A bipolar junction transistor EMC modeling method based on physical characteristic measurement and simplex optimization

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) find increased applications in the aerospace field because of their high strength and light weight. In this work, we report comprehensive electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling, analysis and characterization of a newly developed nanocomposite CFRP with enhanced conductivity for aeronautic applications. The EMC modeling and analysis are performed for lightning strike protection (LSP) simulation and high intensity radiation field (HIRF) study of CFRPs. The LSP simulations are conducted both in time and frequency domains by using dynamic and static electromagnetic tools. And the HIRF is studied for its impact on shielded and unshielded cables in an CFRP enclosure. In addition, we present experimental characterization results of CFRPs.

The low-frequency electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is an increasingly important aspect in the design of practical systems to ensure the functional safety and reliability of complex products. The opportunities for using numerical techniques to predict and analyze system’s EMC are therefore of considerable interest in many industries. As the first phase of study, a proper model, including all the details of the component, was required. Therefore, the advances in EMC modeling were studied with classifying analytical and numerical models. The selected model was finite element (FE) modeling, coupled with the distributed network method, to generate the model of the converter’s components and obtain the frequency behavioral model of the converter. The method has the ability to reveal the behavior of parasitic elements and higher resonances, which have critical impacts in studying EMI problems. For the EMC and signature studies of the machine drives, the equivalent source modeling was studied. Considering the details of the multi-machine environment, including actual models, some innovation in equivalent source modeling was performed to decrease the simulation time dramatically. Several models were designed in this study and the voltage current cube model and wire model have the best result. The GA-based PSO method is used as the optimization process. Superposition and suppression of the fields in coupling the components were also studied and verified. The simulation time of the equivalent model is 80-100 times lower than the detailed model. All tests were verified experimentally. As the application of EMC and signature study, the fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of an induction motor drive was developed using radiated fields. In addition to experimental tests, the 3DFE analysis was coupled with circuit-based software to implement the incipient fault cases. The identification was implemented using ANN for seventy various faulty cases. The simulation results were verified experimentally. Finally, the identification of the types of power components were implemented. The results show that it is possible to identify the type of components, as well as the faulty components, by comparing the amplitudes of their stray field harmonics. The identification using the stray fields is nondestructive and can be used for the setups that cannot go offline and be dismantled

An investigation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issue in a quad flat package (QFP) simulation model is presented in this paper. The S-parameter and electromagnetic radiation simulation are performed on two different configuration structures of a key transmission line. The Comparison results show that the ground-signal-ground (G-S-G) configuration structure increases the insertion loss coefficient S21 and reduces electromagnetic radiation at 7.43GHz relative to the ground-signal (G-S) configuration structure.

Power electronic circuits are a major source of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) problems. The increased switching speed of modern semiconductor devises based on Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) further aggravates this issue. Thus, the importance of including EMC aspects in the design phase of a power electronic circuit is high and a reliable simulation model is very useful for rapid circuit testing and identification of the source of interference. However, the influence of parasitic components represents a crucial part of the coupling paths and thus has to be considered. This paper covers the development of a highly accurate simulation model including these parasitics. A major concern is the measurement of coupling capacitances which form an essential contribution to the model.

In the design and analysis of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), the technology of establishing of behavioral modelling of the electronic module and equipments is the basis of theoretical analysis. This paper presents a comparison between the most important techniques present to address the behavioral modelling of radio-frequency equipments. The status quo and developmental trend of the behavioral modelling technology is discussed in this paper, on the foundation of which several existent behavioral models are listed and analyzed, and the principles of selecting modelling methods is given. The application of this technology in EMC is discussed at the last of this paper.

The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter circuits using 3-D numerical modeling by the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method represents the central topic of this paper. The PEEC-based modeling method is introduced as a useful tool for the prediction of the high frequency performance of EMI input filters, which is affected by PCB component placement and self- and mutual-parasitic effects. Since the measuring of all these effects is rather difficult and time consuming, the modeling and simulation approach represents a valuable design aid before building the final hardware prototypes. The parasitic cancellation techniques proposed in the literature are modeled by the developed PEEC-boundary integral method (PEEC-BIM) and then verified by the transfer function and impedance measurements of the L-C and C-L-C filter circuits. Good agreement between the PEEC-BIM simulation and the measurements is achieved in a wide frequency range. The PEEC-BIM method is implemented in an EMC simulation tool GeckoEMC. The main task of the presented research is the exploration of building an EMC modeling environment for virtual prototyping of EMI input filters and power converter systems.

