Osunčanost i potrošnja benzodiazepina

This research was designed to solve problems related to introducing and transplanting aromatic plants from the Mediterranean region to Heshuo and Shanghai in China. The investigated species included lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), sage (Salvia officinalis), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), Roman chamomile Chamaemelum nobile L., hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), marjoram (Origanum majorana). After investigating and analyzing the climate condition of the native regions for these plants, we tried to plant the same varieties on the Shanghai and Heshuo, of Xinjiang. Shanghai’s latitude (31°10’) is lower than Heshuo’s (43°) and Heshuo’s latitude approached that of Provence (44°) France. The growing performances of these plants in the different places were recorded and the content of essential oil was determined. Our results showed that lavender, hyssop and Roman chamomile grow very well in Heshuo, but not in Shanghai. The growth of German chamomile thyme, sage, oregano, and marjorams is better in Heshuo than in Shanghai. The content of essential oil of sweet basil in Xinjiang is higher than in Shanghai, although the height of plants in Xinjiang was shorter than in Shanghai. The following climate factors are very important for the aromatic plants to be introduced and transplanted successfully from Mediterranean region: same latitude and hours of sunshine of growing period, ≥ 0 oC accumulative temperature, ≥ 10 oC accumulative temperature and days, ≥ 5 oC precipitation and humidity, ≥ 10 oC amount of solar radiation. INTRODUCTION Many herbaceous aromatic plants grow along shore of the Mediterranean, France, England, Morocco have become well known for the production of aromatic species. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), thyme(Thymus vulgaris), sage (Salvia officinalis), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and marjoram (Origanum majorana) originate from the Mediterranean shore of Europe and from the India. Now, these plants which are widely used in perfumes and cosmetics; which effected the historic culture of Europe and the world. In China, no other species have been successfully introduced to a large area of cultivation. The research of introduced cultivation should consider many factors, such as soil, water, and human factors. This paper focus on climate factors, the other factors will be studied in the future. Introducing these aromatic plants successfully is an important research subject in China. Cultivation of these plants in China has been rare and only minimal research in this field has been completed in recent years. MATERIALS AND METHODS At first, we analyzed the climate factor differences between the original region and the introduced region. Then we introduced the plants to Shanghai and Xingjiang respectively, according to climate. The growth and the rate of the essential oil were monitored. Main Quantity of Heat Index in Every Area The weather indexes of Provence was a criterion for transplanting. Lavender was transplanted in the late of 1970s in Sapporo, and was used as a reference index. There are Proc. XXVI IHC – Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Eds. L.E. Craker et al. Acta Hort. 629, ISHS 2004 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) 262 34 weather indexes in the table 1, they refer to 0 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C. The critical growing temperature was 0 °C, 5 °C was the starting temperature of bourgeoning, 10 °C is growing temperature, 15 °C is flower bud differentiation temperature, 20 °C is the optimum flower temperature. All the weather indexes are located in Table 1. The transplanted herbs were seeded or bourgeoned in early April, and harvested before October. The time of growth and bearing of every herb was different. Growth of lavender, sage, thyme, hyssop, oregano, marjoram, sweet basil and clary sage was 180 days, German chamomile was 120 days, and Roman chamomile was 150 days. In other words, the length of growth and bearing period were not over 180 days. In the 34-weather index, a comparison of Provence and referencing Sapporo, the weather in Heshuo was nearly the same in the two areas. Accumulated temperature, base temperature ≥ 10 °C, accumulated temperature, base temperature ≥ 15 °C, annual sunshine hours and annual global solar radiation(kcal/cm) slightly exceed that of Provence. These indexes, however do not check plant growth in nature. In the weather index of Shanghai, the average number of days per annum with t ≥ 0 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 0 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 5 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 10 oC, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 15 °C, accumulated temperature and base temperature ≥ 20 °C exceed that of Provence, but annual sunshine hours, total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 0 °C. Total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 5 °C, total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 10 °C , total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 15 °C, total sunshine hours of the period with t ≥ 20 °C are slightly less than that of Provence which show that the temperature of Shanghai is better than in Provence, but the condition of sunlight in Shanghai is worse than in Provence’s. The Precipitation Indexes in Different Areas (Table 2) We can see that the all the indexes related precipitation in Heshuo are lower than in Provence, and which may form the unfavorable factor for the plant growing. But the irrigated farming area in Heshuo have an abundant subterraneous resource and is close to the largest inner freshwater lake which can fully satisfy the transpiration of plants. Conversely, the formation growth of oil grand of fragrant plants need a dry climate condition, so that the low precipitation cannot constitute a limiting factor of plants growing in the area. From the precipitation data in the area of Shanghai, all the indexes are much higher than in Provence, which may constitute the limiting factor of plants growing in the area. The annual lowest temperature and the highest temperature are the most predominant limiting factors. The temperature in Sapporo was the lowest, Shanghai was the highest and Heshuo was closest to Provence, especially from the middle of March to the middle of September (Figure 2). From October to the next March, the temperature in Heshuo changes between 5 °C to -10 °C. The lowest temperature in Heshuo is in January. The temperature in Provence changes between 10 °C to 2 °C. We can conclude from the results of these artificial methods that plants may be able to live through winter normally. Furthermore, in the area of Sapporo, plants have proved to live through winter successfully, so it seems to be possible that Lavender could live through winter in Heshuo and Shanghai. Heshuo’s temperature is 5 to 7 °C higher than in Provence’s from May to September (Figure 3). The average temperature in Shanghai is the highest and the average temperature in Sapporo is the lowest (Figure 4). From middle May to middle September, the temperature in Heshuo is very close to the temperature in Provence. This similarity in temperature suggests that Heshuo has the basic condition of plant growing, and the high temperature of growing period in Shanghai, especially the continued high temperature in blooming, may become the limiting factor. The level of sunlight is an important factor for fragrant plants and may affect the

