甘藷の庄收量と氣象との關係第1報

This research was designed to solve problems related to introducing and transplanting aromatic plants from the Mediterranean region to Heshuo and Shanghai in China. The investigated species included lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), sage (Salvia officinalis), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), Roman chamomile Chamaemelum nobile L., hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), marjoram (Origanum majorana). After investigating and analyzing the climate condition of the native regions for these plants, we tried to plant the same varieties on the Shanghai and Heshuo, of Xinjiang. Shanghai’s latitude (31°10’) is lower than Heshuo’s (43°) and Heshuo’s latitude approached that of Provence (44°) France. The growing performances of these plants in the different places were recorded and the content of essential oil was determined. Our results showed that lavender, hyssop and Roman chamomile grow very well in Heshuo, but not in Shanghai. The growth of German chamomile thyme, sage, oregano, and marjorams is better in Heshuo than in Shanghai. The content of essential oil of sweet basil in Xinjiang is higher than in Shanghai, although the height of plants in Xinjiang was shorter than in Shanghai. The following climate factors are very important for the aromatic plants to be introduced and transplanted successfully from Mediterranean region: same latitude and hours of sunshine of growing period, ≥ 0 oC accumulative temperature, ≥ 10 oC accumulative temperature and days, ≥ 5 oC precipitation and humidity, ≥ 10 oC amount of solar radiation. INTRODUCTION Many herbaceous aromatic plants grow along shore of the Mediterranean, France, England, Morocco have become well known for the production of aromatic species. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), thyme(Thymus vulgaris), sage (Salvia officinalis), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and marjoram (Origanum majorana) originate from the Mediterranean shore of Europe and from the India. Now, these plants which are widely used in perfumes and cosmetics; which effected the historic culture of Europe and the world. In China, no other species have been successfully introduced to a large area of cultivation. The research of introduced cultivation should consider many factors, such as soil, water, and human factors. This paper focus on climate factors, the other factors will be studied in the future. Introducing these aromatic plants successfully is an important research subject in China. Cultivation of these plants in China has been rare and only minimal research in this field has been completed in recent years. MATERIALS AND METHODS At first, we analyzed the climate factor differences between the original region and the introduced region. Then we introduced the plants to Shanghai and Xingjiang respectively, according to climate. The growth and the rate of the essential oil were monitored. Main Quantity of Heat Index in Every Area The weather indexes of Provence was a criterion for transplanting. Lavender was transplanted in the late of 1970s in Sapporo, and was used as a reference index. There are Proc. XXVI IHC – Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Eds. L.E. Craker et al. Acta Hort. 629, ISHS 2004 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) 262 34 weather indexes in the table 1, they refer to 0 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C. The critical growing temperature was 0 °C, 5 °C was the starting temperature of bourgeoning, 10 °C is growing temperature, 15 °C is flower bud differentiation temperature, 20 °C is the optimum flower temperature. All the weather indexes are located in Table 1. The transplanted herbs were seeded or bourgeoned in early April, and harvested before October. The time of growth and bearing of every herb was different. Growth of lavender, sage, thyme, hyssop, oregano, marjoram, sweet basil and clary sage was 180 days, German chamomile was 120 days, and Roman chamomile was 150 days. In other words, the length of growth and bearing period were not over 180 days. In the 34-weather index, a comparison of Provence and referencing Sapporo, the weather in Heshuo was nearly the same in the two areas. Accumulated temperature, base temperature ≥ 10 °C, accumulated temperature, base temperature ≥ 15 °C, annual sunshine hours and annual global solar radiation(kcal/cm) slightly exceed that of Provence. These indexes, however do not check plant growth in nature. In the weather index of Shanghai, the average number of days per annum with t ≥ 0 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 0 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 5 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 10 oC, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 15 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 20 °C exceed that of Provence, but annual sunshine hours, total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 0 °C. Total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 5 °C, total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 10 °C , total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 15 °C, total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 20 °C are slightly less than that of Provence which show that the temperature of Shanghai is better than in Provence, but the condition of sunlight in Shanghai is worse than in Provence’s. The Precipitation Indexes in Different Areas (Table 2) We can see that the all the indexes related precipitation in Heshuo are lower than in Provence, and which may form the unfavorable factor for the plant growing. But the irrigated farming area in Heshuo have an abundant subterraneous resource and is close to the largest inner freshwater lake which can fully satisfy the transpiration of plants. Conversely, the formation growth of oil grand of fragrant plants need a dry climate condition, so that the low precipitation cannot constitute a limiting factor of plants growing in the area. From the precipitation data in the area of Shanghai, all the indexes are much higher than in Provence, which may constitute the limiting factor of plants growing in the area. The annual lowest temperature and the highest temperature are the most predominant limiting factors. The temperature in Sapporo was the lowest, Shanghai was the highest and Heshuo was closest to Provence, especially from the middle of March to the middle of September (Figure 2). From October to the next March, the temperature in Heshuo changes between 5 °C to -10 °C. The lowest temperature in Heshuo is in January. The temperature in Provence changes between 10 °C to 2 °C. We can conclude from the results of these artificial methods that plants may be able to live through winter normally. Furthermore, in the area of Sapporo, plants have proved to live through winter successfully, so it seems to be possible that Lavender could live through winter in Heshuo and Shanghai. Heshuo’s temperature is 5 to 7 °C higher than in Provence’s from May to September (Figure 3). The average temperature in Shanghai is the highest and the average temperature in Sapporo is the lowest (Figure 4). From middle May to middle September, the temperature in Heshuo is very close to the temperature in Provence. This similarity in temperature suggests that Heshuo has the basic condition of plant growing, and the high temperature of growing period in Shanghai, especially the continued high temperature in blooming, may become the limiting factor. The level of sunlight is an important factor for fragrant plants and may affect the

