마루쿠스(Markus)를 활용한 燕行錄 吏讀 표현 번역 및 태깅에 대한 시론: 魏廷喆의 『瀋陽日記』를 중심으로

This paper provides the easiest methods to distinguish and catalog Chinese personal names for American librarians, especially to those who know nothing about Chinese personal names. It briefly introduces how Chinese names are formed. It examines different formats of Chinese personal names in the different countries and areas. Appendix 1 and 2 present the list of popular Chinese last names in Chinese, Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore formats. It is sorted alphabetically for Pinyin. Appendix 3 provides the list of Hanyu Pinyin with Zhuyin Zimu, which may help people from Taiwan or other areas to learn Hanyu Pinyin. The paper also makes some suggestions and comments on Chinese personal names for AACR-2.

Increasing adaptability of a speech into sign language translation system

On the basis of the traditional Naive Bayesian classification algorithm that just considered character of Chinese person name, we brought person name's up and down boundary words in it. In order to overcome the difficulty of boundary defining, we counted Chinese name's character frequency and boundary templates' frequency from tagged corpus. Then these recognized person names are used to match the missed occurrence in the text. The method is easy and the final result is good. Experimental results show that the F-value for recognition of Chinese person name was increased.

Sign language is the primary mode of communication for individuals with hearing and speech impairments; however, the lack of sign language knowledge among the general population creates a significant communication barrier. Recent advancements in computer vision and deep learning have enabled the development of automated sign language recognition and translation systems. Despite this progress, many existing solutions depend on wearable devices, are computationally expensive, or lack real-time gesture-to-word and speech translation capabilities suitable for practical deployment. This paper presents the development of a sign language translator that maps gestures to words using a vision-based approach. The proposed system captures hand gestures through a camera, recognises sign language gestures using deep learning techniques, and converts them into meaningful text and speech output. The system is designed to be cost-effective, real-time, and user-friendly, eliminating the need for sensor-based gloves. By focusing on gesture-based translation, the proposed approach aims to enhance accessibility and enable effective communication between hearing-impaired individuals and non-signers in real-world environments.

Translation between spoken languages and Sign Languages is especially weak regarding minority languages; hence, audiovisual material in these languages is usually out of reach for people with a hearing impairment. This paper presents a domain-specific Basque text to Spanish Sign Language (LSE) translation system. It has a modular architecture with (1) a text-to-Sign Language translation module using a Rule-Based translation approach, (2) a gesture capture system combining two motion capture system to create an internal (3) sign dictionary, (4) an animation engine and a (5) rendering module. The result of the translation is performed by a virtual interpreter that executes the concatenation of the signs according to the grammatical rules in LSE; for a better LSE interpretation, its face and body expressions change according to the emotion to be expressed. A first prototype has been tested by LSE experts with preliminary satisfactory results

Abstract— Sign language is an essential mode of communication for individuals with hearing impairments, yet real-time translation remains a challenge due to complex hand gestures, facial expressions, and language variations. Traditional deep learning approaches, such as CNNs and RNNs, struggle with sequential dependencies and spatial feature extraction, limiting recognition accuracy. Recent advancements in Vision Transformers have significantly improved image-based learning by utilizing self- attention mechanisms to capture both spatial and temporal dependencies, making them highly effective for gesture recognition. This paper presents a bidirectional Sign Language Recognition and Translation System that employs ViT for sign recognition and a Pre-Recorded Gesture Database for text-to-sign conversion. The system captures real-time video input, extracts gesture features using ViT’s attention-based encoding, and converts recognized gestures into text. Conversely, it maps typed text to a corresponding pre-recorded sign animation, ensuring smooth and natural communication. By eliminating the need for gloss-based intermediaries and improving processing efficiency, the proposed system enhances accuracy, computational efficiency, and real-time performance, offering a scalable. solution for bridging communication gaps in the hearing-impaired community. KEYWORDS— SIGN LANGUAGE RECOGNITION, VISION TRANSFORMER, GESTURE-TO-TEXT, TEXT- TO- GESTURE, DEEP LEARNING, TRANSFORMER MODELS, REAL-TIME TRANSLATION

This paper outlines the first Asian network-based speech-to-speech translation system developed by the Asian Speech Translation Advanced Research (A-STAR) consortium. The system was designed to translate common spoken utterances of travel conversations from a certain source language into multiple target languages in order to facilitate multiparty travel conversations between people speaking different Asian languages. Each A-STAR member contributes one or more of the following spoken language technologies: automatic speech recognition, machine translation, and text-to-speech through Web servers. Currently, the system has successfully covered 9 languages-namely, 8 Asian languages (Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Thai, Vietnamese, Chinese) and additionally, the English language. The system's domain covers about 20,000 travel expressions, including proper nouns that are names of famous places or attractions in Asian countries. In this paper, we discuss the difficulties involved in connecting various different spoken language translation systems through Web servers. We also present speech-translation results on the first A-STAR demo experiments carried out in July 2009.

