四国・東赤石山地の藤原超塩基性岩体産チタン斜ヒューム石

Source apportionment of ambient particles: Comparison of positive matrix factorization analysis applied to particle size distribution and chemical composition data

Preparation and tunable optical properties of ion beam sputtered SiAlON thin films

The chemical composition dataset of Aerosol Reanalysis of NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, version 2 (MERRAero) has not been thoroughly evaluated with observation data in mainland China due to the lack of long-term chemical components data. Using the 5-year data of PM10 mass concentrations and chemical compositions obtained from the routine sampling measurements at the World Meteorological Organization the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme regional background stations, Jing Sha (JS) and Lin’An (LA), in central and eastern China, we comprehensively evaluate the surface PM10 concentrations and chemical compositions such as sulfate (SO42−), organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) derived from MERRAero. Overall, the concentrations of PM10, SO42−, OC and BC from the MERRAero agreed well with the measurements, despite a slight and consistent overestimation of BC concentrations and a moderate and persistent underestimation of PM10 concentrations throughout the study period. The MERRAero reanalysis of aerosol compositions performs better during the summertime than wintertime. By considering the nitrate particles in PM10 reconstruction, MERRAero performance can be significantly improved. The unreasonable seasonal variations of PM10 chemical compositions at station LA by MERRAero could be causative factors for the larger MERRAero discrepancies during 2016–2017 than the period of 2011–2013.

By plotting empirical chemical element abundances on Earth relative to the Sun and normalized to silicon versus their first ionization potentials, we confirm the existence of a correlation reported earlier. To explain this, we develop a model based on principles of statistical physics that predicts differentiated relative abundances for any planetary body in a solar system as a function of its orbital distance. This simple model is successfully tested against available chemical composition data from CI chondrites and surface compositional data of Mars, Earth, the Moon, Venus, and Mercury. We show, moreover, that deviations from the proposed law for a given planet correspond to later surface segregation of elements driven both by gravity and chemical reactions. We thus provide a new picture for the distribution of elements in the solar system and inside planets, with important consequences for their chemical composition. Particularly, a 4 wt% initial hydrogen content is predicted for bulk early Earth. This converges with other works suggesting that the interior of the Earth could be enriched with hydrogen.

Relevance. The necessity to assess the role of altered volcanic ash on the formation of mineral and geochemical characteristics of coal-bearing deposits. Traces of volcanic material in coals are diagnosed mainly in the form of clay horizons – tonsteins. The study of the chemical and mineral composition of clay tuffaceous horizons and the host coals allows us to answer a number of questions concerning volcanic material impact on coal accumulation. Tonsteins are known in Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic coal-bearing deposits. Finds of Mesozoic tonsteins are relatively rare. In this regard, the Kharanorskoe brown coal deposit is a unique object for the study of altered layers of volcanic ash in Cretaceous coal-bearing deposits. Aim. Comprehensive study of altered volcanic ash in Cretaceous coals of the Zabaikalsky Krai. Methods. Field studies; the mineral composition was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry; chemical composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Results and conclusions. The paper presents data on the mineral and chemical composition of tonstein in the Early Cretaceous Novy-1a coal seam of the Kharanorskoe deposit located in the southeast of the Eastern Siberia (Russia). The mineral composition of the tonstein is represented by kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar. Accessory minerals are zircon, ilmenite, monazite-(Ce), and xenotime-(Y). The tonstein is characterized by high concentrations of Ga, Nb, Hf, Ta, Hg, Th and U. The highest concentrations of rare trace elements in the coal, and especially in the coal ash of the Novy-1a seam, are localized in the areas of contact between the tonstein and the coal. The enrichment with REE, Zr, Nb, Y, Ta, Hf, Th and U is the most significant. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the studied tonstein indicate its formation from volcanic ash of alkaline composition.

The chemical composition, or rang of chemical composition, of allophane is not fully clear at present. Although many data have been published on chemical composition as well as on the other chemical and mineralogical properties of soil allophane, it seems that, in many cases, greater or smaller amounts of impurities such as free sesquihydroxides and crystalline minerals are included in the samples for analysis. There would be no guarantee, therefore, that these past data, especially the chemical composition data, accurately represent the properties of soil allophanes. The present author and Aomine (14) established early a method of separation of pure allophane from certain Ando soils and this threw light on the study of various properties, especially of chemical composition, of soil allophane. In the present study, the method was applied further to thirty-six samples of soil derived from volcanic ash (Ando soils) and pumice, and from eighteen samples of them the pure or nearly pure specimens of allophane were separated. The specimens separated were analysed for elemental composition and by differential thermal technique.

