400-Gb/s optical transmitter and receiver modules for on-board interconnects using polymer waveguide arrays

This paper describes optical transmitter and receiver modules for package-to-package interconnection in broadband switching networks such as an asynchronous transfer mode switch fabric. These modules, which include the multiplexer and demultiplexer, can reduce the number of connections and the problem of skew between links. Five-channel optical transmitter and receiver modules were fabricated and demonstrated at 2.8 Gbit/s with a power dissipation of 4.5 W per channel. Moreover, temperature-insensitive optical interconnection was successfully demonstrated by driving a laser with a constant bias current over the threshold and by deducting the optical signal offset. The output power of the transmitter module was -4.2 dBm. Nonuniformity of the transmitter output powers across the range of optical channels was <2.1 dB. Receiver sensitivity for a bit error rate of 10/sup -11/ was -9.3 dBm. Nonuniformity of the receiver sensitivities was <1.5 dB. The power penalty of the receiver sensitivity due to crosstalk was 1 dB. The connection distance was >250 m.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

We developed transmitter and receiver modules with Ti:PPLN waveguide operated as difference frequency generator to convert a signal (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> ~ 1550 nm) to the mid infrared (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> ~ 3800 nm) and back again.

Compact optical module packages for use as 156 Mbps optical interfaces have been developed by incorporating passive alignment techniques. In this approach, a laser chip and a fiber are aligned on a V-grooved silicon substrate by flip-chip bonding. The silicon substrates have been fabricated by conventional silicon processing and micro-machining technologies. A new feature of our fabrication technique is to implement a self-alignment principle for the formation of V-grooves and solder bumps, which eliminates a registration error from the individual process. The laser diode and photo diode submodules, assembled on silicon substrates, exhibited 4-6% and about 80% coupling efficiencies, respectively. The fabricated proto-type transmitter and receiver module packages have a very compact size of 5 cc each and showed adequate performance satisfying the requirement for optical subscriber transmitter and receiver modules.

Modeling behavior of broadband (30-1000 MHz) frequency modulated near infrared photons through a multilayer phantom is of interest to optical bio-imaging research. Photon dynamics in phantom are predicted using three-dimension (3D) finite element numerical simulation and are related to the measured insertion loss and phase for a given human head geometry in this paper based on three layers of phantom each with distinct optical parameter properties. Simulation and experimental results are achieved for single, two, and three layers solid phantoms using COMSOL (COMSOL AB, Tegnérgatan 23, SE-111 40, Stockholm, Sweden) (for FEM) simulation and custom-designed broadband free space optical transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) modules that are developed for photon migration at wavelengths of 680, 795, and 850 nm. Standard error is used to compute error between two-dimension and 3D FE modeling along with experimental results by fitting experimental data to the functional form of afrequency+b. Error results are shown at narrowband and broadband frequency modulation. Confidence in numerical modeling of the photonic behavior using 3D FEM for human head has been established here by comparing the reflection mode's experimental results with the predictions made by COMSOL for known commercial solid brain phantoms.

This paper presents a novel method for early detection of hematomas using highly sensitive optical fNIR imaging methods based on broadband photon migration. The NIR experimental measurements of inhomogeneous multi-layer phantoms representing human head are compared to 3D numerical modeling over broadband frequencies of 30–1000 MHz. A finite element method (FEM) simulation of the head phantom are compared to measurements of insertion loss and phase using custom-designed broadband free space optical transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) modules that are developed for photon migration at wavelengths of 670 nm, 795 nm, 850 nm, though results of 670 nm are discussed here. Standard error is used to compute error between 3D FEM modeling and experimental measurements by fitting experimental data to the asqrt {frequency} + b . Error results are shown at narrowband and broadband frequency modulation in order to have confidence in 3D numerical modeling. A novel method is established here to identify presence of hematoma based on first and second derivatives of changes in insertion loss and phase (∆IL and ∆IP), where frequency modulated photons sensitive to different sizes of hematoma is identified for wavelength of 670 nm. The high accuracy of this comparison provides confidence in optical bio-imaging and its eventual application to TBI detection.

