A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier Technique

Objectives: In this paper, Universal Filter Multi Carrier (UFMC) is recommended for 5G communications and signal scrambling technique is used to reduce Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in UFMC. Methods/Analysis: UFMC is adequate for 5G communications, but it is also suffers from PAPR as in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The signal scrambling technique is a base method for reducing the crest factor, in multicarrier communication so we inherit the same method for UFMC with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Fireflies Algorithm (FA) as optimizers which are natural inspired heuristic search algorithms. Finding: By using UFMC we acquire best Symbol Error Rate (SER) even Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) is applied and spectral re-growth also mitigated. PAPR is also reduced by using a signal scrambling technique with natural inspired search algorithms as optimizers.Keywords: Fireflies Algorithm, PAPR, UFMC, 5G

With the advent of 5G communications, the demand for high data rates and improved spectral efficiency has necessitated the exploration of advanced modulation techniques. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) are two prominent modulation schemes for 5G systems. However, both OFDM and UFMC suffer from a high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), leading to signal distortion and inefficient power amplification. The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) approach is a promising strategy to minimize PAPR in OFDM and is applied to UFMC to minimize PAPR in UFMC and is known as scrambled UFMC (S-UFMC). PTS, however, involves an extensive search to identify the best phase factors that increase computational complexity. The artificial bee colony algorithm is proposed to reduce the computational complexity S-UFMC and OFDM. A novel modulation scheme, amplitude phase shift keying (APSK), is used instead of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in S-UFMC and OFDM, which has better performance than conventional modulation schemes. In this research, OFDM, PTS OFDM, UFMC and S-UFMC are compared and it is found that the proposed scrambled UFMC with APSK modulation using ABC algorithm performs better than OFDM and UFMC in terms of PAPR, spectral efficiency and computational complexity.

Universal-filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) technique is considered as a potential candidate for future communication systems due to its robustness against inter-carrier interference (ICI), suitability for non-contiguous fragmented available spectrum resources and low latency scenario in 5G network. In this work, we present a novel pulse shaping approach in UFMC to reduce the spectral leakage to nearby subbands used for same or other users with low complexity and high throughput. In the proposed scheme, we apply Bohman filter-based pulse shaping with combination of antipodal symbol-pairs to the edgesubcarriers of the subbands, and consequently reduce the outof-band radiation. We further optimize the filter co-efficients, which outperforms the current state-of-the art. This scheme offers better signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) to improve the robustness against carrier frequency offset (CFO) for energy saving in loosely synchronized scenario. In addition, we validate the proposed scheme by hardware prototype on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip.

Universal-filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) technique is considered as a potential candidate for future communication systems due to its robustness against inter-carrier interference (ICI), suitability for non-contiguous fragmented available spectrum resources and low latency scenario in 5G network. In this paper, we present a novel pulse shaping approach in UFMC to reduce the spectral leakage into nearby subbands used for same or other users with low complexity and high throughput. In the new scheme, we apply Bohman filter-based pulse shaping with combination of antipodal symbol-pairs to the edge-subcarriers of the subbands, and consequently reduce the out-of-band radiation. This scheme outperforms the current state-of-the art and offers better signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) to improve the robustness against carrier frequency offset (CFO) for energy saving in loosely synchronized scenario. We further validate the proposed scheme on field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware prototype.

One of the major purposes for fifth generation (5G) communications waveform design is to relax the synchronization requirements for supporting efficient massive machine type communications (MTCs). Polynomial cancellation coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (PCC-OFDM) and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) are designed to reduce the sidelobes of the OFDM waveform to protect against intercarrier interference (ICI) in the 5G uplink. To the best of our knowledge, there is no analysis of the effect of ICI for the UFMC system with time offset transmissions that many arise in MTC scenarios. Furthermore, there is no study on reducing the computational complexity of the UFMC system. This paper provides closed-form expressions for time offsets interference in such a case for OFDM, PCC-OFDM, and UFMC. This paper also presents theoretical analysis for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, achievable rate, and bit error ratio performance. The results show that PCC-OFDM significantly protects against ICI at the cost of halving the spectral efficiency. UFMC improves the ICI and intersymbol interference protection performance, especially when the length of time offset is very small, at the cost of significantly increasing the computational complexity. Finally, this paper proposes the overlap and adds UFMC and a variant of UFMC using infinite impulse response prototype filter banks to reduce the processing complexity.

