EMC Focused Half-Bridge Characterization and Modeling

SummaryBipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are widely used in various electronic systems, and the establishment of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model for BJTs is crucial for EMC analysis of these systems, such as high‐frequency circuits. In this paper, a BJT EMC model that satisfies both functionality and EMC analysis requirements was established based on physical characteristic measurement. First, comprehensive and systematic methods for measurement and extracting SPICE parameters based on physical BJTs are presented, including a proposed curve‐fitting calculation method for extracting barrier capacitance parameters. Second, an analysis of the impact of major BJT electrical characteristics parameters was conducted, leading to the identification of important model parameters affecting BJT functionality and EMC. Finally, the primary BJT model was optimized using the simplex method, and a method for EMC analysis and verification of the BJT model was presented. The experimental and simulation results are in good agreement, and the established model meets the accuracy requirements for both EMC and functionality. Therefore, the proposed method is feasible and suitable for the EMC modeling of BJTs.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) find increased applications in the aerospace field because of their high strength and light weight. In this work, we report comprehensive electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling, analysis and characterization of a newly developed nanocomposite CFRP with enhanced conductivity for aeronautic applications. The EMC modeling and analysis are performed for lightning strike protection (LSP) simulation and high intensity radiation field (HIRF) study of CFRPs. The LSP simulations are conducted both in time and frequency domains by using dynamic and static electromagnetic tools. And the HIRF is studied for its impact on shielded and unshielded cables in an CFRP enclosure. In addition, we present experimental characterization results of CFRPs.

The analysis of the problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of multi-user information and communication systems (ICS), using code division as a way of providing multiple subscribers access to system resources, in which each subscriber occupies the entire frequency band and the entire time interval. It is shown that the problem of electromagnetic compatibility of ICS as the possibility of a conflict-free existence of various wireless ICS in the conditions when each of these systems has the ability to receive its signals and signals of other systems is one of the highest priorities in the design and operation of such systems. It is shown that EMC requirements can be realized through the use of broadband noise-like signals (BNLS) as synchronization signals and signals – physical data carriers under various interfering influences, including narrow-band, wide-band obstruction, intrasystem (imitated, relayed) and other interferences caused by neighboring stations. This possibility is provided due to the use of signals with a large value of the time-frequency product (signal base) without increasing the signal duration and peak radiation power. Based on the use of the criterion of distinguishability of the signals of the minimum root mean square distance between the signals (vectors), the requirements for the synthesis and selection of the BNLS classes are formulated to ensure that the EMC requirements of multi-user wireless communication systems are met. A new class of complex nonlinear discrete cryptographic signals is proposed as data carrier signals and synchronization signals. It is shown that the use of such signals, due to the fact that they have improved ensemble, correlation, and structural properties, will allow for a comprehensive solution to the EMC problem of modern ICS.

The problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) have been taken into account in almost all faculties of electrical engineering in the world. However, EMC phenomena are only partially mentioned in the small chapters of individual electrical engineering courses and the education is largely focused on one specific EMC area for this reason; the goal of this paper is to explain the problem with an easy experimental way [1].In electromagnetic pollution phenomenon, the power cable is a key component from point of view of EMC. It present in the same time, a privileged propagation path of conducted perturbations, a large band radiator element and a vulnerable input channel to extern electromagnetic assaults. The wide diversity of cable types, as well as various environmental and geometrical configurations, make of wiring an example all adapted to the new demand of generic modeling in EMC. The electromagnetic perturbations such as the coupling by inductive or capacitive crosstalk are a big problem for the good operation of transmission lines system. In this work, a measuring bench contains a vectors-type networks analyzer "module and phase" allowing the measure of the transfers function S21 in dB was performed in order to predict and measure the crosstalk coupling between the transmission lines.

Three-dimensional modeling is used as a new way of presenting information about the electromagnetic compatibility of telecommunications infrastructure equipment. We analyzed the problem of modeling of electromagnetic noise waves equipment and communication channels of telecommunications monitoring systems. Conducted the analysis of control problems of telecommunications equipment electromagnetic compatibility. Described the real conditions of installing the electronic equipment in computational complexes. Using tools of 3D-modeling was formed cable route, taking into account the suppression of noise waves, placement of telecommunication devices and checking whether the threshold value of cable susceptibility for all options of its gasket between devices was transcended. It is proposed to study the behavior of electromagnetic fields in the cable lines with shielding cable, electrostatic discharge, providing set of measures for electromagnetic compatibility, to convert created in a three-dimensional environment model in a specialized settlement package. The prospects of the use 4D-, 5D-, 6D-simulation for analysis of the implementation of projects, reduction of operating and electromagnetic compatibility costs.

