A Comparative Analysis of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based on PMSG for Maximum Power Extraction

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is one of the essential requirements in harnessing wind power of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The more precise the maximum power point (MPP) is determined, the more optimal the WECS is operated. Amongst MPPT algorithms, a hill-climb search (HCS) algorithm is preferred because of its simplicity however it also has few drawbacks such as the difficulty of selecting an appropriate step size, the premature convergence phenomenon and the speed-efficiency trade-off. A cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is proposed in this paper for finding out a MPP of a WECS driven by a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under various wind speeds which mostly overcomes the above disadvantages. Then, the DFIG-WECS is controlled to track the MPP. This ensures that the DFIG-WECS is always operated at MPPs regardless of various wind speeds. It is realized that the proposed CS algorithm is also a population-based algorithm inspired from the breeding behavior of cuckoos but it is quite simple, powerful and especially requires less parameters to define optimal solutions than a genetic algorithm (GA) and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Though numerical results, the CS algorithm shows its effectiveness in finding out MPPs in the DFIG-WECS. Furthermore, the obtained results using the CS algorithm are also compared with those using the HCS and PSO algorithms. The comparison demonstrates that the convergence value and speed of the CS algorithm are always better than those of the HCS and PSO algorithms in the MPPT application in the DFIG-WECS.

Sensorless wind energy conversion system maximum power point tracking using Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy cerebellar model articulation control

Conventional wind energy conversion systems (WECS) typically employ rotor side synchronous frame current control strategies to regulate the active/reactive power supplied by the WECS generator. Such strategies require accurate information regarding the rotor position and speed in order to set the dq frame reference currents and to perform the necessary frame transformations. This information can be obtained using a rotor speed sensor (i.e. a shaft encoder) or via a sensor-less strategy in which a dynamic machine model and stator current measurements are used to estimate the true rotor position. This paper now presents an alternative approach to control the active/reactive power supplied by the WECS permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The proposed strategy uses the three phase converter modulation commands to identify the phase and frequency of the PMSG stator terminal voltages. This enables the direct regulation of the real and reactive power extracted at the PMSG terminal voltages using a stationary frame Proportional + Resonant (PR) stator current regulation strategy, without requiring precise knowledge of the rotor position. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functions are realized using the measured PMSG terminal voltage frequency to form an estimate of the rotor speed. The result is a simple robust WECS control strategy that rapidly and accurately tracks rotor speed changes caused by wind speed variations. Detailed simulation and experimental results obtained for a scaled laboratory prototype system are presented to validate the proposed strategy.

This paper proposes a novel application of a runner-root (RR) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) direct-driven by a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The WECS is required to operate at the MPP under varying wind conditions. The RR algorithm is the meta-heuristic algorithm, inspired by the function of runners and roots of some plants in nature. The plants are propagated through runners. They look for water resources and minerals by developing runners and roots. The RR algorithm is proposed to define maximum power points (MPP) corresponding to the optimal output voltage of the DC/DC boost converter of the PMSG-based WECS. The numerical results show that the RR algorithm based MPPT approach efficiently defines and tracks the MPPs of the PMSG-based WECS. A comparison with the hill-climb search (HCS) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms demonstrates the superiority of the RR algorithm and confirms its potential in the MPPT strategy of the PMSG-based WECS.

This paper proposes a simple technique to extract maximum power at a particular wind speed of a wind energy conversion system (WECS). This system uses permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), uncontrolled rectifier, DC-DC boost converter and a resistive load. It utilizes the DC current and DC voltage obtained after rectification to calculate DC power and to control the duty cycle of the DC-DC boost converter to obtain maximum power point tracking (MPPT). From the measurement of DC current and voltage, maximum DC power can be tracked and optimum value of power coefficient of wind turbine (Cp) can be reached. The advantage of proposed system is that no prior knowledge of wind speed characteristics as well as wind generator optimal power characteristics is required. This system uses fixed pitch angle.

This paper presents a new wind speed sensorless maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for variable speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The MPPT control of the WECS, in this work, is achieved using optimum speed - power curve of the WECS after taking into account the changes in system efficiency while operating at different operating points due to the change in wind speed. The method proposed is based on the fact that the optimum output power of a WECS at a certain wind speed depends upon the total mechanical power developed by the turbine and efficiency of the WECS at the corresponding optimum speed (OS) of rotation of the turbine. Implementation of this control algorithm requires the knowledge of output power and air density as its inputs in addition to requiring the knowledge of turbine parameters. The proposed method is analyzed experimentally in a variable speed direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) WECS using a wind turbine emulator.

SummaryCurrently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) unit implemented in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) extracts the maximum mechanical power from the wind turbine used in the WECS. Therefore, the MPPT unit acts as a maximum mechanical power tracker (MMPT) that performs optimal control of the wind turbine to extract the maximum mechanical power from the wind turbine. In this paper, the basic concept of a maximum electrical power tracker (MEPT) is presented both theoretically and technically. It is demonstrated that an MEPT implemented in a WECS maximizes the output electrical power of the WECS. Thus, in contrast with an MMPT, the proposed MEPT optimally controls the whole of the WECS, rather than the wind turbine, to extract the maximum electrical power from the WECS. Since, in the WECS, the power efficiency of the whole of the WECS, not the wind turbine, should be maximized to extract the maximum output electrical power from the WECS, the conventional MPPT unit acting as an MMPT should be replaced with the proposed MEPT, and this is the superiority of the proposed MEPT to an MMPT or a conventional MPPT unit. To provide experimental verifications, 2 novel MEPT and MMPT with simple structures and better performance compared to the MPPT techniques commonly used in WECSs have been constructed, which are presented in detail.