The influence of meteorological determinants on tuberculosis (TB) incidence remains severely under-discussed, especially through the perspective of time series analysis. In the current study, we used a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to analyze a 10-year series of consecutive surveillance data. We found that, after effectively controlling for autocorrelation, the changes in meteorological factors related to temperature, humidity, wind and sunshine were significantly associated with subsequent fluctuations in TB incidence: average temperature was inversely associated with TB incidence at a lag period of 2 months; total precipitation and minimum relative humidity were also inversely associated with TB incidence at lag periods of 3 and 4 months, respectively; average wind velocity and total sunshine hours exhibited an instant rather than lagged influence on TB incidence. Our study results suggest that preceding meteorological factors may have a noticeable effect on future TB incidence; informed prevention and preparedness measures for TB can therefore be constructed on the basis of meteorological variations.

The coefficients of correlation between the yield of sweet potatoes and the weather factors (monthly mean temperature, monthly amount of rainfall and monthly total hours of sunshine) have been calculated by the method previously reported in this journal, for each prefecture in Japan and for each month from May to November. The correlation coefficients calculated are shown in tables 1, 2 and 3, and althouhg they do not indicate well the influence of the weather factors on the yield of sweet potatoes. the following results are found from them at least.1. The correlation of the yield with the temperatures in early time of growht and in harvest time is positive for every prefecture. and that of the yield with the temperature from July to August is generally negative for the other districts than the northeastern. The former correlation may be explained by the fact that the sweet potato is a crop of subtropical origin, while the latter correlation is explained by the other fact that high temperature, accompanied by sunny weather, often brings dorought injuries, especially in hte southerm part of Japan.2. The correlation of the yield with the rainfall is almost positive in the southern district and negative in the nortern.That the local difference in the correlation of the yield with the rainfall is remarkable, is considered to be due to the local difference in soil nature.3. The correlatian of the yield with the sunshine is similar to that with the temperature. This is because the sunny weather is liable to accompany high temperature.