Silicon carbide (SiC) and latest gallium nitride (GaN) are two semiconductor materials which entered the power device arena which has been set up and still is being dominated by silicon based devices. The following paper will make a basic comparison of power devices out of these three base materials valid for medium voltage classes of some hundred to above 1000V. This paper will start with comparisons of common electrical figures of merit (FOM) and will focus less on the exact values but on the possible trends and current limits concerning the different materials. These findings will be brought in relation to application requirements.

An investigation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issue in a quad flat package (QFP) simulation model is presented in this paper. The S-parameter and electromagnetic radiation simulation are performed on two different configuration structures of a key transmission line. The Comparison results show that the ground-signal-ground (G-S-G) configuration structure increases the insertion loss coefficient S21 and reduces electromagnetic radiation at 7.43GHz relative to the ground-signal (G-S) configuration structure.

The nature of reverse recovery losses is examined in hard-switched and soft-switched converters, using silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), or gallium nitride (GaN) devices. A loss model and experimental results with a prototype 150-to-400 V, 150 W, boost converter operated at switching frequencies between 500 kHz and 2 MHz are used to characterize and quantify losses related to diode reverse recovery. It is found that reverse-recovery related losses with Si diodes cannot be neglected even when the converter is soft switched, with zero-current switching of the diode and zero-voltage switching of the transistor. The switching losses with SiC or GaN diodes are substantially smaller in all cases considered, and can be reduced to negligible values when the converter is soft switching.

The paper deals with solving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems in the design of a new, case study, industrial high voltage test laboratory, intended to be used for testing of transformers and other apparatus up to 550 kV rated voltage. Modern high voltage test facilities are equipped, apart from primary test devices like AC, DC and impulse voltage generators etc., also with sophisticated numerical measuring instruments and informatics technology. Since such devices are sensitive to transient overvoltages, the highest degree of EMC is to be secured. This can be achieved by proper earthing and screening of test laboratory, what shall be designed in a way to satisfy all requirements conditioned by building lightning protection, personal protection and system earthing, avoiding electromagnetic compatibility disturbances at the same time. One of the main tasks is solving electromagnetic compatibility problems caused by outdoor electromagnetic disturbances originating from various unknown sources. Those disturbances and interferences may seriously influence measuring accuracy and readings of test devices, what consequently leads to false results. The stated is especially relating to partial discharge measurements. As to avoid such disturbances, the laboratory shall be completely screened with a net forming optimally designed Faraday cage. On the other hand, at high voltage tests with impulse voltages, especially with chopped tail waves, steep transient overvoltages may be generated. As a consequence, high transient potential differences between particular points along the earth electrode may occur, what can even lead to flashovers between parts of it. Therefore is of utmost importance to provide proper earthing and low inductance current return path for impulse high voltage test equipment where high frequency transients are to be anticipated. Improper earthing and bonding may result, apart from mentioned flashovers, in severe induced voltages in secondary cables with consequential influence on test results, possible destruction of measuring instruments and hazardous touch voltages for personnel. For analyzing transient potential differences, it is important to model, with maximum accuracy, impulse test circuit (impulse generator, chopping spark gap, voltage divider, Faraday cage, fundament earth electrode, earthing strips, earthing rods etc.). Magnitude of transient potential difference between particular points is proportional to earth electrode inductance, i.e. low inductance of earth electrode will result in decrease of transient potential difference.

This paper deals with energy/power quality issues, correlated with Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interferences (EMI) which appear at urban transportation systems. One presents, briefly, some aspects regarding powers definitions for harmonic and/or unsymmetrical regimes from three-phase circuits, applicable to loads supplied from the a.c. line through low voltage power transformers and uncontrolled three-phase rectifiers. It is analysed the case of a driving system with d.c. motor and chopper, supplied from the d.c. line, which induces a significant non-sinusoidal regime in the a.c. network. The cases in which the load is not compensated, respectively compensated through an active filter are also analyzed through tests on stand. Aspects regarding powers and power flows for both cases are also discussed. Furthermore, the obtained data are compared using the quality standards IEEE 519/1992 and 1459/2000. One discusses the obeying of quality standards and some aspects, which are not approached in the specialty literature, concerning the corresponding EMC and EMI issues. Problems related to the tested driving system connection to the supplying system from the power substation for an urban transportation system are briefly presented. The waveforms of currents through the active filter are depicted. Some conclusions on approaching EMC and EMI at low frequencies, with an extension over 2 kHz and the relation with the IEC 61000-4-30 standard are also presented. It is underlined the necessity of treating energy/power quality issues in correlation with issues regarding EMC and EMI at low frequency for this type of loads.