Introduction: Benzodiazepines belong to the group of anxiolytic sedatives and the most prescribed drugs in the world. The authors conducted this pilot study based n large number of patients reports that they were less anxious and felt better overall by migrating to sunnier environments. Aim: We estimated the impact of the total sunshine hours per month on daily exposure of the population to Benzodiazepine anxiolytic on a monthly basis in the Republic of Serbia. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective academic IV phase study, which tested the correlation of time series of monthly sold Benzodiazepine anxiolytics in pharmacies and total sunshine hours per month in the Republic of Serbia, from January 2014 to May 2019. Results: According to the seasons, we did not find any difference in the increase of the population exposure to benzodiazepines. A difference was found between bromazepam consumption compared to cumulative monthly. Bromazepam consumption was negatively correlated with the cumulative monthly sunshine hours. The cutoff value for bromazepam was 131.45 cumulative monthly sunshine hours. Conclusion: This is the first pharmaco-epidemiologic study to prove that the population's exposure to benzodiazepines, in addition to the implicit health and economic effects on physicians' prescribing habits for these drugs, can be independently linked to the cumulative effects of monthly sunshine hours on the population. No difference in Benzodiazepine consumption was found in relation to the seasons (spring/summer vs autumn/winter). In months where sunshine hours was ≥135.45, the need for bromazepam was significantly reduced. Seasonal variation of climatic effects of total monthly sunshine hours is significantly correlated with the population's need for benzodiazepines with anxiolytic effects longer than 12 hours.

This experiment was carried out from June to October, 1952, to get the effects on growth and yield of sweet potato. After the uniform cultivation of two years we set up the following plots. I. Soybean...pasture (rye grass plus vetch)...sweet potato II. Soybean...wheat...sweet potato plus soybean III. Soybean...wheat...sweet potato 1) Concerning the soil moisfure, at 5cm of depth from the surface, the plot I proved driest and the difference between early morning and evening was greatest of all the plots, but at 20cm of depth the plot I proved wetter than any other plots and the least amplitude of soil moisture was seen. 2) Soil temperature up to 5cm of depth was highest in the plots III and II, and lowest in the plot I. 3) The take-root ratio of sweet potatoes in the plot I showed 95 % and that of the other plot was 1OO%. 4) The surface growth of sweet potatoes in the earlier stage was worst in the plot I, then came the plot II. But since the first the days of August potatoes began to grow suddenly well in the plot I, and at harvest time, the length of vines, the number of branches and the thickness of vines were superior to those of potatoes grown in any other plots. 5) the water-reserve right after rainfall at l0cm of depth and further beneath was highest in the plot I, then came the plot III. But at 5cm deep the plot I rapidly went dry. 6) At harvest time in vine-leaves quantity the plot I produced most, while concerning the weight of tuberous root, the plot III produced most, then came the plot I, and the plot II turned out least. 7) Concerning the potato shape, the plot I produced remarkably longer ones than any other Plots.

