ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ НАУКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ

Technical and scientific texts as a form of written communication of scientific discourse have specific characteristic elements that are the subject of this analysis. Their peculiarity lies in their operation and use. The arsenal of these elements determines the choice of translation methods and techniques when processing and reproducing scientific and technical texts in the language of translation. It directly influences the choice of translation strategy and the drafting of the translation text, taking into account the differences between the two translation languages. The difference between the language of the French source text and the language of the translated text motivates the constant and growing need to promote research in the field of translation of technical and scientific texts into Ukrainian. The translation of technical and scientific texts is a complex creative process that aims to convey technical information from the original source into a language known to the user of the information. Therefore, the formation of skills of preliminary analysis of the source text of scientific discourse and its constituent elements contributes to the creation of adequate specialized texts written in Ukrainian. Based on our previous research on the classification system of basic translation transformations, we established a link between the characteristics of the French terminological system and the choice of Ukrainian translation techniques. Methods for translating technical and scientific texts are linked to the principle of functional equivalence, which in turn affects the quality of creation and editing of the translation text. The main indicator of the quality of scientific and technical translation is the adequacy of the original. An adequate translation is one that objectively, fully and accurately translates the meaning of the original text. The questions of definition and delimitation of the scientific and technical text, preliminary analysis of the source text and the system of its basic elements, as well as the question of analysis of the peculiarities of the use of translation transformations in translation Ukrainian language and general revision methods are the focus of our research. The analysis of these issues and the obtained results will be the subject of our further study and will help in the formation of the professional competence of the future translator for students of the first bachelor level of Ukrainian higher education.

Different perspectives invade our mind about the complexity level in translation attributed to text types. A translator may perform better in one type of text in comparison to other text types. This study probed the translation ability of Saudi EFL students in two text types. It also explored whether the participants scored differently in literary or technical text types. Finally, the study measured the correlation between the students' performance in the two text types. A translation test was used to collect data from the Saudi students enrolling at the English language and translation department at Qassim University. Seven students' answers were analyzed and scored out of a maximum score of 24. Findings showed that Saudi EFL students achieve up to 75.70% in the translation of the two text types. Results also showed that there was no difference between students' translation ability attributed to text type (Sig. =.79), though individual performance showed better output in technical translation. Finally, the study indicated the existence of high correlation between students' scores in the literary and technical translation (R=.867*). The study concluded with recommending more investigation to refute the claim that students' translation ability differs across text types.

The article is devoted to the analysis of grammatical difficulties encountered in the process of automatic translation. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the SDL Trados automatic translation service. The types of grammatical errors when translating scientific and technical texts in SDL Trados are classified, the ways of overcoming them are outlined. Key words: scientific and technical literature, automatic translation, grammatical difficulties.

Fictional texts containing specialized terms pose a challenge for literary translators. Rooted in raw factual accuracy, such terms can nevertheless be used in very expressive ways. Raymond Chandler, for example, used oil industry terminology (bull wheel, derrick, oil field, scum, walking-beam, and especially the term sump), in his first novel The Big Sleep (1939) within intentionally artistic phraseology, involving alliteration, parallel structuring and repetition. The novel was (re)translated into Spanish a number of times (El sueño eterno 1947, 1948?, 1958, 1972 and 2001), enabling an analysis into how different translators met this challenge. Though the published translations reveal a lower frequency of repetition in all cases, as well as inconsistent co-textual use of the terminology and usage of non-terms, omissions and errors, these instances are often qualitatively compensated for with creatively reproduced alliterative elements and added literary devices. This study of a seldomly explored aspect of literary translation shows how professionals are aware of the importance of language for specific purposes in literature and how effective balances between technical accuracy and literary expressiveness can be attained. For theorists who consider that literary and technical translation are separate fields, the results show that literary translators tend to bridge this gap proficiently with both accuracy and literary flair.

This study discusses the translation of imperative sentences contained in a literary work in the form of a novel. In general, the use of imperative sentences is characterized by the meaning of orders and prohibitions. However, there are differences between the imperative sentences of one language and another. Methods of data analysis are using translational equivalent method and glossing technique. The data were analyzed in two stages. First, categorizing the translation techniques used based on the theory of translation techniques according to Molina and Albir (20002), and second, determining the translation method using the theory of the translation method according to Newmark (1988). Based on the analysis, there were eight types of translation techniques found, namely 1) adaptation techniques; 2) amplification techniques; 3) established equivalent techniques; 4) generalization techniques; 5) linguistic compression techniques; 6) literal translation techniques; 7) modulation techniques; and 8) reduction techniques. Furthermore, translation method classified based on the orientation of the source language and target language is found. The translation method which is oriented to the source language consists of two translation methods, namely the semantic translation method and the literal translation method. Meanwhile, the translation method which is oriented towards the target language consists of three translation methods, namely the free translation method, the idiomatic translation method, and the communicative translation method. The results of this study indicate the translation method that is most widely used in this research is free translation method so that the translation of the imperative sentences applied in translating the novel Girls in the Dark by Andry Setiawan tends to be oriented towards the target language.

