ТЕОРІЯ SKOPOS КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

Technical and scientific texts as a form of written communication of scientific discourse have specific characteristic elements that are the subject of this analysis. Their peculiarity lies in their operation and use. The arsenal of these elements determines the choice of translation methods and techniques when processing and reproducing scientific and technical texts in the language of translation. It directly influences the choice of translation strategy and the drafting of the translation text, taking into account the differences between the two translation languages. The difference between the language of the French source text and the language of the translated text motivates the constant and growing need to promote research in the field of translation of technical and scientific texts into Ukrainian. The translation of technical and scientific texts is a complex creative process that aims to convey technical information from the original source into a language known to the user of the information. Therefore, the formation of skills of preliminary analysis of the source text of scientific discourse and its constituent elements contributes to the creation of adequate specialized texts written in Ukrainian. Based on our previous research on the classification system of basic translation transformations, we established a link between the characteristics of the French terminological system and the choice of Ukrainian translation techniques. Methods for translating technical and scientific texts are linked to the principle of functional equivalence, which in turn affects the quality of creation and editing of the translation text. The main indicator of the quality of scientific and technical translation is the adequacy of the original. An adequate translation is one that objectively, fully and accurately translates the meaning of the original text. The questions of definition and delimitation of the scientific and technical text, preliminary analysis of the source text and the system of its basic elements, as well as the question of analysis of the peculiarities of the use of translation transformations in translation Ukrainian language and general revision methods are the focus of our research. The analysis of these issues and the obtained results will be the subject of our further study and will help in the formation of the professional competence of the future translator for students of the first bachelor level of Ukrainian higher education.

The modern stage of the world development can be characterized by a significant increase in the role of science and technology, in connection with which the problem of translating scientific and technical texts is becoming more and more urgent. That is why, among the important problems of modern translation studies, the development of such a field as the translation of scientific and technical texts occupies an important place, since the flow of scientific information, the exchange of experience between specialists of various fields, and the organization of international symposia and conferences require the active work of qualified translators. An essential feature of the language of scientific and technical texts, which distinguishes them from colloquial language or the language of fiction, is the use of certain lexical, grammatical and stylistic techniques. Translation of literature in this direction requires special skills and abilities, as it is necessary to convey the accuracy and brevity of the expression of thought, on the one hand, and preserve strict logical consistency and completeness of expression on the other. Among the factors that make scientific and technical translation from English into Ukrainian difficult, it is necessary to include differences in the grammatical systems of languages, which necessitates mastering certain translation transformations, orienting oneself in ways and methods of translating unique constructions. Difficulties in translation include the presence of ambiguous terms, grammatical homonymy in the original language, preservation of genre and style features during translation, which vary depending on the type of text (a monograph, an article from a special magazine, a technical description, a patent, a technical reference book). Such researchers as V. I. Karaban and I. V. Korunets were engaged in studying the peculiarities and problems of translation of scientific and technical literature. But, unfortunately, the degree of study of the proposed topic is insufficient, since the techniques and methods of translation of the accompanying technical documentation have not been fully explored [5], [7]. The relevance of our research is due to the interest of scientists and translators in the problem of scientific and technical translation, increasing the significance of the translation of scientific and technical literature as a way of exchanging and spreading information in the world. In addition, the study of the main issues of translation of scientific and technical literature makes it possible to master the techniques, means and methods necessary to achieve an adequate, equivalent translation.