Caryocar villosum (Aubl.). Pers (Caryocaraceae) é uma espécie da Amazônia de uso múltiplo, seja da madeira, seja dos frutos utilizados na alimentação, seja para obtenção do óleo. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, realizar a caracterização física, avaliar a correlação dos dados e determinar a composição química de frutos de piquiá coletados em Piquiatuba, Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (FLONA), Belterra (PA). Em laboratório, mensurou-se o diâmetro longitudinal (DL), diâmetro transversal (DT), massa fresca (MF) do fruto, da casca, da polpa e do pirênio, rendimento da polpa (%) e composição química (umidade, cinzas, proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos). Os dados físicos foram analisados por distribuição de frequência e realizada correlação de Pearson (r), enquanto os dados de composição química foram expressos em média ± desvio-padrão. Os frutos apresentaram DL e DT variando, respectivamente, entre 76 a 106mm e 75 a 130mm. A MF dos maiores frutos foi de 758,78g e dos menores 262,45g. Já a MF da casca variou entre 158g a 603g, enquanto a MF dos pirênios com polpa variou entre 61g a 271g. A MF da polpa variou entre 31g e 91g, com maior frequência entre 41 e 51g, enquanto o rendimento da polpa variou entre 8% e 20%. Verificou-se correlação positiva entre o diâmetro longitudinal (DL) e massa fresca (MF) da casca (r = 0,8421 , p<0,05) MF do fruto e diâmetro transversal (DT) (r = 0,7264 , p<0,05) , DT e MF da casca (r = 0,7866 , p<0,05), MF do fruto e MF da casca (r = 0,9169 , p<0,05), MF do pirênio e MF da polpa (r = 0,8626 , p<0,05) e MF do fruto e MF da polpa (r = 0,6717 , p<0,05). Sobre a análise de composição química, verificou-se que o piquiá é rico em lipídeos e carboidratos com, respectivamente, 23,65% e 26,74% de sua composição. Também representa uma boa fonte proteica com 15,69% e elevado grau de umidade com 32,55% de composição da polpa além de resíduo mineral fixo (cinzas) de 1,37%. Com base nos resultados, considera-se que as características físicas dos frutos sugerem variabilidade das plantas de piquiá encontradas na área de coleta e a composição química potencial para aproveitamento da polpa como fonte de calorias, proteínas e minerais.

Federal rule changes governing natural gas pipelines have made non-destructive techniques, such as instrumented indentation testing (IIT), an attractive alternative to destructive tests for verifying properties of steel pipeline segments that lack traceable records. Ongoing work from Pacific Gas and Electric Company’s (PG&E) materials verification program indicates that IIT measurements may be enhanced by incorporating chemical composition data. This paper presents data from PG&E’s large-scale IIT program that demonstrates the predictive capabilities of IIT and chemical composition data, with particular emphasis given to differences between ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS). For this study, over 80 segments of line pipe were evaluated through tensile testing, IIT, and compositional testing by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and laboratory combustion. IIT measurements of UTS were, generally, in better agreement with destructive tensile data than YS and exhibited about half as much variability as YS measurements on the same sample. The root-mean squared error for IIT measurements of UTS and YS, respectively, were 27 MPa (3.9 ksi) and 43 MPa (6.2 ksi). Next, a machine learning model was trained to estimate YS and UTS by combining IIT with chemical composition data. The agreement between the model’s estimated UTS and tensile UTS values was only slightly better than the IIT-only measurements, with an RMSE of 21 MPa (3.1 ksi). However, the YS estimates showed much greater improvement with an improved RMSE of 27 MPa (3.9 ksi). The experimental, mechanical, and metallurgical factors that contributed to IIT’s ability to consistently determine destructive UTS, and the differences in its interaction with composition as compared to YS, are discussed herein.

In 2001–2002, two ground collapses occurred in the island of Nisyros (Aegean Sea, Greece), which formed a 600 m long and up to 5 m wide fissure in the vegetated central part of the Lakki Plain caldera. The fissure was alternatively ascribed to tensional stress release and hydrothermal alteration. In this study, we present original data of diffuse CO2 soil fluxes, soil temperatures, mineralogical and chemical composition of the caldera-filling deposits exposed on the fissure walls, and chemical and isotopic composition of interstitial soil gases collected from: the bottom of the fissure, the adjacent vegetated areas, the hydrothermal craters, and selected sites outside the caldera. The occurrence of intense hydrothermal alteration was shown by both mineralogical and chemical analyses of the fissure walls material. Typical mineral assemblage and enrichments in incompatible elements related to advanced argillic alteration, characterizing steam-heated hydrothermal environments, were recognized. Although the low-permeable sediment cover in the Lakki Plain concealed the underneath hydrothermal gas flow, preventing anomalous soil temperatures and CO2 fluxes, the chemical and isotopic composition of the interstitial soil gases revealed an active hydrothermal fluids circulation below the collapsed area, likely controlled by buried structural lineaments. Hydrothermal alteration can then be invoked as the most likely trigger mechanism for the 2001–2002 collapse event.