Effects of forced aeration on sweet potato growth and yield by decreasing CO2 concentrations in the rooting zone were investigated. The following four experiments were conducted with forced aeration in the rooting zone of sweet potato: (1) with air containing different CO2 concentrations to clarify the effects of CO2 in the rooting zone on the net photosynthetic rate and leaf conductance, (2) with atmospheric air into cultivating soil ridges through porous pipes as a feasibility study, (3) with varying forced-aeration rates, and (4) with varying time intervals of forced aeration to find a more efficient aeration method. The results are summarized as follows: (1) During the six-week growing period, the mean values of net photosynthetic rates and leaf conductance for 1% CO2 and 2% CO2 were 0.8 and 0.7 times, respectively, those in the Control with 0.04% CO2. (2) When the aeration rate was 1.5 L min−1 per 1 m of ridge length, the CO2 concentration reduced to 0.1–0.2% in the rooting zone, whereas the control ridge with non-forced aeration was 0.5–1.4% CO2. The fresh and dry weight yields of sweet potato tubers were 1.18 and 1.19 times those of the control, respectively. (3) The CO2 concentrations decreased as the aeration rate increased. The dry weights of tuberous roots in forced-aeration ridges at aeration rates of 1.25 and 2.5 L min−1 were 1.19 and 1.26 times those in the control, respectively. Sweet potato growth was promoted when forced aeration reduced CO2 in the rooting zone. (4) The yield increased by 24% even when forced aeration was performed for just 15 min per day after irrigation. In conclusion, reducing rooting zone CO2 concentrations through forced aeration, even for 15 minutes daily, improves sweet potato yield by approximately 20%.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a functionally important component of soil microbial community, being of particular significance for plant mineral nutrition in tropical agro ecosystems. The effects of AMF inoculation on growth and yield of two sweet potato varieties was studied during the short rains season of 2017/2018 in the Teaching and Research Farm of Agricultural Science and Technology Department, Kenyatta University. The experiment was laid down as 2x2 factorial design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental factors were two sweet potato varieties (Kemb-10 and Bungoma) and AMF inoculum (With and without inoculation). Data on growth parameters was collected on vine length and number of branches, while data on yield was collected on marketable storage roots and shoot biomass. Data was analyzed using Genstat 15th edition and the results showed that there was significantly difference at P≤0.05 among the treatments. AMF inoculation increased growth and yield of sweet potatoes by vine length 29.74%, Number of branches 22.36%, marketable storage roots 18.32%, and shoot biomass 28.68% in week 20. Also, variety interacting with AMF inoculation enhanced growth and yield parameters. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the application of commercial AMF inoculum solely or when interacting with varieties enhanced growth and yield of sweet potatoes, though there was no significant difference between the two varieties.

Availability of sufficient sweet potato vines is usually a problem during the planting season because most of the sweet potato vines from the previous harvest dry up before the next planting season. Also, in the process whereby the farmers are resulted to the prolonged multiplication of old vines for the planting of the new fields, the yield and quality of harvested tubers are reduced due to vines degeneration, diseases and pests infestation. Therefore, trials were conducted at Ajase-Ipo community of Irepodun local government area in Kwara state and Ifon community of Ose local government area in Ondo state of Nigeria in 2008 and 2009 to investigate vines producing methods and and their combination with different time of harvest. Three vines production methods investigated are nurseries, vines from sprouts roots and vines from successive planting (Farmers’ practice) and the harvesting time of sweet potato are 120, 140, 160 and 180 days after planting (DAP). The results indicated that, the effects of the vines production methods on the weight of fresh marketable tubers, weight of fresh unmarketable tubers, weight of total fresh tubers, tuber dry matter content and harvest index were significant. At both locations, nursery method gave the significantly highest values (15.2 and 13.8 t/ha) for marketable tubers in 2008 and 2009 at Ajase Ipo and (17.4 and 15.2 t/ha) at Ifon compared to sprouted roots and successive planting methods (Farmers’ practice). The combination of the methods of vines production and time of harvest effects significantly affected the average weight of marketable tubers at Ajase Ipo and Ifon. Nursery method gave the significantly highest values [(13.5 and 15.8 t/ha), (11.8 and 12.9 t/ha), (9.4 and 9.8 t/ha) and (8.4 and 7.9 t/ha)] at Ajase Ipo and Ifon at 120, 140, 160, and 180 days after planting (DAP) respectively compared to sprouted roots and successive planting methods. The combination of the methods of vines production and the time of harvest effects significantly affected the average weight of weevil free marketable tubers and badly infected marketable tubers at Ajase Ipo and Ifon. Consistently, nursery method gave the significantly highest values [(13.5 and 15.8 t/ha), (12.9 and 14.8 t/ha), (10.3 and 13.1 t/ha) and (8.6 and 11.8 t/ha)] weevil free marketable tubers at Ajase Ipo and Ifon at 120, 140, 160, and 180 DAP respectively compared to sprouted roots and successive planting methods that were not significantly different from each other. But, the least values [(6.9 and 7.3 t/ha), (5.8 and 4.1 t/ha), (4.8 and 3.1 t/ha) and (1.6 and 2.3 t/ha)] at Ajase Ipo and Ifon at 120, 140, 160, and 180 DAP respectively were recorded for successive planting method.