This paper addresses the design and analysis of the control system for a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and its application for isolated green hydrogen production. The designed control maximizes the wind turbine (WT) power generation by regulating the electrolyzer current consumption, where the electrolyzer operates as a controlled load, ensuring power balance in the system and enabling the generation of maximum power from the WECS without the use of any energy storage system. The system involves directly integrating a WECS with an alkaline electrolyzer (AEL), and its configuration includes a WT with a PMSG, an AC/DC voltage source converter (VSC) acting as the generator side converter (GSC), and a DC/DC converter acting as the electrolyzer side converter (ESC) with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control for the WT. The proposed control system has been fully modeled and tested through simulations in Matlab/Simulink, demonstrating its reliable performance under variable wind speeds. Simulation results illustrate how, over rated wind speeds, the pitch control limits the rotational speed and power to their maximum values, and at under rated wind speeds, the ESC control regulates the AEL current following the MPPT of the WT, while the GSC control maintains the DC bus voltage at its designated nominal value. Overall, the proposed control system shows robust and effective performance across the entire range of possible operational points, ensuring no wind generation power losses by following the maximum power point.

Today wind energy has emerged as an alternative energy source for power generation. This paper investigates about standalone Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The proposed system comprises of Wind turbine (WT), PMSG, boost converter, uncontrolled diode rectifier, battery bank, bidirectional buck boost converter and dc load. Multi pole PMSG is best suited for low speed, wide range variable speed wind energy applications. Wind flow varies with time; as a result power produced also varies. As maximum power has to be tracked for varying wind speeds, perturbation & Observation (P&O) algorithm is implemented for MPPT. Battery storage system is essential to supply the load during low wind speed condition. In this paper, a simulation study of the proposed standalone system is done using SIMULINK in MATLAB.

Wind energy has established as fastest growing renewable energy technology. During last few decades world has witnessed multidimensional development in this area and made this technology acceptable for efficient production of bulk power. Recent research articles and renewable energy market trends have demonstrated the popularity of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) for such requirements. Objective of present work is to examine the performance of the cylindrical pole PMSG based wind turbine (WT) interfaced to the grid via back-to-back voltage source converter. Present work focuses on generator performance with zero d-axis current control (ZDC) and maximum torque per ampere control (MTPA), it has been observed that cylindrical rotor PMSG displays identical performance with ZDC and MTPA control. In order to analyze the WECS performance, simulation is done in MATLAB/Simulink platform. Excellent performance is observed and is validated with the obtained performance parameters for the system at steady state. The WECS performance is studied in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) range only.

This paper proposes an optimized model and control strategy for variable speed wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Models and equations that describe different components of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) are addressed and their implementations into PSCAD/EMTDC are described. There are different types of synchronous generators, but the PMSG is chosen. It offers better performance due to higher efficiency and less maintenance since it does not need external DC source and can be used without a gearbox, which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle and a reduction of costs. For the better performance, in this model two level IGBT converter and three level IGBT inverter set has been used associated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system.Simulation results show that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under varying wind and load conditions. The controller shows very good dynamic, steady state and transient performance.

This manuscript introduces an innovative Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy to improve the efficiency of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) equipped with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) under variable wind conditions. The proposed approach integrates Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, effectively addressing challenges such as external disturbances and fluctuating wind environments. By combining ADRC with P&O control, the system achieves enhanced tracking performance and adaptability.To validate the added value of this approach, we compare it with a traditional P&O strategy combined with Proportional Integral (PI) control. For the PI-based method, controller parameters Kp and Ki are optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to enhance control precision. The Integrated Time Absolute Error (ITAE) objective function is employed to fine-tune these parameters, further optimizing system performance. Our analysis underscores the superiority of ADRC in disturbance rejection and quick adaptability over the PI approach.The proposed strategy is tested under two distinct wind speed profiles—constant and fluctuating—through time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the superior performance of the ADRC-P&O method, highlighting its effectiveness in maximizing power extraction from wind energy and proving its potential for real-world applications. This study offers a significant advancement in wind energy technology by providing a robust and efficient solution for MPPT in WECS.

Maximum power point tracker of wind energy conversion system

Optimal power extraction control schemes for five-phase PMSG based wind generation systems

A novel converter configuration is proposed in this paper for mega-watt wind energy conversion system (WECS) using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The converter consists of a diode rectifier, a buck converter and a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) current source inverter (CSI). Two DC current requirements in the system are analyzed and compared: one from the generator and diode rectifier for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and the other from the grid and PWM CSI to obtain desired grid power factor. The theoretical analysis concludes the necessity of a buck converter for achieving all the control objectives in the full wind turbine operating range. Moreover, control scheme is developed for MPPT and grid reactive power compensation. The DC current is controlled at the minimum required level for system loss reduction. Simulation results on a 2MW WECS demonstrate the desired performance of the proposed system over a wide range.