The paper presents an analysis on electromagnetic compatibility issues in photovoltaic installations. The main purpose is a qualitative investigation of the effect of a solar power optimizer in combination to inverter’s operation from an electromagnetic compatibility and interference perspective. Extended measurements have been conducted in a real photovoltaic installation in the range of 3-500 MHz. The first series of the measured frequency spectrums are presented in this paper and indicate interference in the lower frequencies due to the optimizer operation that also depend on the operational ON/OFF state of the inverter. In particular, the measured data rise questions regarding the conformity with the regulations of the installations from a systems’ perspective while on components level, the individual units might successfully meet the requirements. Finally, the findings are evaluated from a technical point of view by taking into account the European and Swedish regulations about electromagnetic compatibility and interference issues.

Cognitive radio system is a typical cognitive system. Spectrum decision in cognitive radio must consider the QoS requirement. The requirements in this paper are to ensure the largest network and the optimal parameter for communication at the same time. To satisfy these requirements, spectrum decision needs to select appropriate communication parameters, adjust subnet topology, and take electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) into account for multi-transceiver users. This paper analyzes the principle of electromagnetic compatibility and gives the flow of electromagnetic compatibility analysis (EMCA). Then, a precise QoS model based on the EMCA is proposed. The precise EMC QoS (pEMC) model takes the topological bottlenecks, electromagnetic compatibility, and spectrum pool capacity into account. The complexity of EMCA will rapidly increase with the spread of spectrum pool of topology, and a real-time spectrum decision cannot be guaranteed. Then, an approximate EMC QoS (aEMC) model is proposed and the consistency of these two models is simulated. The results show a high consistency between the pEMC and aEMC model so that the aEMC model can substitute for the pEMC model in practice.

The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment of co-sited facilities is one the most important issues to be addressed when laying out electronic equipment in the areas where antennas or other electronic facilities have been already deployed. Assessment of the on-site EMC involves extensive calculations and is performed using a dedicated software system designed at Military Unit A 0375. This software system is intended to calculate possible mutual influence of electronic facilities located within restricted spaces. It may be used to assess potential interference in receivers resulting from blocking and intermodulation, while direct interference in the main receiver channel is absent. To resolve the problem of assessing the EMC for co-sited facilities, certain initial data should be provided about the receiver under investigation and a group of interference-emitting transmitters. After calculations have been completed, the following data is displayed: - interference levels at antenna inputs, RF filter and amplifier inputs; - total interference level at the RF amplifier input, which is used as indicator of blocking interference; - levels of intermodulation products in the main and image receiver channels; - summarized calculations. This software systems has the following advantages compared to similar foreign and local products: - modular design; - network installation allowing for EMC to be calculated at several workstations simultaneously using the same database; - superior price/performance ratio. This software system has been extensively used enabling much faster EMC calculations for co-sited facilities.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) has been known to cause electromagnetic noise against electronic equipment and devices even before the technical concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) was established 68 years ago in the United States and 48 years ago in Japan, while the ESD still continues to be studied as one of the most significant issues that should be solved in EMC areas. This is largely because the underlying nature of ESD has yet to be essentially elucidated from an EMC perspective. On the other hand, as an academic research organization on EMC in Japan, a Technical Committee named ‘EMCJ’ on ‘Environmental Electromagnetic Engineering’ was founded in 1976 in both the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ) and the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers or the present IEICE (Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers) to address EMC concerns. Since then, the EMCJ has been jointly conducting EMC research activities under the IEICE as the nominating body and the IEEJ as the associative body, whereas the EMCJ of IEEJ was dissolved in 1999 to form a new Technical Committee on EMC (TC‐EMC) in order to deal with EMC issues appropriate to the IEEJ. In this review, to mark the 25th anniversary of the IEEJ Technical Committee on EMC (TC‐EMC) in 2024, the EMC research efforts and activities that the TC‐EMC has conducted over the past 25 years from January 2000 to March 2024 are surveyed from 1272 technical papers presented at the technical meetings. Furthermore, among the ESD issues identified in these technical papers, the latest case studies utilizing ‘spark resistance laws’ that allow the analysis of the initial behavior of sparks, in which a spark is the essence of ESD and is the key to open the door to elucidate the phenomenon, particularly from an EMC perspective, are reviewed. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