The QSFP interface is used as the input port in the design of 4*10GHz optical transmitter module. It will inevitably lead to impedance mismatch, resonance and signal distortion. Using the three-step optimization, in DC-10GHz bandwidth, the insertion loss S21 is greater than -2dB, and the echo loss S11 is less than -10dB, the S-parameter resonances were largely mitigated. Finally, The whole schematic link of transmitter module with the optimized QSFP interface is modeled and simulated by ADS, the gain flatness of the transmission link is within ±4dB, and shows that the optimized QSFP interface has a perfect electrical performance in the optical transmitter module.

Authors propose a hardware based approach for reliable encryption in wireless network using Cellular Automata (CA). Distinct layers of encryption have been utilized in proposed model for enhancing data security. Transmitter and receiver modules are designed for performing state transition based encrypted activities. Transmitter module is required for capturing environmental turbulences (noise) from a specific geographical location and send encrypted signal to receiver module through wireless network. Receiver module analyses received signal after decryption for desired activities based on real time situations. Different hardware components are selected and compared based on market study targeting efficient construction of proposed modules. Time complexity and code break complexity are measured using different key lengths, keysets, and data sizes for proposed CA based encryption scheme achieving unique results in hardware based cryptography system. Encryption key length, index, and keyset are required for computing code break complexity in design model. Large data size is effectively managed to calculate protection ratio and reliability factor for realizing efficient protectiveness and accuracy. Comparative study between existing encryption technique and proposed CA based encryption technique is established based on time complexity and code break complexity.

In this paper, we propose a high-speed optical receiver module with four channels. The optical receiver module was composed of a four-channel PIN photodiode array and a four-channel linear transimpedance amplifier on a six-layer printed circuit board (PCB). The top and bottom layers of the PCB were used as the high-speed layers. The grounded coplanar waveguide structure was designed on the PCB for high-speed data transmissions. The interface of the optical receiver module was designed as the QSFP28 pin definition. According to the eye diagram and bit-error rate measurements, the optical receiver module can be achieved 160 Gb/s NRZ and 200 Gb/s PAM4 transmissions over 1 km single mode fiber [1].

A multi-Gbit/s transmitter module with a high-speed hetero-MISFET driver IC and a multi-quantum-well DFB-LD has been developed. A miniaturised module with bare chip mounting of the LD and the driver IC made 10 Gbit/s high-speed operation possible. Using this module, an optical fibre transmission experiment has been successfully carried out over 40 km.

This paper describes the 2.5-Gb/s optical receiver module using a one-chip receiver IC for an ultrabroadband optical access system. The IC provides reshaping, retiming and regenerating functions required for an optical receiver. The reshaping is performed by a preamplifier and a limiter amplifier using a reference voltage generator. Retiming and regenerating are accomplished by a clock-and-data recovery circuit using a phase comparator combined with a regenerator. The IC and an APD are packaged in a compact ceramic package using passive alignment technology. The module has a size of 14/spl times/19 mm, and a power consumption of 450 mW at a +3.3 V supply voltage.

We experimentally demonstrate the implementation of 10 Gbps high-speed mid-infrared (MIR) free-space optical (FSO) communication, by means of our developed robust high-speed MIR transmitter and receiver modules. Such modules can enable frequency down- and up-conversion between 1550 nm and 3594 nm based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in MgO-doped periodically poled LiNbO3 (MgO: PPLN). The MIR transmitter generates 5.34 dBm power at 3594 nm for input powers of 33 dBm at 1550 nm and 37 dBm at 1083 nm. The MIR receiver regenerates -24.5 dBm power at 1550 nm for input powers of -1.2 dBm at 3594 nm and 36.7 dBm at 1083 nm. The eye diagram of regenerated 1550 nm signal is clear, and both for the on-off keying (OOK) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation, the power penalties compared with back to back (BTB) signals are lower than 3.5 dB measured at bit error ratio (BER) of 1E-6. According to our analyses, the system supports variable data rate, wavelength, and modulation format. Furthermore, the optical and electrical components are well integrated and fixed in MIR transmitter and receiver modules, which exhibit long-term stability and can be applied to field experiments.

