基于流域单元的海湾农业非点源污染负荷估算研究——以莱州湾为例

We report a new, integrated approach to the identification and localization of potential critical areas of non-point agricultural water pollution in the Czech Republic. The methodology is presented in model catchments of IV. order, namely the Hrejkovický and Bilinský brooks in the water reservoir Orlík watershed. The risk rate of non-point source pollution is evaluated with the help of GIS tools, integrating the assessment of geomorphology, land use and soil conditions within a territory in conjunction with the agricultural tile drainage systems. Besides the areas prone to erosion and ‘direct protection localities’ along water courses, spots with increased potential of nutrient leaching into groundwater and drainage water are delineated, based on a synthetic map of shallow groundwater vulnerability. These spots are classified using analysis of the Valuated Soil Ecological Units (VSEU) code, while agricultural drainage systems are identified according to the documents of the former Agricultural Water Management Authority of the Czech Republic. Results from geographical analysis show differences between intrinsic parameters of model catchments, which influence the vulnerability potential towards diverse types of non point pollution. The potential pollution thread of surface and groundwater by leaching is relatively high in both catchments, in the Bilinský brook catchment due to prevailing arable land on first and second vulnerability classes within the tile drainage subcatchments and in the Hrejkovický brook catchment due to dense occurence of first and second vulnerable clasess in the catchment area, though comprised from a third by grassland. Water erosion potential jeopardy is bigger within the Bilinský brook catchment with 10% of arable land having the average soil loss 4–10 t ha−1 y−1, contrary to 2% within the Hrejkovický brook catchment. Presented approach can help in prioritizing protective measures and management strategies in a catchment to curtail the negative impacts of non point agricultural pollution in water bodies and in the whole environment. <b>Integrovaný přístup k řešení problematiky plošného zemědělského znečištění v ČR</b> Příspěvek popisuje nový, integrovaný přístup v metodách identifikace a lokalizace potenciálních kritických zdrojových oblastí plošného znečištění povrchových vod dusíkem a fosforem, který je představen na modelových povodích IV. řádu Hrejkovického a Bilinského potoka v povodí vodní nádrže Orlík. Ohroženost vod plošným znečištěním je posuzována geografickou analýzou, která hodnotí geomorfologii, způsob využití a půdní podmínky území, ve vazbě na stavby zemědělského odvodnění. Vedle ploch podléhajících erozi a lokalit tzv. přímé ochrany podél vodních toků, jsou vymezovány oblasti zvýšeného potenciálního vyplavování živin do podzemních a drenážních vod, stanovené na základě syntetické mapy zranitelnosti mělkých podzemních vod. Tyto oblasti jsou klasifikovány na základě analýzy kódu bonitovaných půdně ekologických jednotek (BPE J) a zemědělské odvodnění podle podkladů bývalé Zemědělské vodohospodářské správy (ZVHS). Z výsledků geografické analýzy vyplývá rozdíl mezi dvěma sousedními povodími a jejich potenciálem k působení plošného zemědělského znečištění. Z výsledků analýzy LULC je patrný zhruba stejný podíl zemědělské půdy pro obě povodí ovšem struktura základních dvou druhů pozemků (orná půda x trvalé travní porosty) je odlišná. Vyšší podíl zatravnění je v povodí Hrejkovického potoka oproti Bilinskému, kde je zastoupení TTP relativně nízké. Z hlediska zranitelnosti vyplavování rizikových látek do povrchových a podzemních vod jsou náchylná obě povodí; povodí Bilinského potoka z důvodu převahy orné půdy na plochách se zranitelností 1. a 2. kategorie v mikropovodích drenážních systémů, povodí Hrejkovického potoka pro velmi častý výskyt ploch s 1. a 2. kategorií zranitelnosti (58% ZPF). Z hlediska potenciálního rizika výskytu eroze na zemědělské půdě je ohroženější Bilinský potok, zejména v dolní části povodí.