Reviewed by: Ibsen in China 1908-1997: A Critical-Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, Translation and Performance Wenwei Du (bio) Kwok-kan Tam . Ibsen in China 1908-1997: A Critical-Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, Translation and Performance. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2001. x, 263 pp. Hardcover $29.00, ISBN 962-201-907-2. This bibliography is the result of twenty years of research by its author. During this period, Kwok-kan Tam wrote a dissertation and a dozen articles on Ibsen's influence in China, in addition to his publications on other subjects. This is a well-researched and clearly annotated reference book, consisting of a twenty-two-page introduction and a bibliographic text of eight groupings with the following subtitles: (1) Ibsen and the Literary Revolution 1908-1919, (2) Ibsen in the (Post-) May 4th Era 1920-1927, (3) Ibsen in the Romantic Generation 1928-1936, (4) Ibsen in Wartime China 1937-1948, (5) Ibsen and Socialism 1949-1976, (6) Ibsen Beyond Socialism 1977-1997, (7) Chinese Translations and Adaptations of Ibsen's Plays, Poetry and Critical Essays, and (8) Chinese Stage Productions of Ibsen's Plays. The first six sections contain 338 entries for books and articles on Ibsen's influence in different historical periods; the seventh section is a bibliography of fifty-four Chinese translations of Ibsen's works arranged by the publication dates of Ibsen's plays; and the eighth section is a list of twenty-four Chinese stage productions of Ibsen's plays (arranged in the same format as the translation list). There are three appendixes as well: a chronology of Ibsen's plays, a chronology of Chinese translations, and a chronology of Chinese stage productions of Ibsen's plays. The latter two chronologies have the same content as sections 7 and 8 but are arranged differently. This bibliography also includes author/translator, title, title-by-year, and subject indexes. All the Chinese names and titles are written in pinyin and supplied with traditional Chinese characters. Those names habitually written in the Wade-Giles system are also noted with their corresponding [End Page 251] pinyin spellings. With both characters and their romanization, the reader can read all the Chinese names, phrases, and sentences fluently and swiftly without any misleading interpretation. The introduction first outlines the historical phases of the politics of Ibsen's reception in Western society (including the Soviet Union). The politics have centered on the reception of Ibsen either as a modern thinker and social reformer or as an artist—whether to "politicize Ibsen" or to "aestheticize him" (p. 9), as the author puts it. Next, the author applies a similar approach to his introduction on Ibsen's reception in China. He divides the history of China's reception into four major periods: 1908-1927, 1928-1948, 1949-1976, and 1977 to the present. "These four phases correspond to the historical divisions in the world reception of Ibsen" (p. 12), which the author outlines in the first half of the introduction. The first of these four periods saw China's reception of Ibsen as a social reformer; the second period first witnessed the interpretations of Ibsen with more emphasis on his dramatic innovations than on his social themes and later shifted the interpretive tendency back to the moral-political tradition; the third period was marked by social and artistic interpretations of Ibsen's plays in terms of class struggle; the fourth period, according to the author, has provided Chinese critics an opportunity to analyze Ibsen in the aesthetic-formalist mode. The first three periods of Ibsen's reception are convincingly summarized with substantiated information, and yet the summary of, or the introduction to, the fourth period does not have the same kind of supporting information probably due either to the fact that the fourth period has not yet ended or to the author's wish that the readers themselves find the evidence in bibliographic entries. While the introduction is critically informative on China's reception as compared to the global transcultural reception of Ibsen, it does not explain the author's method and criteria for bibliographic inclusion in the main text. As is the practice of most bibliographers, the author should define the...