Frequently, passive dry deposition collectors are used to sample atmospheric dust deposition. However, there exists a multitude of different instruments with different, usually not well-characterized sampling efficiencies. As a result, the acquired data might be considerably biased with respect to their size representativity, and as a consequence, also composition. In this study, individual particle analysis by automated scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray was used to characterize different, commonly used passive samplers with respect size-resolved chemical and physical properties of mineral dust aerosol particles. In addition, computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to predict the deposition of particles on to different passive samplers and thereby to achieve deposition velocities from a theoretical point of view. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) calculated deposition rate measurements made using different passive samplers show a disagreement among the samplers. Modified Wilson and Cooke (MWAC) and Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) - both horizontal flux samplers - collect considerably more material than Flat plate and the Sigma-2, which are vertical flux samplers. The collection efficiency of MWAC increases for large particles in comparison to Sigma-2 with increasing wind speed, while such an increase is less observed in the case of BSNE. A positive correlation is found between deposition rate and PM10 concentration measurements by an optical particle spectrometer. The results indicate that a BSNE and Sigma-2 can be good options for PM10 measurement, whereas MWAC and Flat plate samplers are not a suitable choice. A negative correlation was observed in between dust deposition rate and wind speed. Deposition velocities calculated from different classical deposition models do not agree with deposition velocities estimated using computational fluid dynamics simulations (CFD). The deposition velocity estimated from CFD was often higher than the values derived from classical deposition velocity models. Moreover, the modeled deposition velocity ratios between different samplers do not agree with the observations. Results also show that mineral dust is found to be the dominating mineral particle type during this campaign, comprising of different classes of classes of silicates, quartz-like, calcite-like, dolomite-like and gypsum-like particles. In addition, the analysis clearly indicates that the composition of dust aerosol particles remains largely unaffected by the sampler type. By using the relative abundance of the particle groups, size-resolved complex refractive index of dust particles is calculated. It is found that average refractive index is mainly wavelength dependent. The calculated real part of refractive index varied in between 1.71 and 1.53 for wavelengths ranging from 370 to 950 nm. Likewise, the imaginary part of refractive index is calculated for iron oxide particles and is varied in between 3.28*10-4 to 7.11*10-5 for wavelengths in the range of 250-1640 nm. Additionally, the refractive index values have shown a slight decrease with particle size. In the study, the potential for buffering of dust aerosol particles on the acid mobilization of iron particles is also analyzed. From analysis, it is found that the buffering potential depends on the environmental conditions and time. Moreover, by analyzing the ratio of sulfate mass to the total mass of dust of individual particles with the particle sizes, the mixing state of sulfate particles in the total dust particles were investigated. The analysis indicates that the finer dust particles were associated with higher content of sulfur, while the coarse dust particles corresponds to lower sulfur contents revealing only fine mode sulfate is internally mixed with mineral dust aerosol particles. Overall, the results show that passive sampling techniques coupled with an automated single particle analysis could be a good option to assess physical and chemical properties of atmospheric mineral dust particles.

Radiative forcing of aerosols is much more difficult to estimate than that of well-mixed gases due to the large spatial variability of aerosols and the lack of an adequate database on their radiative properties. Estimation of aerosol radiative forcing generally requires knowledge of its chemical composition, which is sparse. Ground-based sky radiance measurements [e.g., aerosol robotic network (AERONET)] can provide key parameters such as the single-scattering albedo, but in shipborne experiments over the ocean it is difficult to make sky radiance measurements and hence these experiments cannot provide parameters such as the single-scattering albedo. However, aerosol spectral optical depth data (cruise based as well as satellite retrieved) are available quite extensively over the ocean. Spectral optical depth measurements have been available since the 1970s, and spectral turbidity measurements (carried out at meteorological departments all over the world) have been available for several decades, while long-term continuous chemical composition information is not available. A new method to differentiate between scattering and absorbing aerosols is proposed here. This can be used to derive simple aerosol models that are optically equivalent and can simulate the observed aerosol optical properties and radiative fluxes, from spectral optical depth measurements. Thus, aerosol single-scattering albedo and, hence, aerosol radiative forcing can be estimated. Note that the proposed method is to estimate clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing (over regions where chemical composition data or sky radiance data are not available) and not to infer its exact chemical composition. Using several independent datasets from field experiments, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can be used to estimate aerosol radiative forcing (from spectral optical depths) with an accuracy of ±2 W m−2.