This research was conducted to find out the translation methods applied by the translator in translating figurative language in O. Henry's short stories. This descriptive analysis research took the data from nine short stories as the research documents. There were 19 pieces of data taken from those nine short stories and analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that literal, semantic, communicative, idiomatic, and free translation methods were used in translating simile metaphors and hyperbole. It was found that the literal translation methodwas significantly used compared to other translation methods. The frequent use of literal indicated the poor translation competence of the translators that tended to copy both the structure and meaning of the source text into the target text.

Objective. The objective of the article is to make a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of scientific and technical texts in English and Ukrainian. Methods. The main scientific results were obtained using a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific and educational literature on literary studies, psychology, linguistics; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, descriptive and analytical. Results. The vocabulary of the scientific and technical style has a number of features, such as specialization and precision, standardization of terminology, clarity and unambiguity, neologisms and technical terms, official language, abbreviations and acronyms, systematic use of symbols, logical structure, interdisciplinary coherence and dynamic adaptation. These features help to convey complex ideas with precision. In English and Ukrainian, this vocabulary has both common and distinctive features. The main common feature is accuracy, specificity and clarity in the way the material is presented; this special vocabulary serves as a linguistic tool to overcome obstacles in understanding complex ideas in science and technology. Among the characteristic features of the vocabulary of the scientific and technical style in both languages are the use of special terms, terminological phrases, professionalisms, special clichés, non-terminological vocabulary, abbreviations, acronyms, neologisms and abstract vocabulary. Scientific and technical texts have their own structural complexity. In both English and Ukrainian, the basis of a scientific text is compound and complex sentences, various phrases (adverbial, infinitive and gerund), impersonal and impersonal-personal constructions. The use of references and bibliographies is a fundamental part of scientific and technical writing in both languages. References Karaban, V. I. (2004). Pereklad anhliiskoi naukovoi i tekhnichnoi literatury. Hramatychni trudnoshchi, leksychni, terminolohichni ta zhanrovo stylistychni problem [Translation of English scientific and technical Grammatical difficulties, lexical, terminological and genre-stylistic problems]. Vinnytsia, Nova Knyha Publ., 576 p. Available at: https://pdf.lib.vntu.edu.ua/books/Karaban_2004_576.pdf Klymenko, M., Neroda, K. D. (2019). Naukovyi tekst u porivnialnomu aspekti (na materiali anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov) [Scientific text in the comparative aspect (on the material of English and Ukrainian)]. Kryvyi Rih, 77 p. Savruk, P. (2008). Ukrainsko-anhliiskyi naukovo-tekhnichnyi slovnyk [Ukrainian- English Scientific and Technical Dictionary.]. NAN Ukrainy, Fiz.-mekhan. in-t im. H. V. Karpenka [NAS of Ukraine, Karpenko Institute of Physics and Mechanics]. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka Publ., 909 p. URL: http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi- bin/ua/elib.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UKRLIB&P21DBN=UKRLIB&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=online_book&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=FF=&S21STR=ukr0001609%5F1 Slyvka, Z. (2022). Osoblyvosti perekladu naukovo-tekhnichnoi terminolohii z anhliiskoi movy na ukrainsku [Features of translation of scientific and technical terminology from English into Ukrainian]. Zakarpatski filolohichni studii [Transcarpathian philological studies], Issue 27, Vol. 3, pp. 144-149. Available at: http://zfs-journal.uzhnu.uz.ua/archive/27/part_3/27.pd Stehaliuk, V. (2014). Osoblyvosti perekladu ukrainskoiu movoiu profesiinoi terminolohii tekstiv naukovo-tekhnichnoho spriamuvannia [Features of translation of professional terminology of scientific and technical texts into Ukrainian]. Informatsiini tekhnolohii v osviti, nautsi ta vyrobnytstvi [Information technologies in education, science and production], Issue 5(10), pp. 216–225. Available at: https://sbornik.college.ks.ua/downloads/sbornik5_10/pdf/25.pdf Susidenko, M. & Baranova, S. V. (2020). Vidtvorennia osoblyvostei naukovo- tekhnichnoho tekstu v perekladi [Reproduction of the features of a scientific and technical text in translation]. Vcheni zapysky TNU imeni V. I. Vernadskoho. Seriia: Filolohiia. Sotsialni komunikatsii [Scientific notes of Vernadsky TNU. Series: Philology. Social communications], Vol. 31 (70), No. 2, Part 2. Available at: https://www.philol.vernadskyjournals.in.ua/journals/2020/2_2020/part_2/44.pdf Chtyvo [Reading]. Elektronna biblioteka. Kultura, filosofiia, filolohiia, movoznavstvo ta inshe –znavstvo. Nauka [Electronic library. Culture, philosophy, philology, linguistics and other studies. Science]. Available at: https://chtyvo.org.ua/genre/naukova/books/