The analysis of the problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of multi-user information and communication systems (ICS), using code division as a way of providing multiple subscribers access to system resources, in which each subscriber occupies the entire frequency band and the entire time interval. It is shown that the problem of electromagnetic compatibility of ICS as the possibility of a conflict-free existence of various wireless ICS in the conditions when each of these systems has the ability to receive its signals and signals of other systems is one of the highest priorities in the design and operation of such systems. It is shown that EMC requirements can be realized through the use of broadband noise-like signals (BNLS) as synchronization signals and signals – physical data carriers under various interfering influences, including narrow-band, wide-band obstruction, intrasystem (imitated, relayed) and other interferences caused by neighboring stations. This possibility is provided due to the use of signals with a large value of the time-frequency product (signal base) without increasing the signal duration and peak radiation power. Based on the use of the criterion of distinguishability of the signals of the minimum root mean square distance between the signals (vectors), the requirements for the synthesis and selection of the BNLS classes are formulated to ensure that the EMC requirements of multi-user wireless communication systems are met. A new class of complex nonlinear discrete cryptographic signals is proposed as data carrier signals and synchronization signals. It is shown that the use of such signals, due to the fact that they have improved ensemble, correlation, and structural properties, will allow for a comprehensive solution to the EMC problem of modern ICS.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a critical aspect of electronic and electrical systems, ensuring their ability to function properly within a shared electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering from unacceptable interference. This study employs the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision-making method, to evaluate and rank various EMC parameters. The analysis considers several key EMC factors, including the EMC directive, radiated emissions, conducted emissions, electromagnetic interference (EMI), EMC standards, and electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS). The EMC directive, which serves as a guiding framework for managing electromagnetic disturbances in devices, emerged as the top-ranked criterion, underscoring its pivotal role in regulatory adherence and standardization. Radiated emissions and conducted emissions secured the second and third ranks, respectively, highlighting their substantial impact on EMC performance. Effective management of these emissions is crucial for mitigating potential interference with communication systems, aircraft equipment, and other electronic devices, thereby enhancing the reliability and coexistence of products within the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and EMC standards followed closely, ranking fourth and fifth. EMI shielding and compliance with EMC standards are vital for preventing disruptions caused by electromagnetic radiation and ensuring the smooth operation of electronic circuits and wireless networks. Adherence to these standards promotes interoperability and minimizes the risk of performance degradation. Lastly, electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) ranked sixth, emphasizing the importance of assessing the sensitivity of electronic devices to electromagnetic energy. By understanding and mitigating EMS, manufacturers can enhance the immunity of their products to external interference, reducing the likelihood of operational issues or physical damage. The TOPSIS method facilitated a comprehensive analysis by considering the ideal and negative ideal solutions, ultimately ranking alternatives based on their proximity to the optimal scenario. The results underscore the multifaceted nature of EMC and the need for a holistic approach that considers various aspects, from regulatory directives to emission control and interference mitigation. By leveraging the TOPSIS method, decision-makers can prioritize and allocate resources effectively, ensuring that EMC challenges are addressed comprehensively and proactively, thereby promoting the harmonious coexistence of electronic systems within the electromagnetic environment.

Due to the space limitation and safety concerns, the non-same-phase anti-parallel connection structure is applied in the ITER Poloidal Field (PF) converter unit. Consequently, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) has been one of the main concerns in its design. And this paper mainly presents the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis and design for ITER PF converter unit. At first, an isolated phase bus is designed for the shielding of the alternating magnetic field generated by the a.c. busbars. Its shielding effectiveness has been verified by the analysis and experimental test. Then, the stray magnetic field, which is generated by the converter bridges and very hard to be shielded, is analyzed and measured. And the results will provide useful inputs for the EMC design and test of the instrument and control (I&C) system. At last, a large coil pair, able to generate a uniform static magnetic field with high strength, is designed to evaluate the effects on electronic devices and to demonstrate the reliable and safe operation of the converters under strong stray magnetic field.

Basic electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) concepts and definitions are presented, and the most Common US and international standards on emission and susceptibility which are likely to be of interest to telephone equipment and system designers are reviewed. EMC requirements, both for emissions and immunity, are given, and EMC measurement accuracy is briefly discussed. >

12 - EMC