Objective. The objective of the article is to make a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of scientific and technical texts in English and Ukrainian. Methods. The main scientific results were obtained using a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific and educational literature on literary studies, psychology, linguistics; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, descriptive and analytical. Results. The vocabulary of the scientific and technical style has a number of features, such as specialization and precision, standardization of terminology, clarity and unambiguity, neologisms and technical terms, official language, abbreviations and acronyms, systematic use of symbols, logical structure, interdisciplinary coherence and dynamic adaptation. These features help to convey complex ideas with precision. In English and Ukrainian, this vocabulary has both common and distinctive features. The main common feature is accuracy, specificity and clarity in the way the material is presented; this special vocabulary serves as a linguistic tool to overcome obstacles in understanding complex ideas in science and technology. Among the characteristic features of the vocabulary of the scientific and technical style in both languages are the use of special terms, terminological phrases, professionalisms, special clichés, non-terminological vocabulary, abbreviations, acronyms, neologisms and abstract vocabulary. Scientific and technical texts have their own structural complexity. In both English and Ukrainian, the basis of a scientific text is compound and complex sentences, various phrases (adverbial, infinitive and gerund), impersonal and impersonal-personal constructions. The use of references and bibliographies is a fundamental part of scientific and technical writing in both languages. References Karaban, V. I. (2004). Pereklad anhliiskoi naukovoi i tekhnichnoi literatury. Hramatychni trudnoshchi, leksychni, terminolohichni ta zhanrovo stylistychni problem [Translation of English scientific and technical Grammatical difficulties, lexical, terminological and genre-stylistic problems]. Vinnytsia, Nova Knyha Publ., 576 p. Available at: https://pdf.lib.vntu.edu.ua/books/Karaban_2004_576.pdf Klymenko, M., Neroda, K. D. (2019). Naukovyi tekst u porivnialnomu aspekti (na materiali anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov) [Scientific text in the comparative aspect (on the material of English and Ukrainian)]. Kryvyi Rih, 77 p. Savruk, P. (2008). Ukrainsko-anhliiskyi naukovo-tekhnichnyi slovnyk [Ukrainian- English Scientific and Technical Dictionary.]. NAN Ukrainy, Fiz.-mekhan. in-t im. H. V. Karpenka [NAS of Ukraine, Karpenko Institute of Physics and Mechanics]. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka Publ., 909 p. URL: http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi- bin/ua/elib.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UKRLIB&P21DBN=UKRLIB&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=online_book&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=FF=&S21STR=ukr0001609%5F1 Slyvka, Z. (2022). Osoblyvosti perekladu naukovo-tekhnichnoi terminolohii z anhliiskoi movy na ukrainsku [Features of translation of scientific and technical terminology from English into Ukrainian]. Zakarpatski filolohichni studii [Transcarpathian philological studies], Issue 27, Vol. 3, pp. 144-149. Available at: http://zfs-journal.uzhnu.uz.ua/archive/27/part_3/27.pd Stehaliuk, V. (2014). Osoblyvosti perekladu ukrainskoiu movoiu profesiinoi terminolohii tekstiv naukovo-tekhnichnoho spriamuvannia [Features of translation of professional terminology of scientific and technical texts into Ukrainian]. Informatsiini tekhnolohii v osviti, nautsi ta vyrobnytstvi [Information technologies in education, science and production], Issue 5(10), pp. 216–225. Available at: https://sbornik.college.ks.ua/downloads/sbornik5_10/pdf/25.pdf Susidenko, M. & Baranova, S. V. (2020). Vidtvorennia osoblyvostei naukovo- tekhnichnoho tekstu v perekladi [Reproduction of the features of a scientific and technical text in translation]. Vcheni zapysky TNU imeni V. I. Vernadskoho. Seriia: Filolohiia. Sotsialni komunikatsii [Scientific notes of Vernadsky TNU. Series: Philology. Social communications], Vol. 31 (70), No. 2, Part 2. Available at: https://www.philol.vernadskyjournals.in.ua/journals/2020/2_2020/part_2/44.pdf Chtyvo [Reading]. Elektronna biblioteka. Kultura, filosofiia, filolohiia, movoznavstvo ta inshe –znavstvo. Nauka [Electronic library. Culture, philosophy, philology, linguistics and other studies. Science]. Available at: https://chtyvo.org.ua/genre/naukova/books/