To reduce the system complexity, cost, and overall processing time, the adoption of joint source-channel coding (JSCC) has been found to be popular. Among several options, universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is regarded as the dominant contender and alternative to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for upcoming wireless mobile communication networks. UFMC provides increased spectral efficiency, less peak to average power ratio (PAPR), and lower bit error rate (BER) with the removal of the cyclic prefix (CP) and grouping of subcarriers. Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technology is known to improve the capacity and throughput significantly of wireless systems. In this paper, the authors analyze the performance of UFMC techniques with Kaiser filter and Dolph-Chebyshev filter combined with JSCC in 32x32 large MIMO set-up, which provides better PAPR, power spectral density (PSD), less BER with increased channel capacity. The experimental aspects have been discussed and the results are derived using simulation mimicking near real-life situations.

Carrier frequency offset (CFO) and phase noise are challenging problems in single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system. In this study, the authors have studied single-carrier space frequency block coding (SC-SFBC) to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SC-FDMA signal, in which Alamouti SFBC will change the signal spectrum structure, break the single-carrier property and increase PAPR. Also, the authors propose a joint algorithm to suppress the inter-carrier interference (ICI) caused by phase noise and CFO. Conventional methods are to estimate phase noise and CFO in other algorithms, which are pretty difficult and complicated to obtain accurate estimation results. Unlike the conventional works, the novelty of the authors proposed algorithm is that it directly calculates the interference components and then reconstructs the ICI matrix. Thus, it avoids the degrading interactions between phase noise and CFO estimations. The proposed algorithm exploits block-type pilot, which is a common pilot pattern in SC-FDMA communications and is used in other wireless communication standards. Simulation results show that the suppression performance keeps smooth while phase noise and CFO varies, and BER performance degradation can be significantly reduced in 3 dB.

In this article, we explore the use of neural networks (NNs) to enhance the performance evaluation of Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) systems, a key technology for modern communication networks such as 5G and beyond. Traditional methods of evaluating the Bit Error Rate (BER) and system efficiency in UFMC system can be computationally intensive and less accurate under dynamic conditions. To address these challenges, we propose a NN based approach that not only improves the accuracy of BER prediction but also significantly optimizes the system's overall efficiency. Channel state estimation (CSE) plays a major role for UFMC system to address the phenomenon of multipath channel fading. In order to achieve a high data rate using UFMC technology, it is necessary to have an effective CSE and very accurate signal detection. Recently, there has been significant interest in utilizing deep learning (DL) to enhance channel estimations. This article introduces a new method for channel estimation (CE) in UFMC system. The suggested approach utilizes DL models to improve the CE. For the UFMC system, we propose a detector based on bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). To identify the transmitted symbols, the suggested detector uses DL training data directly. Currently, a significant drawback of UFMC systems is the presence of a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The approach aims to reduce the BER and enhances the efficiency of the UFMC system. This is achieved by dynamically setting the constellation mapping and symbol damping on each subcarrier and sub-symbol. The results illustrate that the proposed model can accurately and efficiently recognize UFMC signals. The suggested model is being compared to Least Square (LS), LSTM, and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) channel estimators. Through extensive simulations, our results demonstrate that the NN model reduces BER and enhances efficiency. The proposed model gives more effective performance in terms of enhanced efficiency and reduction of BER. The findings offer valuable insights for the design and optimization of next-generation communication systems, where accurate and efficient performance evaluation is critical.

In various areas, wireless systems are used. In order to allocate the available time and frequency resources, these wireless systems require flexible mechanisms. With 5G, transmission rates will be higher, latency will be lower and quality of service and channel capacity will be higher. The physical layer must be able to generate flexible waveforms to meet the above requirements. Currently, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission does not support 5G communication. In the case of 4G/OFDM, there are many problems in terms of out of band emission, spectral efficiency, and peak to average power ratio (PAPR). An alternative transmission scheme Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) is introduced to address this problem. The paper compares OFDM with UFMC. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Spectral Density, Spectral Efficiency, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). In comparison to OFDM, UFMC provides better performance.