科学评价植物篱模式提高坡耕地生态效益是进一步评价其生态 经济 社会综合效益的基础, 可促进优化植物篱模式在山丘区的推广与应用。针对已有文献对植物篱模式生态效益评价存在评价指标片面等问题, 选择植物篱模式下水土与农业面源污染物流失、土壤抗侵蚀力与土地生产力4方面指标, 应用层次分析法与熵权法相结合计算评价指标权重, 多因素综合评价法对西南紫色土区坡耕地紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿与蓑草4种植物篱模式进行综合生态效益评价。结果表明, 植物篱模式的综合生态效益和不同类型生态效益较常规横坡农作模式明显提高, 其中综合生态效益指数(<i>A</i>)、保持水土效益指数(<i>B</i>₁)、控制农业面源污染效益指数(<i>B</i>₂)、土壤抗侵蚀力效益指数(<i>B</i>₃)、土地生产力效益指数(<i>B</i>₄)分别增加206.4%~301.9%、228.6%~278.4%、212.6%~346.6%、93.7%~126.0%、23.6%~35.8%。植物篱模式不同类型生态效益指数大小顺序为<i>B</i>₂(1.165)> <i>B</i>₁(0.962)><i>B</i>₄(0.495)><i>B</i>₃(0.332)。不同植物篱模式提高坡耕地综合生态效益的效应表现为20 坡地紫穗槐模式>香根草, 13 坡地紫花苜蓿>蓑草。20 坡耕地植物篱模式综合生态效益指数平均增加幅度(295.0%)大于13 坡地植物篱模式(211.0%)。说明在西南紫色丘陵区的坡耕地, 尤其是20 以上坡耕地推广与实施灌木类植物篱可大幅提高其综合生态效益。

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于农业面源污染分区的三峡库区生态农业园建设研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306091483 作者: 作者单位: 西南大学 农业部西南耕地保育重点实验室，资源环境学院,重庆市北碚区水利局,西南大学 农业部西南耕地保育重点实验室，资源环境学院,西南大学 农业部西南耕地保育重点实验室，资源环境学院,西南大学 农业部西南耕地保育重点实验室，资源环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项课题：三峡库区及上游流域农村面源污染控制技术与工程示范（2012ZX07104-003） The construction of the eco-agricultural yards in three gorges reservoir area based on agricultural non-point source pollution zones Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China,Water Conservancy bureau of Beibei, Chongqing,Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China,Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China,Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在三峡库区建立生态农业园是解决库区农业、环境和生态问题的有效措施。以农业面源污染分区为基础，探讨三峡库区重庆段生态农业园的建设模式和对策。结果表明：（1）根据地形地貌特征，将生态农业园规划为三大生态农业区，低海拔平坝丘陵生态农业区适宜发展“粮果蔬-猪-沼气-粮果蔬+休闲旅游”复合型高效农业模式，中海拔低山生态农业区可采用“粮-林-畜-沼气-草”的生态农业园建立模式，高海拔高山生态农业区适宜发展林草牧药复合型高效生态农业发展模式。（2）结合农业产业发展，确定了生态种植园、生态养殖园和生态综合园为该区的生态农业园建设方向。划分归并后的五大农业面源污染产污区中，库首外围丘陵山地产污区适宜以生态种植园为主导发展方向；库尾丘陵山地产污区可主营生态养殖园；余下3个产污区的发展核心都宜放在生态综合园建设。（3）三大生态农业区中的中海拔低山生态农业区和五大产污区中的库中平行岭谷产污区是库区生态农业园的建设重点。（4）为保障生态农业园的建设，应积极促进国家、政府、企业和农户之间的合作关系，不断创新和提升农业面源污染防控和农业生产技术。 Abstract:As agriculture is increasingly challenged by constraints of resources, environment and population emerging from its modern development, it is imperative to explore a kind of sustainable agriculture such as ecological agricultural yards that could accommodate economic, social and ecological needs within an already stressed natural resource basement. To balance the relationships among ecological protection, economic increasing and agricultural development, the establishment of eco-agricultural yards is an effective measure in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Based on agricultural non-point source pollution zones, this paper dealt with the construction modes and countermeasures of the eco-agriculture yards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. The results showed: (1) The Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing was divided into "one line, three zones and six pillar industries" in the whole. And according to the landform, the eco-agriculture yards were designed for three eco-agriculture districts, including the eco-agriculture district in low altitude hilly area, the eco-agriculture district in middle altitude mountain area and the eco-agriculture district in high altitude mountain area. Moreover, the complex agriculture mode with "crop, fruit, vegetables-pigs-biogas-crop, fruit, vegetables+leisure tourism" was suitable for the eco-agricultural development in low altitude hilly area. The eco-agricultural mode with "crop-forest-livestock-biogas-grass" could obtain well effective in middle altitude mountain area. And the eco-agricultural mode with "forest, grass, and livestock" complex mode was available for high altitude mountain area. Considering the development of agricultural industrialization, the ecological plantation, the ecological aquaculture and the ecologically integrated yards were suggested as the construction orientation of eco-agricultural yards in the future in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. (2) On the basis of the existing agricultural non-point source pollution status, Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing was subdivided into five agricultural non-point source pollution producing zones, involving upstream peripheral hilly area, along the river in upstream hilly area, midstream paralleled ridge-valley area, downstream hilly area, and downstream of the main urban area. Pollution producing regions in upstream peripheral hilly area were suitably dominated by the ecological plantation.More attention should be paid to agricultural non-point source pollution form fertilizers in these regions. Pollution producing regions in downstream hilly area could concentrate on the ecological aquaculture. The eco-agriculture district in low altitude hilly area should regard agricultural non-point source pollution from rural households and runoff as the center of contamination controlling in these regions. And the rest regions were appropriate to the establishment of the ecologically integrated yard. Furthermore, greater monitoring efforts should be put into the pollution producing regions in midstream paralleled ridge-valley area. And, more controlling measures of agricultural non-point source pollution from fertilizers could be applied to eco-agricultural districts in middle altitude mountain area of pollution producing regions along the river in upstream hilly area, while residential areas in middle altitude mountain area were the core for agricultural non-point source pollution controlling in pollution producing regions in downstream of the main urban area. (3) Totally, the eco-agricultural districts in middle altitude mountain area, and the pollution producing regions in midstream paralleled ridge-valley area were the key zones to be constructed, owing to their extensive distribution, favorable natural conditions and more serious agricultural non-point source pollution status. (4) To promote the development of the eco-agricultural yards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing, two aspects were necessary to be considered. That is, the cooperative relationships among the country, government, enterprises and farmers were positively built. And, the high-tech for agricultural production and non-point source pollution controlling measures should be continuously innovated and improved. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The green development of FinTech empowerment has become a compelling theme in economic development. In this study, based on the weighted least squares (WLS) and threshold regression methods of cross-sectional data, we empirically examine the impact of FinTech development on agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, a major cause of impaired surface water quality. Our results show that there is an inverted “U” shape relationship between the development of FinTech and agricultural NPS pollution. That is, after crossing a “threshold value”, the level of FinTech development can curb agricultural NPS pollution. At the structural level, the availability of FinTech services, the FinTech infrastructure, and the agricultural NPS pollution also have an inverted “U” shape relationship. At the threshold effect, in the developing stage of an agricultural economy, the overall level of FinTech development, the use of FinTech services, the availability of FinTech services, and the FinTech infrastructure have an inverted “U” shape relationship with agricultural NPS pollution. On the other hand, in the developed stage of an agricultural economy, the impact of FinTech development and its structure on agricultural NPS pollution is insignificant. Hence, we can conclude that FinTech development can help reduce agricultural NPS pollution in under-developed regions. However, due to the fact that a “U” shape relationship always exists between FinTech service quality and agricultural NPS pollution, the quality of FinTech service should be the main focus to reduce agricultural NPS pollution more effectively.