Introduction. There are many theories of translation study. The Skopos theoryis a newbranch, which can explain and instruct many translation activities. It was established bythe German linguists H.Vermeer and K. Reib, who comprised the idea that translating andinterpreting should primarily take into account the function of the target text. This functionis specified by the addressee. This theory is based on the functional approach, whose aimis to dethrone the source text (ST). This is done by emphasizing the role of the translatoras a creator of the target text (TT) and giving priority to purpose of producing TT.Purpose. The paper aims at analysis of such basic concepts of the Skopos theoryas “functional principle”, “loyalty principle”, “coherence”, “translation types”, “intratextual andnon-textual factors”, “translation brief”, “translation problems”.Methods. The research is grounded on the following methods: the descriptive method,deductive and inductive methods, the method of generalization and grammatical transformations.Results. According to Skopos theory, the prime principle determining any translationprocess is the purpose of the overall translational action. The basic underlying “rules” of thetheory are the following: the brief translation, a term suggested by Skopos theory, a trunslatum(or TT) is determined by its Skopos; a TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL(target language) concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL (source language);а TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way; а TT must be internallycoherent; а TT must be coherent with the ST. There are also some criticisms of Skopos theory by other scholars. These include: not all actions have an intention; not every translation can beinterpreted as purposeful, having such a purpose would limit the possible translation proceduresand thus the interpretations of the TT; what is to be a “general” theory is in fact that only validfor nonliterary textsConclusion. Skopos theory claims to be general or universal model of translation.The main idea of skopos theory could be paraphrased as the translation purpose justifiesthe translation procedures. Like any other theories, Skopos theory is also not perfect, but itsknowledge is a essential component of the translators background knowledge.

The paper considers the possibilities of using computer technologies by students in the translation of scientific and technical texts on power and electrical engineering. The main task of the study was to identify advantages and disadvantages of machine or computer-aided translation through their comparison and to define the possibility of their use in the translation of texts on power and electrical engineering. Among other types, students and post-graduates prefer machine translation. The comparison of two the most popular machine translation systems on the basis of Google Translate statistics and PROMT rules texts on power and electrical engineering showed that the Google Translate gives the better quality translation of special terms of this subject-matter. The majority of participants of the students’ international competition on written translation of the CIGRE Russian National Committee use Google Translate and PROMT. Translation mistakes are the result of insufficient language training and indistinct understanding of the described technical process. When translating written texts students shall apply post-editing and use the electronic dictionary Multitran. The development of hybrid machine translation systems on the basis of rules and statistics will allow shifting to a qualitatively new level of technical translation. The quality of students’ translations significantly increases if they participate in international and domestic competitions and get a profound knowledge of specialized subjects.

Multimedia-assisted teaching results in eliminating traditional training barriers, facilitating cognition process and upgrading learning outcomes. This study attempted to examine the effects of implementing multimedia on teaching technical translation model and on the technical text translation ability of Iranian translation studies students. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a total of forty-six learners were selected out of fifty-seven participants in a higher education center in Tehran based on their scores in Preliminary English Test (PET) and were divided randomly in the experimental and control groups. Prior to the treatment, a technical text translation questionnaire was devised and then validated by three assistant professors of engineering fields and three assistant professors of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at the university. This questionnaire was administered as a pretest to both groups. Control and experimental groups were trained for five successive weeks using identical course books but with a different lesson plan that allowed employing multimedia for experimental group only. The devised and approved questionnaire was administered as posttest to both groups at the end of the instruction. A multivariate ANOVA was run to compare the two groups’ means on the PET, pretest and posttest. The results showed the rejection of all null hypotheses of the study and revealed that multimedia significantly improved technical text translation ability of the learners.

Translation is an important communication skill between different languages. In modern society, audiovisualproducts are distributed to worldwide areas as a popular means of mass media. As the globalization of economy and culture is advancing in the new century, audiovisual subtitle translation plays an increasingly important part. Good subtitles can enhance the audience’s experience of appreciating foreign films and make cultural communication more effective. This thesis conducts a brief survey on the strategies for film subtitle translation using the case study of the famous film The Shawshank Redemption. In this paper, based on Skopos theory, the author made a comprehensive analysis of subtitling activities and pointed out that subtitling, as a specialized area of translation, is not only guided by translation studies but also under the constraints of film properties. The Skopos theory of film subtitle translation is to provide, within the constraints of time and space, a well-translated subtitle that can contribute to a good understanding of what is happening on the screen. In short, the end justifies the means. Therefore, during the process of subtitle translation, the subtitler should take all the factors into consideration to identify the translation purpose, and then adopt corresponding translationstrategies. From this perspective, the author takes the Skopos theory as instruction and applies the reduction and addition method to analyze the film subtitle translation. In the age of globalization, foreign films are increasingly entering people’s lives. Watching foreign films is a popular and effective way to understand foreign cultures. However, in China, subtitle translation has not attracted as much academic attention as it deserves and few theories could be appropriately applied to subtitle translation. Therefore, the author hopes that subtitle translation could be paid more attention in terms of crosscultural communication.

