft will be needed. These new propulsion systems will require higher performance and increased durability, despite current limitations on materials. A break-through technology is needed in the thrust chamber. In this paper the idea of using a porous metallic foam is examined for its potential cooling enhancement capabilities. The goal is to increase the chamber wall cooling without creating an additional pressure drop penalty. A feasibility study based on experiments at laboratory-scale conditions was performed and analysis at rocket conditions is underway. In the experiment, heat transfer and pressure drop data were collected using air as the coolant in a copper or nickel foam filled annular channel. The foam-channel performance was evaluated based on comparison with conventional microchannel cooling passages under equal pressure drop conditions. The heat transfer enhancement of the foam channel over the microchannel ranges from 130% to 172%. The enhancement is relatively independent of the pressure drop and increases with decreasing pore size. A direct numerical simulation model of the foam heat exchange has been built. The model is based on the actual metal foam microstructure of thin ligaments (0.2- 0.3 mm in diameter) that form a network of interconnected open-cells. The cell dimension is around 2 mm. The numerical model was built using the FLUENT CFD code. Comparison of the pressure drop results predicted by the current model with those experimental data of Leong and Jin [8] shows favorable comparisons. Pressure drop predictions have been made using hydrogen as a coolant at typical rocket conditions. Conjugate heat transfer analysis using the foam filled channel is planned for the future.

On the quality of mercurous chloride crystals

We have developed a high resolution near-infrared temperature tunable cryogenic spectrometer with solid Fabry-Perot etalons. It is designed and built for diffuse emission of ionized hydrogen Brγ studies, although with the appropriate pre-filter it can be configured for any near infrared lines. The etalons made from silicon and germanium operate near 77K. The high refractive index of these etalons allows for the construction of a very compact spectrometer. Germanium etalon with 20mm clear aperture is equivalent to a gas spaced Fabry-Perot interferometer of about 80 mm in diameter. A strong temperature dependence of the refractive index for these two materials makes it easy to tune etalons. Combination of these factors allowed to build a compact, high resolution (R=12000) high throughput instrument.

Two new members of the atacamite family were discovered recently in the Sadamisaki Peninsula, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Iyoite, MnCuCl(OH)3, is an Mn-Cu ordered analogue of botallackite, while misakiite, Cu3Mn(OH)6Cl2, is an Mn-rich analogueof kapellasite. Both minerals occur in manganese ore crevices in close association with one another. Iyoite forms radial and dendritic aggregates consisting of pale green, bladed crystals. Misakiite commonly exists in emerald green, tabular, hexagonal crystals. The densities of iyoite andmisakiite were calculated to be 3.22 and 3.42 g cm–3 based on their empirical formulae and powder X-ray diffraction data. Under the same axial setting of botallackite, iyoite is monoclinic, space group P21/m, a = 5.717(2), b = 6.586(2), c= 5.623(3) Å, β = 88.45(3)° and V = 211.63(15) Å3. Misakiite is trigonal, space group P3m1, with a = 6.4156(4), c = 5.7026(5) Å and V = 203.27(3) Å3. The structures of both mineralsare classified as layer type and the two are closely related. These new minerals were formed by the reaction between seawater and naturally-occurring manganese ores including native copper. These minerals are challenging to produce synthetically. Misakiite was synthesized successfully usinga hydrothermal method, while iyoite could not be made.

A study of guided wave propagation on a plate between two solid bodies with imperfect boundary conditions

Due to the limitations of measurement equipment and the influence of factors such as the environment and target, measurement errors may occur during the data acquisition process of airborne LiDAR bathymetry (ALB). The refractive index of water is defined as the propagation ratio of the speed of light waves in a vacuum to that in water; this ratio influences not only the propagation speed of the laser pulse in water but also the propagation direction of the laser pulse entering water. Therefore, the influence of refractive index changes in water on the ALB errors needs to be analyzed. To this end, the principle of ALB is first briefly introduced. Then, the calculation method for the refractive index of water is described with Snell’s law and an empirical formula. Finally, the influence of refractive index changes on ALB errors is analyzed using the derived formula at the water–air interface and in the water column. The experimental results showed that in a constant elevation of 50 m for a bathymetric floor, the refractive index changes in water caused by temperature, salinity, and depth are less than 0.001. The maximum bathymetric error and maximum planimetric error caused by the refractive index changes at the water–air interface are 0.036 m and 0.015 m, respectively. The ALB errors caused by refractive index changes in the water column are relatively low, and the water column does not need to be layered to calculate the ALB errors. The influence of refractive index changes in water on the ALB error is minimal, accounting for only a small proportion of all bathymetric errors. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the effect of the ALB error due to refractive index changes in water needs to be corrected based on the accuracy requirements of the data acquisition. This study and analysis can provide a reference basis for correcting ALB errors.

Abstract. Karlseifertite (IMA 2024-007, International Mineralogical Association), Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6, is a new member of the dussertite group, from Tsumeb, Namibia. It is a secondary oxidation-zone mineral found on fracture surfaces in germanite–chalcocite ore. Karlseifertite occurs in rosettes of thin, yellow, hexagonal plates up to about 0.2 mm in diameter and usually less than 0.01 mm thick. The mineral has a pale-yellow streak, subadamantine lustre, Mohs hardness of ∼ 4, brittle tenacity, irregular fracture, perfect cleavage on {001} and a calculated density of 4.993 g cm−3. Optically, karlseifertite crystals are uniaxial (+), with ω=1.890(5) and ε=1.894(calc) (white light). The empirical formula from electron probe microanalyses is Pb0.992+(Ga1.603+Ge0.684+Fe0.573+Al0.123+)Σ2.97[(As0.765+S0.156+W0.096+)Σ1.00O4]2(OH0.99)6. Karlseifertite is trigonal with space group R3‾m and unit-cell parameters a=7.2814(7), c=17.1077(12) Å, V=785.50(15) Å3 and Z=3. The mineral has an alunite-supergroup structure (R1=0.0591 for 248 reflections with I>2σI).

An arc welding termed I2R is an attractive one to preheat the electrode wire and then to raise the deposition rate, but it has never been applied to the thin wire around 1.2mm in diameter. Authors recently succeeded in applying this process to the thin wire through the following devices and technologies. The special contact tip was newly designed to keep the contact pressure optimal for an enough period in welding. The proper insulator was employed to secure the heat shock resistance and the thermal conductivity of the tip. And the welding torch was stabilized to minimize spatters under the higher welding speed. The developed process was designated HOT MAG for its sufficient preheating. Some applications introduced in this paper prove that it is a promising process to weld thin steel plate for various automobile and earthmover components.

Application of an improved contact algorithm for penetration analysis in SPH

Spinning with diode laser is newly proposed and experiments on AISI304, magnesium and titanium alloy plates are carried out. The sizes of the plates are 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5mm in thickness and 70 mm in diameter. The laser is scanned on lines of 1, 2, and 3mm away from the circumference. An AISI304 plate of 0.3mm thick can be formed into a shape of head of vessel of the diameter of 66mm, and a height of 2.0mm. The bending angle is about 90 degrees. Titanium alloy plates are difficult to form. Magnesium alloy plates are easy to form; however, the surface layer occurs to melt.