A compact 10-Gb/s optical transmitter module with low-chip output was developed by using a monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulator with a DFB (distributed feedback) laser. A novel optical coupling scheme was used which involves a unique optical isolator with a photodiode for output power monitoring, and a thermoelectric cooler mounted in the package to achieve thermally stable module operation. The module can be operated at a bit rate of more than 10 Gb/s at 1.55 mu m and shows a high modulated output power of -1 dBm with a low optical coupling loss of 3.2 dB between chip and fiber. Because its wavelength chirping under high-speed modulation is small, this module is promising for multigigabit intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) optical transmission systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

This paper describes the electrical and physical characteristics of 20 new solid-state devices developed for TD-3. Among them are new high-frequency planar, epitaxial, NPN silicon transistors which are used in intermediate-frequency amplifiers and in the FM deviator. The microwave power for the transmitter and receiver is supplied from a three-stage varactor multiplier chain which uses three new epitaxial silicon varactor diodes. A high-quality epitaxial silicon varactor diode pair is the up-converter in the transmitter modulator. A new epitaxial gallium arsenide Schottky barrier mixer diode assures a low noise figure for the receiver modulator. Two point-contact silicon IF and RF monitor diodes were developed using the same miniature package in which the transmitter modulator and receiver modulator diodes are encapsulated. Two very stable diffused silicon diodes provide a stable output from the FM deviator; in-process preaging at accelerated conditions is used to assure satisfactory stability. Two new epitaxial silicon Schottky barrier diodes are used in the IF amplifier-limiter and discriminator circuits, which require a nonlinear resistance with negligible capacitance and recovery time. Stringent voltage breakdown, corona and mounting requirements for the high voltage power supply rectifiers were satisfied by molding two high-voltage diode rectifier assemblies in a high-dielectric plastic. The need for a pure variable resistance in the IF variolosser was satisfied by the development of a new silicon PIN diode.

The authors have developed a very compact set of 10 Gbit/s optical transceiver and receiver modules, each 80/spl times/120/spl times/20 mm/sup 3/. A novel cooling structure based on a high-performance heat-transfer device and micro-fans, achieving a heat resistance value of 1.8/spl deg/ C/W, enables the high-density heat generation to be handled in such a small module.

We present a novel linearization method to calculate accurate eye diagrams and bit error rates (BERs) for arbitrary optical transmission systems and apply it to a dispersion-managed soliton (DMS) system. In this approach, we calculate the full nonlinear evolution using Monte Carlo methods. However, we analyze the data at the receiver assuming that the nonlinear interaction of the noise with itself in an appropriate basis set is negligible during transmission. Noise-noise beating due to the quadratic nonlinearity in the receiver is kept. We apply this approach to a highly nonlinear DMS system, which is a stringent test of our approach. In this case, we cannot simply use a Fourier basis to linearize, but we must first separate the phase and timing jitters. Once that is done, the remaining Fourier amplitudes of the noise obey a multivariate Gaussian distribution, the timing jitter is Gaussian distributed, and the phase jitter obeys a Jacobi-/spl Theta/ distribution, which is the periodic analogue of a Gaussian distribution. We have carefully validated the linearization assumption through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Once the effect of timing jitter is restored at the receiver, we calculate complete eye diagrams and the probability density functions for the marks and spaces. This new method is far more accurate than the currently accepted approach of simply fitting Gaussian curves to the distributions of the marks and spaces. In addition, we present a deterministic solution alternative to the Monte Carlo method.