Thermal and economic analysis of the overlapped-glass plate solar-air heater

The total solar radiation and insolation hours in Wanshan Island were analyzed by linear regression analysis, distance level analysis method, 5-year sliding average method, and Mann-Kendall test method. The results showed that the total solar radiation in Wanshan Island showed a slight upward trend, and the total monthly solar radiation showed a unimodal distribution, with the highest in July and the lowest in February. The number of annual sunshine hours showed a weak downward trend, and the number of monthly sunshine hours showed a double-peak distribution, with the highest in July and the lowest in March. The analysis and evaluation of solar energy resources in the Wanshan Island area show that the annual average of total solar radiation in the Wanshan Island area is 4,996.25 MJ/m2, belonging to a resource-rich area. The indicator of the stability of solar energy resources is 3.7, which belongs to the resources of more stable areas.

Mangroves in the subtropical area of Japan are growing to their northern limits, yet little is known of their phenology. The aim of the present study was to understand both vegetative and reproductive phenology patterns, such as leaf emergence, leaf fall, bud setting, flowering, fruiting and propagule setting, in the mangrove Kandelia obovata . The phenology of this species was assessed using litter‐fall data for 5 years. Leaf and stipule litter‐falls continued with a clear monthly pattern throughout the years. New leaf production and leaf fall peaked in summer, immediately after the propagules fell. Leaf and stipule litter‐falls were linked to monthly sunshine hour, and monthly mean air temperature and monthly mean air relative humidity, respectively. Kandelia obovata had a distinct flowering period, with the flowering phenophase starting in spring and continuing into summer. Fruit initiation started at the end of summer and continued into autumn, whereas propagule production occurred during winter and spring. Flowering of K. obovata was influenced by monthly sunshine hour and monthly mean air temperature, whereas fruit and propagule litter‐falls were not linked to any climatic factors. The present results showed that a small portion (4.4%) of flowers developed into propagules. The average development period from flower buds to mature propagules was approximately 11 months. Kendall's consistency coefficient suggested that the monthly trends in vegetative and reproductive litter‐fall components, except for branches, did not change significantly among years.