. This study investigated the strategies applied by the translator in translating a series of bilingual children storybook (Indonesia-English) entitled: Kancil Jadi Raja (Mouse Deer Becomes King) published by Dinar Media, Jakarta and the appropriateness of the translation result with Skopos theory. This study employed a descriptive qualitative study design. Total sampling was applied to collect the data. The data were collected from the texts of the bilingual children’s storybook or document analysis. The researcher analysed the documents using the microstructural analysis introduced by Leuven Zwart (1989-1990), an expert in translation studies which developed a comparative model of texts analysis, where the source texts and target texts was compared to identify the translation strategies, The texts consist of 59 sentences. The data shows that: 1.) There were eleven (11) types of translation strategies applied by the translator which was in line with skopos theory or more likely to emphasized on the Target Text (TT), among others: Transference strategy applied six (6) times , Cultural Equivalent strategy applied sthirty two (32) times, Transposition strategy applied nine (9) times, Modulation strategy applied seven (7) times, Reduction strategy applied eight (8) times, Expansion strategy applied six (6) times, Couplets strategy applied twelve (12) times, Triplets strategy applied eight (8) times, Quadruplets strategy applied four (4) times, Notes strategy applied two (2) times and Synonymy strategy applied two (2) times. This study concludes that the translation result was appropriate with skopos theory. Keywords : Translation, Skopos, translation strategies, Bilingual children’s storybook.

This study aims to describe the application of Skopos Theory by Vermeer Theory in translating elements of moral messages, symbolism, and culture in the short story Fatima und der Traumdieb by Rafik Schami. This research is a descriptive qualitative study involving 9 students of the Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft course at the UM German Language Education Study Program as research subjects. The primary instruments were obtained through student translation tasks and analyzed using an interactive model, with the researcher serving as the main instrument and utilizing a documentation table. Findings indicate that while Skopos Theory facilitates more target-oriented and acceptable translations, 91 out of 162 translated items were found to be inappropriate. These inaccuracies stem primarily from students’ limited understanding of contextual meaning, pragmatic nuances, and grammatical structures. The study concludes that although Skopos Theory is effective in guiding the translation of literary texts, mastery of contextual and cultural understanding is essential to ensure accurate message delivery. It is recommended that additional translation training be provided, particularly in dealing with complex moral, symbolic, and cultural content.

This short article discusses the importance of prioritising cultural competence in technical translation. It emphasizes how cultural issues are inherent in technical texts and should not be overlooked, both in translation practice an in translation training.

The title of a film is an important factor in attracting audiences and markets. The same film in English is often released in different Chinese translations in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. According to the skopos theory, the purpose of translation determines the whole process and result of translation; the specific purpose of translation of a film title determines the uniqueness of its translation. Starting from skopos theory perspective, the paper compares and analyses the differences and the reasons behind the translations of specific film titles from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It is found that mainland China tends to translate English titles in a more direct and conservative manner, while Hong Kong and Taiwan tend to translate them in a more paraphrased manner and with local language characteristics. The possible reasons for these differences lie in the different attitudes towards film, social mechanisms and linguistic and cultural differences between the three places.

<p>In this era of rapid technological advancements and shifting demographics, technical translators are key players in the global economy. Manufacturers and businesses worldwide that cater to foreign clients or markets heavily rely on technical translation as a crucial aspect of their operations. Furthermore, the need for technical translation extends beyond exporting goods or international sales. Some businesses may be required to translate technical documentation related to their products to be able to commercialize them locally, or they may choose to do so to boost domestic sales in multilingual countries. However, what skills and qualities are necessary to translate technical texts effectively? What does an ideal technical translator profile entail? Moreover, what specific challenges do technical translators face in the post-digital age, where digital devices, applications, and services are commonplace? This chapter focuses on the human factor of technical translation. Alongside reviewing relevant literature, we present the findings of a small online survey of technical translators from various parts of the world, conducted to explore the perspectives of the practitioners themselves. This human-centred study provides information about the profiles of technical translators, their roles within their organizations and their work practices and settings. It collects their opinions on their work arrangements and their thoughts on the impact of technology on their profession, as well as the advantages and challenges they perceive in their line of work today.</p>

