12 - ISO open systems interconnect seven-layer model

Firewalls in an OSI-environment

Chapter 7 - Domain 7: Telecommunications and Network Security

Borrowing the open system interconnection (OSI) model of internet protocol and the 5W theory in communication studies, the links in the international communication of acupuncture-moxibustion can be classified into seven layers: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer, therefore it is built an OSI model of international communication system of acupuncture-moxibustion. It is pointed out that present international communication system of acupuncture-moxibustion is similar to the user datagram protocol (UDP) in internet technology. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) plays a key role to modernize acupuncture- moxibustion theory based upon its clinical effects. According to phenomenon-taking by classified analogy, it is found that the PICO model of EBM agrees pretty well with the "three-way handshakes" mechanism of the internet transmission control protocol (TCP), which is promising to construct an international discourse of acupuncture-moxibustion compatible with western medicine. Thus it will benefit to explore the scientific connotation of acupuncture-moxibustion theory and significantly improve the international prestige of acupuncture-moxibustion.

Institutions Involved in Food Safety: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Differences in Strategy, Quality Management Practices and Performance Reporting Systems Between ISO Accredited and Non-ISO Accredited Companies

Use of computer aided management information systems in the food and beverage industry in Germany

Pallets are platforms used for materials handling in logistics. Standards setting at the international level, in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), created six pallet sizes (ISO 6780). The multiplicity of pallet sizes in one standard reflects a failure of standards setting. The focus of this study is on the international standardisation of pallet sizes in the ISO. This paper traces the process of standards setting in the ISO and examines the internal dynamics between major actors in the ISO Technical Committee to find out why and how multiple pallet sizes were adopted. In addition, this study analyses why different outcomes were derived in comparison with ISO containers, which is assessed as an international standard that has well-harmonised and modularised dimensions. This study contributes to the understanding of the complexities in standards setting at the international level through the lens of competition and cooperation among major countries participating in the ISO. It also provides implications for contemporary standardisation in the logistics systems and other industries.

Starting in the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in 1978 and now taken over by the newly established Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) of ISO and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), standardisation for open systems interconnection (OSI) is now a maturing activity, both in terms of the development of the standards themselves and in terms of their use in IT systems and related equipment. Consequently, work on OSI standards can now be seen as progressing in four overlapped phases: 1. completion of an initial set of communication standards; 2. filling out/evolution of the initial set of communication standards; 3. development of functional standards defining the use of the initial set of standards to meet particular needs; 4. preparation for future developments.

Purpose The aim of this paper is to develop and propose a holistic conceptual framework to relate the Shingo Model with the management systems based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and with the methodologies and tools from Lean and Six Sigma. Design/methodology/approach After a carefully and complete literature review, gaps are identified to justify the proposed integration model. The central integration model relies on the core diamonds-based Shingo Model, where each element/diamond or dimension is further detailed within the conceptual framework. A set of relationship tables and diagrams support the integration reasoning that is further explained throughout the text. The integration framework also incorporates other proven management best practices, including the sustainability’s triple bottom line – People, Planet, Profit – the Process Classification Framework® provided by the American Productivity and Quality Center, and management by objectives methodologies – objectives and key results and key performance indicators. Findings There a close match between the Shingo Model’s guiding principles and the quality management principles that support all ISO management systema standards, being possible to align the Shingo Intitute’s taxonomy for the “Systems” diamond – Management Systems, Work Systems and Improvement Systems – with the common and specific clauses of requirements included in the ISO standards for management systems. Lean Six Sigma methodologies and tools can be organized according to the management levels – strategic, tactical, operational – and types of activities of the personnel – planning, control, improvement. Moreover, the applicability of each instrument from the Lean Six Sigma toolbox can be recommended for each clause of requirements from the ISO standards. Finally, it is possible to model the “Results” diamond according to the triple bottom line of sustainability and relate it with four ISO management system standards (MSS): ISO 9001:2015 (Profit), ISO 14001:2015 (Planet), ISO 45001:2018 and ISO 26000:2010 (People). Research limitations/implications The paper facilitates the adoption of the Shingo Model by organizations that already have a management system in place, based in one or more ISO MSS. Furthermore, the utilization of the Lean Six Sigma methodologies in the context of the organizational management system become clearer. Sustainble results in the Shingo Model in the context of the proposed model explicitly regards the three perspectives of sustainability. Originality/value This paper relates in great detail three main topics that were never treated together. The elements that compose the proposed integration framework provide a complete and holistic set of guidelines to integrate them in a straightforward and simple way.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS)-Requirements in 1987 and has revised four times since then. ISO 9001:2015 is the latest edition. This latest edition has two most noticeable changes. The first major change of new edition focuses on performance with an emphasis on Risk-Based Thinking (RBT) to enhance the process approach. The new edition consists of ten clauses whose first three clauses are largely same as older edition but risks are clearly stated and stressed in last seven clauses, emphasizing on Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle at all levels in the organization. The second major change is that the new edition has the same overall structure as other ISO management system standards known as High Level Structure (HLS) with Annex SL. The companies obtained the certificate of new ISO 9001:2015 QMS by September 15, 2018 in order to maintain as an ISO QMS registered firm. In this article we collected transition audit data from more than 100 companies that registered ISO 9001:2015 QMS for recent three years. We performed a statistical analysis to disclose the relationships between the characteristics of companies and the minor nonconformities found in ISO 9001:2015 requirements during transition audit processes. We also aim to interpret the findings and deduce the implications of the statistical results.