The impact of global changes on food security is of serious concern. Breeding novel crop cultivars adaptable to climate change is one potential solution, but this approach requires an understanding of complex adaptive traits for climate-change conditions. In this study, plant growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield in relation to climatic resource use efficiency of nine representative maize cultivars released between 1973 and 2000 in China were investigated in a 2-year field experiment under three N applications. The Hybrid-Maize model was used to simulate maize yield potential in the period from 1973 to 2011. During the past four decades, the total thermal time (growing degree days) increased whereas the total precipitation and sunshine hours decreased. This climate change led to a reduction of maize potential yield by an average of 12.9% across different hybrids. However, the potential yield of individual hybrids increased by 118.5kgha(-1) yr(-1) with increasing year of release. From 1973 to 2000, the use efficiency of sunshine hours, thermal time, and precipitation resources increased by 37%, 40%, and 41%, respectively. The late developed hybrids showed less reduction in yield potential in current climate conditions than old cultivars, indicating some adaptation to new conditions. Since the mid-1990s, however, the yield impact of climate change exhibited little change, and even a slight worsening for new cultivars. Modern breeding increased ear fertility and grain-filling rate, and delayed leaf senescence without modification in net photosynthetic rate. The trade-off associated with delayed leaf senescence was decreased grain N concentration rather than increased plant N uptake, therefore N agronomic efficiency increased simultaneously. It is concluded that modern maize hybrids tolerate the climatic changes mainly by constitutively optimizing plant productivity. Maize breeding programs in the future should pay more attention to cope with the limiting climate factors specifically.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of meteorological factors on mosquito density by using a generalized additive model (GAM), and provide a scientific basis for the surveillance and early warnings of mosquito-borne diseases in Zhejiang Province. Methods Data on adult mosquito and larvae density were collected through ecological surveys conducted across Zhejiang Province, China, from 2017 to 2023. Meteorological data were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center. The Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Chi-square test were used for the descriptive analysis of mosquito distribution characteristics, and Spearman rank correlation was used for the correlation of density indices. GAMs were developed to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on mosquito density. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The average adult mosquito density was 10.16 per light night from 2017 to 2023 in Zhejiang Province, which exhibited a unimodal curve, peaking at 21.76 per light night in July. The average Breteau Index (BI) was 12.45. GAMs revealed that adult mosquito density and BI with or without a time lag were positively correlated with average air pressure, average monthly relative humidity, monthly sunshine hours, and average monthly temperature (all p < 0.05). Adult mosquito density and BI increased sharply below 17 °C, plateaued from 17 °C to 23 °C, and declined above 23 °C. Adult mosquito density and BI were both increased with rising humidity, and increased with monthly sunshine up to 220 h, then declined slightly above 220 h. Adult mosquito density increased with the growth of air pressure, while BI was highest when the air pressure was 970 hPa. The monthly precipitation had no contemporaneous effect on adult mosquito density or BI, yet it exerted a lagged effect on BI. Conclusion Certain meteorological factors significantly influenced both adult mosquito density and the larvae density, with or without a time lag. It is crucial to incorporate the impact of meteorological factors into the ongoing processes of mosquito control, monitoring, and early warning systems.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) production on the Huang-Huai Plain of China has substantially affected in the past 50 years as a result of the decreasing total solar radiation and sunshine hours. Potassium has a significant effect on improving leaf photosynthesis ability under stress conditions. Five potassium application rates (K), 0 (K0), 50 (K50), 100 (K100), 150 (K150), and 250 (K250) mg K2O kg-1 soil, combined with two shading levels, no shading (NS) and shading at early filling stage for 10 days (SE), were used to investigate the effects of K application on winter wheat growth under SE condition. Under NS condition, the parameters related to chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, dry matter productivity and grain yields reached the maximum values at a middle K application rate (100 mg K2O kg-1 soil). Shading stress significantly reduced leaf SPAD value, showed negative effects on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and reduced grain yield of winter wheat. However, as the result of the interaction of K×S, compared to NS condition, higher K application rate (150 mg and 250 K2O kg-1 soil) was beneficial in terms of achieving a higher grain yield of winter wheat under SE by improving leaf SPAD value, alleviating the damage of SE on the winter wheat photosynthetic system, and increasing fructan content and dry matter translocation percentage.

Introduction: Benzodiazepines belong to the group of anxiolytic sedatives and the most prescribed drugs in the world. Since these drugs have a potential for rapid anxiolytic effect and sedation, as well as driver capability impairment, there is a lack data of safety of benzodiazepines in traffic accidents. The aim: To make an assessment of the interconnection of time series of traffic accidents outcomes with time series of Benzodiazepine anxiolytic consumption in the Republic of Serbia. Methods: This paper is a part of IV phase academic study regarding the factors potentially affecting Benzodiazepine consumption and effects. We conducted a pharmaco-epidemiological time series analysis study of monthly sold Benzodiazepine anxiolytics in pharmacies and indicators of the crush road outcome on a monthly basis in the Republic of Serbia. The research was performed from January 2014 to December 2018. Results: Applying ARIMAX modeling we found a significantly link between DID of alprazolam with monthly total traffic accident, a high stochastic regression positive association of DID of Diazepam with the dependent variable monthly total traffic accident, the prediction of monthly fatalities of traffic accident or traffic accident with severe or slight injuries per total traffic accident we have demonstrated positive influence of DID of alprazolam in second-order autoregressive and moving average model with constant. In prediction of monthly fatalities traffic accident, a significant positive influence of DID of benzodiazepines (all together) in auto-regression model without constant was demonstrated. Conclusion: Consumption of both long-acting (over 12 h) and short-acting benzodiazepines together with all other causes highly determined the total number of traffic accidents on a monthly basis in 2014-2018 in the Republic of Serbia. An assessment of the interconnection of time series of traffic accidents outcomes with time series of Benzodiazepine anxiolytic consumption in the Republic of Serbia we found a significant positive influence of DID of benzodiazepines on traffic accidents outcomes. In total, all used benzodiazepines increase the number of fatal traffic accidents by 8.5 fold per month. Alprazolam additionally contributed with about ten percent (9.7%) to the frequency of traffic accidents on a monthly basis. Measures to prevent traffic accidents at all levels should be effective immediately in order to achieve positive results timely. The authors suggest that the great responsibility is raising awareness of compliance with traffic regulations with doctors who prescribe benzodiazepines.