With the development of cross-cultural communication, subtitle translation has gradually become an important part of translation in various countries. My people, My country is a masterpiece jointly directed by seven directors to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of China in 2019. The film contains four stories and tell the history of China's gradual prosperity and strength since its founding to domestic audiences. It also shows the strength of China to foreign audiences. Skopos theory is the most important theory in functionalist translation theory. It was founded by Vermeer, a German translation theorist, in the 1970s as an external study of translation. It focuses on the choice of various purposes in the process of translation and adds a new research perspective to the multi-disciplinary study of translation. This thesis will discuss and analyze the subtitle translation of My people, My country from the perspective of Skopos theory, and will use the three principles of Skopos Theory and the combination of literal translation, free translation, omission, amplification, conversation to analysis and discussion the subtitles in the film. By studying the translation methods and techniques of this film, more translators can pay more attention to the subtitle translation of China's excellent films, promote the international cultural communication of China's excellent films to a certain extent, and enable foreign viewers to have a better experience and make a better evaluation of China's excellent films.

This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance of translation strategies as informed by Translation Studies in the foreign language (FL) classroom. The current study aims to map how translation, as perceived in Translation Studies, can be beneficial for students’ writing skills in the FL classroom. It focuses on undergraduate students in three French Composition classes: a control class in fall 2014, a second control class in fall 2015, and an experimental class in spring 2016, and explores how the students’ writing in the latter class improved after being exposed to translation strategies, such as explicitation, amplification, modulation, and approaches, such as Skopos theory. To determine whether translation strategies enable students to improve naturalness in L2 writing, their compositions and summaries were error coded using Kobayashi/Rinnert’s (1992) method of awkward form and wrong lexical choice, McCarthy’s collocation search, and Owen’s (1988) native speaker input. Statistical analyses were also performed. Results show that translation strategies are a useful tool to help students understand the foreign language and write more naturally.

This thesis asks the question: in what ways can the language of structural engineering inform, alter and enlarge the language of fiction? My aim is to write our relationship with the built environment in ways that highlight the strangeness of surroundings that we normally take for granted in order to amplify what might usually be a muted aspect of fiction. I argue that 'strangeness' is a useful term since it suggests something of the paradox of a large built form, that it is both manifestly solid and still but also basically a machine for balancing forces that are constantly in motion. The thesis is in two parts: a critical essay followed by a work of fiction. I use a Translation Studies framework to identify characteristics of structural engineering language. The findings of this research inform my creative work. My research essay starts by investigating imaginative literature that expresses the built form as symbol or surface. I conclude from this review that one way of highlighting the strangeness of our built environment is to express the hidden, inner world of the built form. Structural engineers have a unique understanding of this inner world which resists the type of symbolism used in imaginative literature. After exploring research which investigates pathways between rational and imaginative literature, I propose an analysis of the language of structural engineering to uncover characteristics which might inform my creative project. I use a Translation Studies framework, based on Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and Hans J. Vermeer's skopos theory, to analyse a variety of texts written by engineers. This methodology allows me to identify choices and problems engineers face in 'translating' built forms into written and oral communication. Current Translation Studies theory recognises the importance of context; therefore the discussion of my findings begins by summarising perceptions of the engineering culture, paying particular attention to writing by engineers about the engineering profession. The following three chapters deal in turn with how engineers translate features of the built form associated with: Action and Event, the Relationship between the Human and the Built, and Aesthetics or Felt Response. I conclude my essay with a chapter which introduces my creative work, a novel called I’m Working on a Building, in which I attempt to use characteristics from the language of structural engineering to restore some of the strangeness of these structures, and to promote into view aspects of the physical world which might ordinarily figure as background or veiled symbol. My aim is that the fiction plays with and tests some of the ideas in the research essay rather than illustrating or enacting them. In some ways, the fiction might also contradict the theoretical observations. For example, to what extent was I able to free my work from symbolism? Is the act of writing figuratively and indeed reading a reflexive one? These and other questions raised may generate further discussion.