Today, the transfer of as much information as possible as quickly as possible is becoming the norm, with the accelerating development of the modern world, the social function of translation as an activity is also changing. At this time, the degree of the translation unit adequacy is under challenge. The postulate of the adequacy of translation known to all professionals in the field of translation, according to which every author's message should be translated as close to its meaning as possible and must accentuate its content, is taking a back seat. Skopos theory in 1978 authored by the German linguist and translator H. Vermeer pushed a reconceptualization of translation activity where the goal (skopos) conforming to which a translation piece is made and the function determined by the addressee are focused. The revolutionary idea of this theory lies in the fact that it decrowns the dominance of the source text and emphasizes the role of the translator as the creator of the translation text, giving priority to the skopos that was set to create this translation, and bringing the customer out of the shadow of the translation. The main ideas of this theory as well as the interest that is actively shown in foreign translation studies determine the urgency of this research. This article presents arguments for the foundations of this theory that may be used to reproduce modern functional translation, in particular in the scientific and technical field. The purpose of our investigation is to form specific procedures for translation activities in order to reproduce high-quality narrowly specialized translation from the perspective of the target direction of translation activities according to Skopos theory. A scientific and technical text, in terms of its functional characteristics, is best suited for the Skopos theory adaptation. Based on the study of this theory’s foundations, we tried to create some recommendations for translators that may be of interest for the development of specific procedures for the translation of scientific and technical texts. The methodology of comparing the generally accepted theory of adequacy and Skopos-theory makes it possible to identify those attractive features of the latter that add to the creation of high-quality translation text, which indicates the current direction of this work in the field of the Ukrainian scientific and technical translation studies. The given research includes general logical and general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive and comparative methods to render our own conclusions regarding the analyzed theory. In the course of our research, it became possible to determine the paradigm of the main provisions of Skopos theory, which can guide scientific and technical translators in their activity, and on the basis of these provisions’ study to reproduce certain recommendations for professional translators regarding the translation of scientific and technical texts The overall intention of the paper was not to dictate mandatory rules to be followed by a translator, but rather to explain a new methodological approach and to form some appropriate techniques that can teach specialists in scientific and technical translation to evaluate their work as well as to take responsibility for a final translation product in face of both, the customer of the translation and the audience for which this translation is intended.

Literary translation is considered an art, and it allows literary translators to have a certain degree of freedom to solve translation problems (Landers, 2001) creatively. For student translators who aspire to be literary translators, it is logical to learn about translation problems and solutions in literary translation rather than the accurate one-on-one equivalences of certain words or phrases. Nevertheless, the insights into how student translators identify and solve translation problems in literary works are lost during the assessment process. Gile (2004) proposed the retrospection model to elicit the student translators' perspectives on translation problems and solutions in written form to counter this issue, referred to as Integrated Problem and Decision Reporting (IPDR). However, it is unknown how the student translators, as one of the stakeholders in translator training, perceive the implementation of IPDR. This research then aims to fill the gap by analyzing the student translators' perception of the implementation of IPDR. The data source for the research is a literary translation class comprised of eleven student translators who study in the English department at a private university in Jakarta. To acquire the data, the researcher conducted a focus group discussion with seven student translators to elicit their perception of the implementation of IPDR. It was found that the student translators had a positive perception of the implementation, yet they also reported several challenges that they faced during the process.