Sweet potato stem nematode disease is a devastating disease, which seriously affects the yield and quality of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). At present, soil treatment with pesticides is mainly used to prevent sweet potato stem nematode disease. In this study, Illumina MiSeq high‐throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities treated with different pesticides. At the same time, high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the pesticide residues in soil and sweet potato, and the impact on sweet potato yield was investigated. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the four α‐diversity indexes of soil under different pesticide treatments, and the differences were not significant (p > 0.05), indicating that there was no significant difference in the diversity and abundance of bacterial and fungal communities in soil under different pesticide treatments. The results of principal coordinate analysis showed that there was no significant difference in bacterial and fungal community structure among different pesticide treatments (p > 0.05). Pesticide residue analysis and yield statistics of sweet potato showed that the residual amount of three kinds of pesticides in sweet potato did not exceed the maximum limit stipulated by the current National Standards for Food safety (GB2763‐2021). When 5% chlorpyrifos phoxim particles were applied at 15.18 kg/acre, sweet potato was unaffected by pests and diseases basically, and the yield was the highest.

Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] is considered a multipurpose plant with numerous applications and health benefits due to its high nutritional antioxidant, rich in fiber, and vitamins A and C. This study was conducted to determine the optimal harvesting time for sweet potato (Jewel Yams variety) cultivated for the first time in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The study was conducted in a RCBD (randomized block design), with five treatments which were harvested in different interval times (70, 90, 110, 130, and 150 days), 7 plants per plot, and 3 replications. After each interval of harvesting, the total yield, individual weight, size, and number of sweet potatoes per plot, as well as sweet potato quality attributes such as sugar content, were assessed using a digital refractometer (ATAGO 3810 PAL-1). The results showed that harvesting time significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the yield performance of the sweet potatoes. The highest values of tuber weight (265.81 g/plant), average length (36.55 cm), width (36.35 mm), sugar content (6.34%), and total weight per plot (2.79 kg) were recorded in plots harvested 150 days (150 HD). While number of fruits per plant reached a maximum (4.86) in samples harvested after 130 days. In addition, the trends of increasing the total yield per plot compared to the earliest harvest (70 days) are as follows: 349%, 843%, 871%, and 2495% for 90, 110, 130, and 150 days, respectively. It can be concluded that harvesting times have considerable potential for enhancing sweet potato traits in terms of yield and quality. Consequently, this study suggest that farmers may base decisions upon the ultimate tuber size, degree of sweetness, and overall yield per unit area, harvesting at 130–150 days after planting, depending on the tuber maximum or quantity of interest. It is, therefore, concluded that the practice of sweet potato harvest for marketing purposes must be prolonged to 150 days for the KRI to achieve high market quality and profitability.

ABSTRACTIn the relay intercropping of maize and sweet potato, maize brought 40–70 days of shading stress on sweet potato; thus, sweet potato yield was reduced. Morphological and physiological impacts of weak light or shading stress on sweet potato in the early stage are not known. We hypothesised that shading stress would change morphogenesis and physiology of sweet potato in the early stage that leads to low yield. To test this hypothesis, we simulated the shading stress using weak light and applied the shade stress onto two sweet potato cultivars, Yushu‐17 and Qianshu‐8. Results showed that 45‐day weak light caused abnormal growth of sweet potato seedlings. The weak light triggered a smaller diameter, longer internodes and extended length of the main vines on both cultivars. The fresh weight of stems and leaves was less than that under normal light. It was also found that weak light promoted the accumulation of proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) that influence osmotic status of the vines. Weak light elevated the activities of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Although weak light enhanced the content of chlorophyll, it inhibited the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and delayed root development. The yield loss was not reversed by resuming normal light after 60 days of weak light. We conclude that weak light in the early stage impedes normal morphogenesis by disturbing osmotic status and adversely impacting antioxidant and photosynthetic enzymes that led to abnormal growth of the main vines and roots, thus causing yield reduction. These findings may explain the negative impact of the shading stress by maize on the yield of sweet potato in the field.