Methodology for agricultural and rural NPS pollution in a typical county of the North China Plain

Nonpoint pollution sources from agricultural activities are a major cause of water quality impairment. A nutrient management program utilizes farm practices that maintain efficient crop production systems and control agricultural nonpoint pollution sources. The objectives of present study were to identify appropriate best management practices (BMPs) according to changes of cropping system of main upland crop for reducing AGNPs loadings and to simulate the effects of the application of the several BMPs scenarios in Saemangeum watershed. The selected BMP scenarios were: 1) to convert naked barley and hulled barley to hairy vetch or chinese milk vetch, 2) to convert red pepper to soybean crop, and 3) to combine two scenarios, converting naked barley and hulled barley to hairy vetch or chinese milk vetch + converting red pepper to soybean crop. As a result of BMPs application, the crop requirement of nitrogen and phosphorus for upland crop reduced nitrogen by 41% and phosphorus by 47% in scenario 1, whereas scenario 2 reduced nitrogen by 30% and phosphorus by 23%. Overall, scenario 3 reduced nitrogen by 72% and phosphorus by 70% in agricultural non-point pollution sources associated with chemical fertilizer and livestock manure in Saemangeum watershed.

Best management practices (BMPs) are the tools which are adopted to run any activity while inflicting least negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Since, water pollution is one of the most important issues in today's world; it is indispensable to discuss the activities which are deteriorating its quality. Although, a number of treatment technologies and methods are in place for treating the point sources of pollution, there is a need to address nonpoint sources of pollution. There are many successful practices which are capable of curtailing the impacts of nonpoint source pollution, if adopted. In this paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance and trade‐offs of various management practices to address the issues of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of guiding principles which can pave a way for adoption of these practices. Therefore, an attempt has also been made to explore the aspects of policy formulations along with emphasizing the factors which can lead to adoption/ non‐adoption of such practices.

Agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPSP) is a primary cause of watershed water quality deterioration, and over 50% of NPS pollutants are estimated to come from ANPSP. Based on the “source-sink” theory and minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, ANPSP source and key resistance factors were integrated to identify areas at risk of ANPSP production and transportation into the waters of the upper Yangtze River basin. The results showed a spatial difference in the agricultural pollution sources of the basin, which were determined using both ANPSP loads and land-use types. Soil type, rainfall erosivity, and elevation were the three most important resistance factors in pollution transportation, weighting 0.373, 0.241, and 0.147, respectively. There was a spatial effect on the comprehensive resistance of ANPSP transportation, which was lower in mountainous terrain at the central basin. On the coupling of source and resistance processes, regions at serious risk of ANPSP were found to be concentrated in the southwest area. Areas at very high risk of NH3-N and TP pollution accounted for 37.6% and 38.1%, respectively, in the total town/street area. The spatial risk patterns identified in this study could be used for decision making and policy regulation of ANPSP and for aquatic environmental protection.

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of composite non-point source pollution in the Yapu Port Basin, China, and to quantify the pollutant load contributions from various sources. Scenario-based simulations were designed to assess the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies, focusing on both agricultural and urban non-point source pollution control. The watershed was divided into 39 sub-watersheds and 106 hydrologic response units (HRUs). Model calibration and validation were conducted using the observed data on runoff, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). The results demonstrate good model performance, with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.85 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSEs) ≥ 0.84, indicating its applicability to the study area. Temporally, pollutant loads exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation, with peak values observed during the annual flood season. Spatially, pollution intensity increased from upstream to downstream, with the western region of the watershed showing higher loss intensity. Pollution was predominantly concentrated in the downstream region. Based on the composite source analysis, a series of management measures were designed targeting both agricultural and urban non-point source pollution. Among individual measures, fertilizer reduction in agricultural fields and the establishment of vegetative buffer strips demonstrated the highest effectiveness. Combined management strategies significantly enhanced pollution control, with average TN and TP load reductions of 22.18% and 22.70%, respectively. The most effective scenario combined fertilizer reduction, improved urban stormwater utilization, vegetative buffer strips, and grassed swales in both farmland and orchards, resulting in TN and TP reductions of 67.2% and 56.2%, respectively.

Agricultural non-point source pollution load intensity of the paddy field in different water and fertilization conditions

To effectively manage water resources and safeguard food security, it is essential to comprehend the impact of climate change and human activities on non-point source (NPS) pollution within agricultural watersheds. This study utilized SWAT+ to model the water balance and nutrient balance of the Xiaowei River Basin (XRB) in Shaanxi Province, China. Different scenarios were used to quantify the effects of human activities and climate on NPS pollution loads. Model validation achieved R2 values of 0.87 (streamflow) and 0.71 (total nitrogen load), indicating good performance. The baseline period (1998-2023) was divided into four evolution scenarios. Results showed climate dominated total nitrogen (TN) load contributions (average 93.6%), while human activities contributed 6.4%. However, human activities increased from 4.5% (1998-2003) to 9.7% (2018-2023), increasing TN load. TN loads decreased relative to the initial scenario, due to reduced precipitation. Future pollution loads were simulated using CMIP6 data (five GCMs) and projected population and LULC. Under SSP2-4.5, TN loads increased (2024-2040) and then decreased. Under SSP5-8.5, TN loads exhibited a consistent upward trend, driven by agricultural land expansion and reduced precipitation. Human activities' contribution is continually increasing. Projections indicate TN load under Best Management Practices (BMPs) is lower than that in other scenarios across all timeframes. Notably, in the long term (2071-2100), TN load under BMPs is lower than the baseline. Relevant decision-makers may consider implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) such as precision fertilization and the establishment of vegetative buffer strips, which can help mitigate the effects of human activities.