The aim of the study is to find out the type of translation method that the college students use most in translating a text from English into Indonesia, and challenges that the college students face in translating the material. The subject of this research takes place in one College in Cimahi. The participants of this study are 10 college students who will translate a text from English into Indonesian. The college students translation method in translating a text from English into Indonesian are the research object. The data collection techniques used in this study involved doing the test, and interview. This research reveals that (1) the students use Literal translation as the method in translating a descriptive text as the most used translation method is Literal Translation that reached 69.4% as there are 125 sentences that are indicated as the Literal Translation Method out of 180 sentences of total. (2) The challenges of students that face in translating a descriptive text goes to the lack of vocabulary.

The purpose of this research is to know whether there are literal translation method used in the short story entitled Mercury and the Carpenter or not. This study used qualitativee descriptive research. The source of this research used document of short story entitled “Mercury and the Carpenter” either in English or Indonesian written by Sergius Lesky. As for the limitation, this research is only analyzing about method of literal translation. In collecting data, the researhcer read the short story both in English and Indonesian, then analyzed the method of literal transation. In analyzing data, the researcher used the method of document analyzing with taxonomy analysis, in the other word, the researcher classified the data into the method of literal translation. Based on the data analysis “Mercury and the Carpenter”, the researcher had founded 8 data of Literal translation method.Keywords: Translation, Method, and Short Story.

The article deals with the main characteristics of scientific and technical texts in terms of pragmatic science. Communicative and pragmatic characteristics of scientific and technical texts are considered in present article as well as other important constituents of pragmatic relations, such as communicative intention, content, composition, participants of scientific communication and signature style. Theoretical principles of pragmatic text research on the basis of national and foreign researchers’ concepts have been analyzed. The main participants of scientific and technical communication, namely addresser and addressee have been considered as the key constituents required for establishing communicative and pragmatic situation, communicative intention conveying and realization of communicative and pragmatic potential. The emphasis has been put on pragmatic functions, namely informative, cognitive, persuasive, explanatory, communicative and didactic as well as their actualization in scientific text. Being in the scope of our interest, scientific and technical texts are built under the influence of extralinguistic factors such as background information or diversified interests of the participants of communication.

Functionalism in translation studies

The growing number and variety of artificial languages leads to the need and relevance of creating automatic dictionaries for their translation in order to facilitate human communication. Such languages include languages where vocabulary, phonetics, and grammar have been specifically designed to achieve specific goals and to communicate with a group of people by interests or place of residence. These languages can be distributed among people of certain professions or among neighboring nations. Examples are slang and surzhik. The common for them is that there is a basic language (literary), the intersection in spelling and meaning of words and phrases with which is quite large. The main goal of the project is to create a system of automatic translation of words and texts from / into arbitrary languages, including hybrid, artificial and slang ones. The proposed model shows the interaction and partial interdependence of the creation and adjustment modules and the translation module of the dictionary, which is explained by tacking the approach of reverse propagation of the translation error. To perform experiments and analyze the performance of the proposed approach to the organization of automatic translation of texts from and into arbitrary language, a software application was developed, which includes a subprogram of initial word processing for dictionary organization, one for creating a working dictionary and one for two-way improvement of created dictionary by the inclusion of new texts in order to improve the quality of translation, including the search for word phrases, idiom, and translation for them, the subprogram of dividing the dictionary into sub-dictionaries with a small percentage of text, the subprogram of the translator itself. To test and analyze the results of the proposed generalized model, three types of source texts were used: literary poetry translation, literary prose translation, literal prose translation. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed approach provides a high level of translation (up to 98,8%) in similar languages (between such languages as Ukrainian-Russian, or Ukrainian - Ukrainian-Russian surzhik wih equal word order in the sentence), especially with a literally translated source text. It has become known that the use of artistic texts to generate dictionaries is possible, but not very effective.

This study aims to compare and discuss the Chinese-English translations of Huniu’s (虎妞) personalized language in four different English translations of the Chinese novel Luotuo Xiangzi, supported by Nida’s theory of “functional equivalence” and with a demonstration of the features of Huniu’s personalized language that lead to difficulties in translation as a framework for the analysis. The analysis reveals that, when translating Huniu’s personalized language, the translators adopted various translation methods, including euphemism, literal translation, deletion, and free translation. The findings indicate that the use of euphemisms as a translation strategy does not support maintaining the character’s language features and style when translating the swear words used by the character. Proactive changes in the tone of the speech of the character in translation impacts the reproduction of that character’s personality and image. In addition, Huniu’s language style of the Beijing dialect is difficult to maintain in translation. These findings serve as a reference for the Chinese-English translation of a character’s personalized language in novels to facilitate the dissemination of Chinese literature around the world.