Levyne was found in the cavities of biotite-hornblende-orthopyroxene andesite intruding into Paleogene Kuma formation at the Chuyo quarry, Kodono Kuma-cho, Ehime Prefecture. It is colorless with vitreous lusterand forms thin hexagonal plates up to 4 mm in diameter, being frequently associated with epistilbite. Other cavities contain laumontite, ferrierite, mordenite, heulandite, stilbite, chabazite, apophyllite and calcite. Cell dimensions are a=13.35 (3) and c=22.55 (6) Å. Refractive indices are ω1.497 (2) and ε1.486 (2). EPMA analyses yield anhydrous empirical formulae as follows: Ca1.81Na1.63K0.03Mg0.13Sr0.10 (Fe0.013+Al5.31Si12.58) Σ17.90O36 and Ca1.73Na1.96Mg0.01Sr0.03 (A15.33Si12.55) Σ17.88O36 on the basis of O=36. Kodono's material is characterized by highest Si/Al ratio (=2.37) of levynes reported to date.

We present a framework for calculating the total scattering of both non-absorbing and absorbing aerosol at ambient conditions from aircraft data. Our framework is developed emphasizing the explicit use of chemical composition data for estimating the complex refractive index (RI) of particles, and thus obtaining improved ambient size spectra derived from Optical Particle Counter (OPC) measurements. The feasibility of our framework for improved calculations of total scattering is demonstrated using three types of data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) aircraft during the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP). Namely, these data types are: (1) size distributions measured by a suite of OPC’s; (2) chemical composition data measured by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and a Single Particle Soot Photometer; and (3) the dry total scattering coefficient measured by a integrating nephelometer and scattering enhancement factor measured with a humidification system. We demonstrate that good agreement (~10%) between the observed and calculated scattering can be obtained under ambient conditions (RH < 80%) by applying chemical composition data for the RI-based correction of the OPC-derived size spectra. We also demonstrate that ignoring the RI-based correction or using non-representative RI values can cause a substantial underestimation (~40%) or overestimation (~35%) of the calculated scattering, respectively.

This study was developed to examine the growth, yield, chemical composition and in situ degradability of elephant grass cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum). Five spraying protocols with biostimulants were tested, namely, Control - no application; 1BR - bioregulator at seven days; 2BR - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days; 2BR2 - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days + ethylene inhibitor at 30 days; and 3BR - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days + ethylene inhibitor and bioregulator at 30 days. The grass was cut evenly at a height of 15 cm and harvested at 70 days of regrowth. The experimental area was divided into two blocks according to the slope. Ninety plots were used, totaling an area of 4,608 m2. Each plot was composed of four 4-m rows spaced 80 cm apart. Chemical composition, morphological traits and forage digestibility data were evaluated. The 3BR protocol, with more bioregulator-based applications, resulted in higher canopy (9.78%) and stem (9.58%) compared with control group. The 2BR and 2BR2 treatments provided a 6.5% higher stem than control treatment. The improvement in the nutritional value of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier was due to the 17.55% increase in crude protein (CP) content provided by protocol 3BR relative to control group. Treatments 2BR2 and 3BR improved the effective degradability of dry matter (DM). The application of biostimulant protocols increased the potential degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (+4.1%), with the greatest response seen in treatment 2BR2 in comparison with control treatment. Biostimulant protocols increase the canopy and stem heights and CP content. The application of a bioregulator associated with foliar fertilization and ethylene inhibitor improves the effective degradability of DM and NDF and the potential degradability of NDF in Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier harvested at 70 days of regrowth.

This study compares three Romanian Hyssopus officinalis species-H. officinalis f. ruber (HOR), H. officinalis f. albus (HOA), and H. officinalis f. cyaneus (HOC)-evaluating their chemical composition and biological activities, specifically protein denaturation, haemolysis inhibition, and antibacterial effects. Chemical profiles were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The species were cultivated at two distinct locations: the Didactic and Experimental Station DESUSVT and the Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin (ARDSL). This study investigates the correlation between chemical composition, biological activities, and local climate data at each site. The results show significant variations in chemical profiles, with species and cultivation location influencing the biological activities. H. officinalis f. albus (HOA) exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. The molecular docking analysis highlighted key compounds, such as cyclohexene,4-isopropenyl-1-methoxymethoxymethyl and elemol, with binding solid affinities to microbial and inflammatory proteins. This study provides valuable insights into the chemical and biological properties of Hyssopus officinalis, emphasising its potential in combating microbial infections, protein denaturation, and haemolysis inhibition.