In this paper, the partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique known as one of the most efficient peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes is applied to the recently proposed fifth generation (5G) waveform candidate called universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) for PAPR reduction process. Thanks to our way of application in which the PTS technique is employed before the process of subdividing the bandwidth into the number of sub-bands, the PAPR minimization is carried out in a very simple and efficient manner. In the simulations, the PAPR reduction performance of the PTS technique is analyzed for different search numbers (SNs). In addition, the effect of PTS on the power spectral density (PSD) and bit error rate (BER) performance of the UFMC system employing solid state power amplifier (SSPA) as a high power amplifier (HPA) is investigated for different input back off (IBO) and smoothness coefficient $(p)$ values.

Performance of both orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier (SC) systems suffers from a carrier frequency offset (CFO) due to Doppler effect and the carrier instability between the transmitter and the receiver. We investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance degradation of OFDM and SC systems due to the frequency offset in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel as well as multipath Rayleigh fading channels. We consider three effects to the BER degradation, i.e., phase shift, useful power decrease and intercarrier interference (ICI). We also derive the approximate expressions of BER under binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) for both OFDM and SC systems in the presence of CFO. In general, SC is more robust to CFO in the AVVGN channel than OFDM in terms of BER, while both of them suffer similarly from CFO in the multipath Rayleigh fading channels assuming the the same CFO.

Channel capacity and Peak Average to Power Ratio (PAPR) are essential elements in offering dependable communication through wireless medium in wireless communication system. The rating of an amplifier in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, as well as prospective future candidates of 5G systems such as Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) and Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC), affected by a high peak to average power ratio. The demand for channel capacity fluctuates due to the growing number of wireless network users. This paper recommended a low PAPR FBMC method, showing excellent performance in terms of PAPR reduction gain, overhead computation complexity and overhead SI compared to the current PAPR reduction scheme. In order to further increase the reduction in PAPR we have developed four variants of FBMC waveforms for DFT expansion, ITSM and the selected with the smallest peak capacity. In order to further reduce the PAPR rate of DFT expansion we have produced four different versions. After implementation of the proposed algorithm, the PAPR of the FBMC method has been considerably reduced. Following use of DFT propagation and ITSM conditioning, PAPR was decreased by 25 percent. The side data, which is persistent with traditional PAPR reduction techniques like cutting, partial transmission series, and selective mapping, is also disabled. The proposed device improves the transmitters' lifetime and efficiency through waveform accuracy. The study begun was planned to reduce the limitations of contending waveforms in order to create a resourceful communication system.

In this paper, we propose a multi-carrier transmission scheme to overcome the problem of intercarrier interference (ICI) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In the proposed scheme, called universal-filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), a filtering operation is applied to a group of consecutive subcarriers (e.g. a given allocation of a single user) in order to reduce out-of-band sidelobe levels and subsequently minimize the potential ICI between adjacent users in case of asynchronous transmissions. We consider a coordinated multi-point (CoMP) reception technique, where a number of base stations (BSs) send the received signals from user equipments (UEs) to a CoMP central unit (CCU) for joint detection and processing. We examine the impact of carrier frequency offset (CFO) on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the results with the performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) systems. We use computer experiments to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed multi-carrier scheme. The results indicate that the UFMC scheme outperforms the OFDM for both perfect and non-perfect frequency synchronization between the UEs and BSs.

PAPR analysis in OTFS using the centre phase sequence matrix based PTS method

This study presents a detailed performance evaluation of the proposed free space optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FSO-OFDM) system compared with conventional schemes such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) under diverse optical channel conditions. Bit error rate (BER) results in Rayleigh fading channels indicate that the proposed method attains a BER of 10 −3 at only 6.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), yielding gains of 7.6 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.3 dB, and 3.4 dB over OFDM, FBMC, NOMA, and UFMC, respectively. In Rician fading channels, the same BER is achieved at just 5.4 dB SNR, with improvements of 7.2 dB, 5.8 dB, 4.8 dB, and 3.0 dB compared to the respective schemes. Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) analysis at a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of 10 −3 shows a value of 10.8 dB for the proposed system, reducing nonlinear distortions and improving amplifier efficiency. Capacity analysis confirms a peak of 300 units at 50 dB SNR, surpassing all competitors. Power spectral density (PSD) results reveal sidelobe suppression beyond −200 dBW/MHz, with significant out-of-band emission reductions. Overall, FSO-OFDM offers superior robustness, spectral efficiency, and throughput for high-capacity optical communication systems.