Our aim was to study the close relationship between the number of Empoasca onukii and its natural enemies in tea plantations to provide a scientific basis for the control of E. onukii. The relationship between the number of E. onukii and its main natural enemies in tea plantations in Hefei, China, were compared by gray relational analysis, and then the relationships between seven meteorological factors and the populations of E. onukii were analyzed by the method of path analysis. The results showed that among the top six natural enemies most closely related to the population of E. onukii, two natural enemies were the same in the three years of study and four natural enemies were the same in any two years of the study, and that the natural enemy species closely related to the population of E. onukii varied greatly among years. The direct effect of monthly average relative humidity was the greatest effect in 2020 and the direct effect of monthly average temperature was the greatest effect in 2021, with both being negative in terms of their effect on the population size of E. onukii. The direct effect of the number of days of rainfall was the greatest effect in both 2021 and 2022, and the indirect effect of monthly sunshine hours through rainfall days was the greatest effect on the population of E. onukii. The highest temperatures in early and mid‐August 2022 were higher than in previous years, which had an impact on the growth and development of subsequent E. onukii.

Chenzhou city is the most typical region of Nanling Hill Ecological Zone of flue-cured tobacco with of aroma style of burnt sweet and pure sweet in China and is the largest planting region of flue-cured tobacco in Hunan province. It is of significance to study the changes of climatic parameters with time because climate is the most important factor in determining the growth, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. In this study, the data of climatic parameters including cumulative sunshine hours(S), mean temperature (T) and cumulative precipitation (P)from 1952 to 2018 in Chenzhou were used to analyze their changes at the scales of year, whole field period and growing period of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that at the scale of year, the cumulative S, mean T and cumulative P were ranged from 1029.0 h to 2072.1 h, from 17.1°C to 19.5°Cand from 897.1 mm to 2244.6 mm, with the means of 1449.7 h, 18.1°C and 1482.5 mm, respectively. At the scale of whole field period of flue-cured tobacco, the cumulative S, mean T and cumulative P were ranged from 298.1 h to 807.2 h, from 21.2°C to 23.9°C and from 416.7 mm to 1102.7 mm, with the means of 514.8 h, 22.3°C and 719.0 mm, respectively. At the scale of growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the annual cumulative S were ranged from 70.0 h to 257.2 h, from 77.3 h to 322.5 h and from 131.2 h to 300.3 h in the periods of rooting, flourishing and maturing with the means of 127.8 h, 190.4 h and 197.2 h, respectively. The mean temperatures were ranged from 14.2°C to 18.9°C, from 22.2°C to 26.1°C, and from 25.8°C to 29.6°C with the means of 16.4°C, 24.1°C and 28.0°C, respectively. The annual cumulative P were ranged from 69.9 mm to 553.9 mm, from 133.1 mm to 485.6 mm and from 46.4 mm to 356.8 mm in the periods of rooting, flourishing and maturing with the means of 262.5 mm, 299.9 mm and 153.9 mm, respectively. At the year scale, cumulative S annually decreased by 7.587 h, mean T annually increased by 0.02°C, while cumulative P changed irregularly with insignificantly increasing about by 0.184 mm annually. At the scale of whole field period of flue-cured tobacco, mean T annually increased by 0.0195°C, while both cumulative S and P changed irregularly with insignificantly decreasing by 1.64 h and 1.62 mm annually, respectively. At the scale of growing period of flue-cured tobacco, all climatic parameters changed irregularly except cumulative S in significant positive compound function in the maturing period. Meanwhile, the slight decreasing tendency of cumulative sunshine hours and the slight increasing tendency of cumulative precipitation are disadvantageous while the slight increasing tendency of cumulative precipitation in the maturing period is positive for the growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Understanding how climate change and demographic factors may shape future population exposure to viruses such as Zika, dengue, or chikungunya, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes is essential to improving public health preparedness. In this study, we combine projections of cumulative monthly Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with spatially explicit population projections for vulnerable demographic groups to explore future county-level population exposure across the conterminous United States. We employ a scenario matrix—combinations of climate scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways) and socioeconomic scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways)—to assess the full range of uncertainty in emissions, socioeconomic development, and demographic change. Human exposure is projected to increase under most scenarios, up to + 177% at the national scale in 2080 under SSP5*RCP8.5 relative to a historical baseline. Projected exposure changes are predominantly driven by population changes in vulnerable demographic groups, although climate change is also important, particularly in the western region where future exposure would be about 30% lower under RCP2.6 compared to RCP8.5. The results emphasize the crucial role that socioeconomic and demographic change play in shaping future population vulnerability and exposure to Aedes-borne virus transmission risk in the United States, and underline the importance of including socioeconomic scenarios in projections of climate-related vector-borne disease impacts.