The aim of the paper is to give an overview of selected ongoing ISO standardization activities in the domain of geographic information dealing with BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre. The presented international standards have also a close relation to the activities (e.g. 3D spatial planning) from which the smart cities could benefit. In particular, in this paper the ISO 19152 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard and ISO 19166 Geographic information – BIM to GIS conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard (still under development) are emphasized. Both mentioned standards are also strongly interrelated with each other. The ISO 19152 standard supports the smart registration of real estates by providing a conceptual schema incorporating 3D parcels, i.e. the 3D cadastre. 3D cadastre can provide the accurate, authoritative and unambiguous foundation for understanding the urban form. The second version of the ISO 19152 is also going to be extended to manage the spatial planning information. This enables 3D spatial planning in connection with the legal information, which is all together of big importance for building the smart cities. Furthermore, the ISO 19166 standard is going to provide a conceptual framework for transformation of BIM into GIS (at various level of details) and vice versa. This enables a wider use of existing detailed and semantically rich 3D digital BIM data in building of the 3D cadastre and smart cities GIS projects. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • There are currently two running projects within International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from which the smart city should benefit – the international standard ISO 19166 BIM2GIS and ISO TR 23262 GIS (geospatial) / BIM interoperability. • There is an existing international standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) supporting the creation of the 3D cadastre. • The second version of the international standard ISO 19152, which is now under development, will bring a support for spatial planning and also the examples of technical encodings of LADM in BIM/IFC and CityGML.

Chapter 9 - Layer 8: The People Layer

Many countries in the world are striving for improvement and innovation in their government services to meet their tight budgetary targets. They aim to achieve the goal through various government reinvention policies. A key principle of these policies is continuous improvement. This article introduces the essence of government reinvention, the opportune movement for public sectors to reinvent their organizations by implementing the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series, and the possible impact of the ISO 9000 series on Taiwanese government. An empirical study that utilizes a mailed survey to assess the initiatives and key factors of implementing ISO programs in various governmental departments in Taiwan was carried out. The study identified the benefits of the ISO 9000 series and five critical factors of the successful ISO implementation in the public sector. According to the results of this study, an optimum implementation scenario is suggested if public sector organizations are to develop ISO 9000 certification successfully.

Purpose: In 2019, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the first international Management Standard (MS) for innovation management, the ISO 56002:2019, following previous successful MS as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. Within this framework, this paper discusses the relationship between the implementation of MS and the Innovation capabilities (IC) and Innovation Performance (IP) the company. In other words, the article analyses whether the greater degree of standardization (DS) in firms, combined with some IC dimensions, positively influence the IP of firms. Methodology/Approach: As the number of ISO 56002 implementations is still not very high and it is not certifiable yet, a survey has been carried out considering the spanish certifiable homologue standard UNE 166002 combined with other ISO standards such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO-TS 16949, OHSAS 18001 and/or others. The suvey has been responded by 73 certified companies; and a further fuzzy set Qualitative Analysis (fsQCA) has been performed. Findings: The paper confirms that at least three main dimensions of IC influence positively the IP, namely: strategy, market, and structure and network. It is also confirmed that the DS is clearly a positive contributor to a higher IP. Research Limitation/Implication: The data are gathered in only one specific country, although it is one of the few that had national certifiable standards specifically developed for innovation management. Originality/Value of paper: The main value of the article is to be one of the first ones to analyse, in any way, the impact of the degree of standardization (including or not the innovation MS as for instance the ISO 56002 or the UNE 166002) on the IC and IP of the company.

Chapter 1 - Networking, Security, and the Firewall