On limited space of the same platform, more and more radio electronic equipment are increased, which results in more problems of electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) that almost all of them caused by antenna mutual-coupling. As the example of two radar on the same platform, this paper gives the EMC test data in each carrier frequency band. Through the test data analysis it can be concluded that the electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by adjacent frequency channel interference, According to the results of spectrum measurement, when increasing the carrier frequency interval it can ensure the two radar works well compatibility.

The low-frequency electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is an increasingly important aspect in the design of practical systems to ensure the functional safety and reliability of complex products. The opportunities for using numerical techniques to predict and analyze system’s EMC are therefore of considerable interest in many industries. As the first phase of study, a proper model, including all the details of the component, was required. Therefore, the advances in EMC modeling were studied with classifying analytical and numerical models. The selected model was finite element (FE) modeling, coupled with the distributed network method, to generate the model of the converter’s components and obtain the frequency behavioral model of the converter. The method has the ability to reveal the behavior of parasitic elements and higher resonances, which have critical impacts in studying EMI problems. For the EMC and signature studies of the machine drives, the equivalent source modeling was studied. Considering the details of the multi-machine environment, including actual models, some innovation in equivalent source modeling was performed to decrease the simulation time dramatically. Several models were designed in this study and the voltage current cube model and wire model have the best result. The GA-based PSO method is used as the optimization process. Superposition and suppression of the fields in coupling the components were also studied and verified. The simulation time of the equivalent model is 80-100 times lower than the detailed model. All tests were verified experimentally. As the application of EMC and signature study, the fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of an induction motor drive was developed using radiated fields. In addition to experimental tests, the 3DFE analysis was coupled with circuit-based software to implement the incipient fault cases. The identification was implemented using ANN for seventy various faulty cases. The simulation results were verified experimentally. Finally, the identification of the types of power components were implemented. The results show that it is possible to identify the type of components, as well as the faulty components, by comparing the amplitudes of their stray field harmonics. The identification using the stray fields is nondestructive and can be used for the setups that cannot go offline and be dismantled

The basic electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problem is very simple to describe at a high level, as shown, where the elementary EMC problem breaks down into a source, a path and a victim. Ensuring EMC needs a good understanding of all three aspects. Sources can be further subdivided into continuous and transient sources and the pathway splits into radiated and conducted coupling. This paper primarily concentrates on the conducted aspects and in particular how we test to ensure equipment has adequate conducted EMC performance.

In this paper, simulation and performance comparison of Si and SiC based interleaved boost converter is presented. Wide bandgap devices such as silicon carbide and gallium nitride are desirable and recommended in high-power applications because of their capability of operating under high temperature, high switching frequency, and high voltage with reduced switching losses. The main advantage of using SiC materials is the ability to raise the switching frequency which will reduce the size. However, their cost is high compared to Si. In this paper, 60V input voltage is used to get 120V output voltage under 100 KHz switching frequency and 0.5 duty cycle. With the help of LTSpice software, an efficiency comparison between silicon and silicon carbide by considering interleaved boost converter are simulated and studied.

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for solving automotive low-frequency electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems by using integral equations. We consider the interaction of magnetic fields with thin, finite, conducting 3-D metallic structures, obtaining the fields radiated by these structures by using single- and double-layer equivalent currents. Our proposed numerical solution is unique in its representation of equivalent currents as the sum of solenoidal and nonsolenoidal components found using the method of moments (MoM) in two steps: first, the solenoidal currents are found using loop basis functions, after which the nonsolenoidal currents are found. Decomposing the equivalent currents into solenoidal and nonsolenoidal components provides a total solution that is computationally efficient for problems dominated by magnetic fields. We validated this numerical electromagnetic solution against semianalytical solutions and measured data and illustrated its applicability by analyzing three practical automotive problems. We then analyzed the magnetic fields generated by a power cable inside a car, suggested a methodology for optimizing the locations of antennas for smart-entry systems, and studied the EMC implications of an inductive-charging system in an electric vehicle.