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of humic acid and seaweed biostimulants on the growth, yield and quality of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv. CO-34 during the rabi season of 2020-21 at the Vegetable Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalrapatan City, Jhalawar, India. The study employed a factorial randomized block design with three replications, testing twelve treatment combinations of humic acid (0, 10, 20, 30 ml L–1) and seaweed extract (0, 1, 2 ml L–1). The combination of 30 ml L–1 humic acid and 2 ml L–1 seaweed extract (H3S2) significantly enhanced growth parameters, including vine length (62.63 cm at 60 DAT, 126.16 cm at 120 DAT) and number of branches per vine (10.33 at 60 DAT, 22.50 at 120 DAT), as well as yield parameters such as tuber number per plant (6.77), tuber weight (242.67 g) and tuber yield (46.10 t ha–1). Quality parameters, including total soluble solids (18.47 °Brix), dry matter (29.21%) and ascorbic acid content (18.40 mg 100 g–1), were also maximum in H3S2 compared to the control (H0S0). These findings underscore the synergistic potential of humic acid and seaweed biostimulants in improving sweet potato productivity and quality, offering valuable insights for sustainable agriculture.

Tillage influences soil quality via its effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, which in turn affect crop productivity. This study evaluates the effects of conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) systems on (1) soil temperature, bulk density, soil gravimetric water content (GWC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), soil organic carbon content (SOC), and total nitrogen (N), and (2) growth and yield of 3 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (L) Lam varieties (87/00/87, ex-Igbariam, and 8164). A field experiment was conducted in 2005 and 2006 on a Typic paleudult in south-eastern Nigeria. The experimental plots comprised 6 treatments (CT 87/00/87 variety, CT ex-Igbariam, CT 8164, NT 87/00/87 variety, NT ex-Igbariam, NT 8164 variety) laid out in the field using randomised complete block design replicated 3 times. Soil temperature was 1–2°C higher in CT plots during early stages of crop development. CT plots had significantly lower soil dry bulk density (1.30–1.35 Mg/m3) than NT plots. Soil GWC was higher, whereas Ksat was lower, in NT plots than CT plots at 35 and 65 days after planting (DAP) for both planting seasons. NT plots had a 0.22–0.26-fold increase in SOC and 16–27% higher N content compared with CT plots at 35 and 65 DAP. The 3 varieties of sweet potato used did not significantly influence soil properties at the different times after planting. Sweet potato yield obtained in CT 87/00/87 variety (21.7–24.9 Mg/ha) for both seasons was higher (P < 0.05) than sweet potato tuber yield obtained from NT ex-Igbariam plots (which had the lowest yield) by about 88%. For each variety, CT plots has significantly higher yield than NT plots. This study showed that although NT practices conserved soil moisture, decreased soil temperature, reduced water infiltration, and increased SOC and soil total N content when compared to CT plots, the reduction in soil compaction at the early stages of crop development (0–65 DAP) in CT plots had a more positive impact on tuber yield and masked the positive effect of other soil productivity parameters for this crop.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a type of tuber plant that has been known and consumed since ancient times in Indonesia. Sweet potatoes have high economic potential, but because their development requires large areas of land, while the available land is limited, it is necessary to utilize land that is still underutilized, namely peat land. Peatlands themselves have many problems such as acidity, less fertile soil and lack of nutrients. Peat soil also has a low pH, which can cause the nutrient content to become unavailable to plants. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of chicken manure on the growth and yield of ARF-03 clone sweet potato plants on peat soil and to determine the dose of chicken manure with the highest growth response and yield on ARF-03 clone sweet potato plants on peat soil. This research was carried out in Peatlands, Southeast Pontianak District with an estimated research time of ± 4 months, taking place from 8 August – 23 November 2023. This research used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with 6 treatments which were repeated 4 times so that there were 24 experimental unit. In 1 experimental unit there are 5 plants so the total plants are 120 plants. The treatment given consists of 6 levels, as follows: P0 = 0 tons/ha, P1 = 5 tons/ha, P2 = 10 tons/ha, P3 = 15 tons/ha, P4 = 20 tons/ha and P5 = 25 tons /ha. The variables observed in this research were the number of branches, fresh weight of the top of the plant, dry weight of the top of the plant, number of tubers planted, diameter of the tuber, length of the tuber, weight of the tuber planted. Based on the research results, it shows that giving chicken manure has an effect on the growth of fresh weight of the top of the plant and the number of branches. In terms of yield, it influences the number of tubers planted, the diameter of the tubers and the weight of the tubers planted. A dose of 25 tons/ha is able to provide the highest growth in the number of branches and a dose of 10 tons/ha is able to provide the highest results in terms of fresh weight of the top of the plant, number of tubers planted, length of tubers and weight of tubers planted.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) exhibits strong resilience in nutrient-poor soils and contains high levels of dietary fiber and antioxidant compounds. It also is highly tolerant to water stress, which has also contributed to its global distribution, particularly in regions prone to climatic variability. However, frequent abnormal climatic events have recently caused declines in both the quality and yield of sweet potatoes. To address this, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models based on a Vision Transformer–Convolutional Neural Network (ViT-CNN) were developed to classify water stress levels in sweet potato. RGB–thermal imagery captured from low-altitude platforms and various growth indicators were used to develop the classifier. The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model outperformed other ML models in classifying water stress levels at all growth stages. The DL model simplified the original five-level water stress classification into three levels. This enhanced its sensitivity to extreme stress conditions, improve model performance, and increased its applicability to practical agricultural management strategies. To enhance practical applicability under open-field conditions, several environmental variables were newly defined to calculate the crop water stress index (CWSI). Furthermore, an integrated system was developed using gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), and a graphical user interface (GUI) to support intuitive interpretation and actionable decision-making. The system will be expanded into an online and fixed-camera platform to enhance its applicability to smart farming in diverse field crops.