APPENDIX 3. Chinese Personal Names in Romanization and Chinese Characters

In their attempt to structure the history of China, early modern European authors very soon adopted the scheme of the dynasties as first transmitted to Europe by Philippe Couplet in the Tabula chronologica Monarchiae Sinicae . This chapter presents a table which introduced the presentation perpetuated by encyclopaedias from the late-seventeenth century up to the 1830s. The European 'republic of letters' broadly discussed questions relating to universal chronology. From the very beginning of presenting Chinese history to their European contemporaries, the Jesuits saw the necessity to synchronize Chinese and biblical chronology. Only in referring to historical and contemporary events in China, European encyclopaedias had to deal extensively with Chinese personal names. Keywords:Europeans; history of china

In current digital library management systems, researcher's name is an important identification. However, a precise translation outcome of state-of-art dictionary-based approaches is not satisfactory. In this paper, we propose an effective phonetic similarity approach based on Soundex for mining a Chinese person's name from its English translation, and discriminates approximate pronunciations from different Soundex codes. We use real-world data to test the robustness of this approach, experimental results show our approach outperforms existing researches by 30% of F-measure.

Objective: The objective of this article is to build up the concept field of media texts’ headings referring to COVID-19 in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is based both on the principles of frequency of use of tokens and nominal word combinations, which reflect the development of events related to the pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headings which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methods: The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has given an opportunity to define the way and language means of presentation of the mentioned concept and its concept field. It also has made it possible to demonstrate the language means, which show the journalists’ intentions to present information to the audience, and has allowed to describe the interconnection between language interpretation character and variants of texts axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, particularly the analysis of left and right combination of words in the text, has identified subjective and objective relationships in the concept’s presentation, and the measure of saturation of the concept field with metaphoric and metonymic models, which are based on axiological principles. Component analysis has disclosed the peculiarities of structure of meaning of separate semantic variants of words. Results: In the result of studying 467 headings of articles in mass media the concept field COVID-19 was built. It was fulfilled on the base of presentation of a medical term as a concept. Definition of axiological variability of headings as the basis of seleection of lexical and grammatical means, and presentation of core concept in its subjective and objective relationships inside the sentence/ utterance were done. Conclusions: The language means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and varied functions. The commonness is in informing the population about development of events and the difference is in the ways of transferring the evaluative component of information. The grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headings with negative and partially positive content.

This paper presents a prototype Text-To-Indian Sign Language (ISL) translation system. The system will help dissemination of information to the deaf people in India. This paper also presents the SL-dictionary tool, which can be used to create bilingual ISL dictionary and can store ISL phonological information.

This research introduces a system for translating American Sign Language (ASL) utilising Convolutional Neural Networks. (CNNs). The system under consideration has the capability to identify manual gestures executed by persons communicating in American Sign Language (ASL) and subsequently convert them into written language, thereby facilitating uninterrupted communication between the deaf and hearing populations. The CNN model was validated and trained using a set of data made up of 78,300 pictures of movements in the ASL Alphabet written in American Sign Language (ASL). In order to improve the performance of the model, the pre-processing of the data included a number of stages, such as converting the photos to grayscale, normalising the pixel values, and enhancing performance of the model. In order to ease classification, fully connected layers were added after a succession of pooling and convolutional layers in CNN's design. After 15 epochs of training, the model attained a validation accuracy of 99.85%. The findings of this research demonstrate the viability of employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in the creation of precise and effective American Sign Language (ASL) translation systems, which can serve as a means of communication for people with auditory impairments.

The convergence of AI and cultural representation raises critical ethical concerns in the digital age, particularly in culturally diverse and complex societies like Nigeria. This paper takes a conceptual methodological stance to explore the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as language models and translation systems, in relation to Nigerian cultural and linguistic realities by highlighting the power dynamics of digital language preservation and the risk of reinforcing stereotypes or erasing nuance. Using a bipartite framework involving Floridi’s Information Ethics and the Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning (FAT/ML) model, this study examines how artificial intelligence (AI) systems, including ChatGPT and Google Translate, may misrepresent or distort Nigerian languages and cultures, such as Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, and Pidgin. The study advocates for the development of AI that is culturally aware and ethically grounded to promote inclusive frameworks that prioritize linguistic equity and cultural sustainability in the digital representation of Nigerian identities. This research contributes to the development of responsible AI practices that respect and promote cultural diversity in the digital age by exploring the global relevance of these issues.