Clarifying the changing trend in vegetation and its affecting variables is extremely valuable for natural resource management. Vegetation changes in the Yinshanbeilu grassland region, which is situated in the centre of Inner Mongolia in northern China and is part of the arid steppe region, are extremely sensitive to climatic factors. In this study, we investigated the changes in vegetation in the Yinshanbeilu grassland zone from the year 2000 to 2020 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. The contribution of climatic conditions and human activities to the annual and growing season vegetation changes was quantified. The findings revealed that vegetation cover in the Yinshanbeilu grassland zone increased at a rate of 0.00267/a between 2000 and 2020. Throughout the year and during the growing season, precipitation had a greater influence on the growth of vegetation than other climatological factors. In most places, there was a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and precipitation, which negatively correlated with other climatic factors. The average rates at which precipitation, temperature, cumulative sunshine hours, and potential evapotranspiration contributed to changes in NDVI were 0.00173/a, −0.00027/a, 0.00006/a, and 0.00074/a, respectively, for the entire year, and 0.00180/a, −0.00001/a, 0.00021/a, and 0.00059/a for the growing season. The impact of climate change on vegetation activities was more pronounced, accounting for 84.76% of annual NDVI change and 97.36% of growing season NDVI change. Humans contributed 15.24% of total annual NDVI change and 2.64% of growing season NDVI change. This research’s findings serve as scientific support for preserving the environment in the Yinshanbeilu grassland region, as well as an essential reference for government decision making.

One hundred and fourteen girls were measured for calcaneus QUS (stiffness index score), calcium intake, weight, and total hours spent in physical activity (moderate to high-impact activities and low to no-impact activities). Multiple regression analysis indicated that hours spent in moderate to high-impact activities, current calcium intake, and weight significantly predicted SI. To determine the influence of modifiable lifestyle factors on adolescent girls' bone health measured by calcaneus quantitative ultrasound (QUS). One hundred and fourteen girls, ages 14-18 (15.97 +/- .7), enrolled in high school physical education classes, were measured for calcaneus QUS (stiffness index score), height, weight, current calcium intake from 2-3 day food records, and estimated total hours spent in physical activity from kindergarten to present. Cumulative physical activity hours were separated into two classifications (according to their estimated strain from ground reaction force): moderate to high-impact activities and low to no-impact activities. Pearson correlations between stiffness index (SI) and age, height, weight, current calcium intake, and hours spent in moderate to high-impact versus low to no-impact activities indicated a positive relationships between SI and weight (r = .259, p = .005), current calcium intake (r = .286, p = .002), and hours spent in moderate to high-impact activities (r = .451, p < .001). Multiple regression between SI and the above independent variables indicated that collectively, hours spent in moderate to high-impact activities, current calcium intake, and weight (r (2) = .363, p = <.001) significantly predicted SI. Our data indicate that moderate to high-impact activities, current calcium intake, and weight positively influence bone properties of the calcaneus in adolescent girls.