Sweet potato is the main food resources for human life besides that of rice. An experiment to find out the effect of weeding with two kinds of fertilizer on the growth of yield sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was conducted at UB Agro Techno Park, Jatikerto, Kromengan, Malang, East Java, from April until to 2017. The experiment used a randomized block design with six treatments consisting of G1 (organic fertilizer + weeding 15 days after planting = DAP), G2 (inorganic fertilizer + weeding at 15 DAP), G3 (organic fertilizer + weeding at 15 and 30 DAP), G4 (inorganic fertilizer + weeding at 15 and 30 DAP), G5 ( organic fertilizer + weeding 15, 30 and 45 DAP), G6 (inorganic fertilizer + weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAP) with three replications. The results showed that weeding three times (15, 30 and 45 DAP) significantly reduced the dry weight of weeds, improved the growth and yield of sweet potato with two kinds of fertilizers.

Se establecieron experimentos de campo con batata en Juana Díaz y Gurabo, Puerto Rico, para determinar alternativas de control de malezas utilizando cubierta plástica y secuencias de herbicidas. Al mismo tiempo este experimento proveyó datos sobre eficacia y fitotoxicidad de dimethenamid en batata y sobre la fitotoxicidad de dimethenamid y clomazone en nuevas líneas de batata. Los tratamientos en el experimento de secuencia de herbicidas fueron 1) plástico y paraquat a la dosis de 0.56 kg ia/ha; 2) ametryn a 6 kg ia/ha y sethoxydim a 0.45 kg ia/ha; 3) clomazone a 1.12 kg ia/ha y sethoxydim a 0.45 kg ia/ha; 4) dimethenamid a 1.68 kg ia/ha y sethoxydim a 0.45 kg ia/ha; 5) clomazone a 1.12 kg ia/ha y clethodim a 0.11 kg ia/ha; y 6) clomazone a 1.12 kg ia/ha y clethodim a 0.22 kg ia/ha. Las malezas comunes fueron arrocino (Echinochloa colona) y coquí (Cyperus rotundus), bledo (Amaranthus dubius) y cohítre (Commelina diffusa). La interacción tratamiento de herbicidas por localidad fue significativa para el parámetro de rendimiento de batata. En Juana Díaz, el rendimiento de batata fue mayor que en Gurabo en todos los tratamientos, excepto en el de plástico seguido por paraquat. Cuando se utilizó dimethenamid seguido por sethoxydim, el rendimiento fue 9,614 kg/ha menor que cuando se utilizó clomazone seguido por sethoxydim. En Gurabo, no se observaron diferencias en densidad de malezas ni en el rendimiento de batata con los herbicidas evaluados. Dimethenamid controló las malezas igual que el tratamiento de clomazone y no hubo diferencias en rendimiento de batata en ninguno de los tratamientos de herbicidas. En el experimento de líneas de batata no se observó fitotoxicidad por los herbicidas en ninguna de las líneas evaluadas.