Tree community composition was compared across areas of different types of land use within an abandoned Ma'ohi settlement in the 'Opunohu valley of Mo'orea, French Polynesia. Focusing on three tree species (Inocarpus fagifer, Aleurites moluccana, Neonauclea forsteri), differences in tree communities on seven archaeological complexes were used to make retrospective inferences about the arboricultural practices of pre-European Ma'ohi culture. Differences in community were quantified with density, diameter, and distribution relative to archaeological structures. Data from this study suggest that different types of prehistoric land use in the 'Opunohu valley have left distinct and lasting impacts on forest composition on a small scale, and imply the following about Ma'ohi arboricultural practice: 1) Inocarpus cultivation was associated with residential areas; 2) Aleurites and Neonauclea were cultivated or preserved in ritual complexes and areas dedicated to craft production; 3) Aleurites and Neonauclea were not cultivated in areas dedicated to agriculture. These results indicate that modern biological communities have the potential to provide insight into pre-European land use patterns even after long periods of succession, which plays into a larger argument calling for the further integration between archaeological and ecological disciplines.

This paper uses CiteSpace to visualize and analyze the literature related to agricultural non-point source pollution in China Knowledge Network (CNKI) from 1993~2022. The results showed that the research on agricultural non-point source pollution has gone through three stages: the beginning (1993~2006), booming development (2007~2011), and stable development (2011-2022). The research on agricultural non-point source pollution focuses mainly on agricultural non-point source pollution, pollution control, and model simulation. Agricultural non-point source pollution has always played a leading role in the development of the research field since the research until now, and model simulation and spatial distribution have been continuously cited from the emergence of clustering until now, and are widely available in the research field.

Eco-product is scarce product with consequences on human health, economy and society all over the world. In order to understand the effective supply of eco-product and figure out its law of scale efficiency, panel data from 2004 to 2015 with labor force, capital, resource, and energy source was carefully selected as the input variables and GDP, sustainable product, and undesirable output as the output variables, the scale efficiency and its differences of effective supply of eco-product in China were measured in this study. SBM-Undesirable model, Theil index, and the model of Tobit were used to analyze the driving factors. The results showed that there was a downward trend in scale efficiency of China's eco-products before 2011, and an upward trend with obvious inter-regional differences since 2012. The influence factors of supply efficiency of eco-product greatly varied among different regions. Overall, some factors had negative influences, including the values of economic development level, industrial structure (the proportion of secondary industry's increase in GDP), science and technology input, financial capital input (the proportion of environment pollution control investment in GDP), energy consumption structure (the proportion of coal consumption in overall energy consumption), and agricultural non-point source pollution. Some factors had positive influences, such as eco-space and foreign trade structure. In Eastern China, factors such as industrial structure, science and technology input, financial capital, energy consumption structure and agricultural non-point source pollution had negative impacts, while the factors of economic development level, eco-space and foreign trade structure had positive impacts. In Northeast China, the factors of economic development level, financial capital, agricultural non-point source pollution and foreign trade structure had negative impacts, while the factors of industrial structure, science and technology input, energy consumption structure and eco-space had positive impacts. In Central China, the factors of economic development level, science and technology input, financial capital, energy consumption structure, agricultural non-point source pollution and eco-space had negative impacts, while the factors of industrial structure and foreign trade structure had positive impacts. In Western China, the factors of industrial structure, energy consumption structure, and agricultural non-point source pollution had negative impacts, while the factors of economic development level, science and technology input, financial capital, eco-space, and foreign trade structure had positive impacts. Based on further theoretical analysis of above-mentioned empirical measurement, some poli-cy implications were put forward for effectively improving the efficiency of eco-product supply from the angle of supply-side reforming, which included emphasizing the transitions mode of sustainable economy, optimizing ecosystem structure, and managing ecosystem as a whole according to natural laws.

After years of treatment, the water pollution situation in the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) is still grim, and agricultural nonpoint source pollution has become the leading cause of the problem. However, agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the HRB is complicated due to the compounding effects of multiple factors. In this study, we first applied the export coefficient model to estimate the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads used as two pollution source indicators in HRB. Then we constructed an index evaluation system of nonpoint source pollution risk by coupling the two source indicators with five additional indicators: rainfall erosion, river network distribution, soil erodibility, slope length, and land use. The primary source of TN and TP loads is fertilizer application (81.96%), followed by livestock and poultry breeding (16.3%) and rural domestic wastes (1.74%). The risk assessment results indicate that 66.43% of the HRB is at medium to high risk of nonpoint source pollution, 12.37% is at high risk, and 11.20% is at low risk. Moreover, the medium-to-high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the Henan and Anhui provinces. In contrast, the medium-risk regions are mainly distributed along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. Finally, the observed water quality categories were used to verify our findings. The controlling areas of nonpoint source pollution in HRB are identified. This study could provide a scientific basis for effectively preventing and treating water pollution in the HRB.