Performance Evaluation of UFMC System using Neural Networks for BER Prediction and Efficiency Optimization

Latest trend in research tend to fulfill requirements of the most talked about 5G networks. These networks need to be be engineered in terms of cost, energy and spectral efficiency, number of connected devices and latency. Cognitive Radio (CR) is one of the promising techniques to meet the above mentioned requirements that operates at microwave frequencies and exploits underutilized spectrum bands. Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is a new channel judgment method that use multicarrier modulation scheme. UFMC is consider like an applicant for the 5th Generation of wireless communication systems and replaces OFDM .Latest research indicates that cellular networks are better operated with the novel UFMC with enhanced performance in terms of improved spectral efficiency, less usage of energy as well as latency. However, an emerging area of Information and Communication technology (ICT) are Cognitive radio based Sensor Networks (CSNs). Even basic observations using empirical approach can reveal important observations, especially if the above mentioned latest channel estimation technique (UFMC) , is tried and observed for CSNs. The option of CSNs as test bed is based on abundant use of the supporting in various social and military setups. In this work, part of frequency synchronization and channel estimation are explore and correlate with OFDM and UFMC systems with CSNs as testbed, primarily with a computer-aided software simulator and also with real time experimentation in special laboratory if resources permit.

Filter-bank based multi-carrier systems have recently attracted lots of interest as a promising approach for the next generation wireless communication systems. Due to high complexity and long symbol duration, however, these systems need to evolve in a new multi-carrier technique, universal-filtered multi-carrier (UFMC). In conventional UFMC systems, a fixed size of resource block (RB) reduces the flexibility of spectrum utilization and leads to high computational complexity. This problem highlights the need for RB size control that will efficiently allocate frequency resource to satisfy users' resource demand. In this paper, we propose a generalized UFMC system for uplink scenario. First, we analyze the impact of RB size on the UFMC spectrum utilization and complexity. Then, we observe the effect of filter length on symbol error rate (SER). Based on this observation, the proposed UFMC system controls RB size and filter length according to users' demand. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed system tremendously improves throughput per sub-carrier without SER performance degradation.

Recently, the spectral efficiency improvement of wireless and cellular communications is very important. Several waveforms have been proposed in order to satisfy key performance indicators of the 5th generation (5G) cellular communication. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) and filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) and the filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing are typical candidate for 5G waveform, but they have some advantages and problems as well. In this paper, a weighted orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (W-OFDM) is considered since W-OFDM has pretty low complexity and comparable merits. In this paper, at first, we describe the system model and operation principle about UFMC, FBMC, and W-OFDM system. Next, we evaluate the out-of-band (OOB) power spectrum and bit error rate (BER) performance of these systems in the linear or nonlinear HPA. Simulation results show that OOB power spectrum and BER performance of UFMC, FBMC, and W-OFDM are similar in the linear operation. From the implementation point of view, if these performance and characteristics are similar, low-complexity is very decisive for the communication processing speed that is very important to the low latency and ultra-fast processing in the receiver. Additionally, under the nonlinear HPA environment, W-OFDM system is more advantageous because W-OFDM system uses a simple time-domain windowing technique in order to reduce OOB power.

Objectives: In this paper, Universal Filter Multi Carrier (UFMC) is recommended for 5G communications and signal scrambling technique is used to reduce Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in UFMC. Methods/Analysis: UFMC is adequate for 5G communications, but it is also suffers from PAPR as in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The signal scrambling technique is a base method for reducing the crest factor, in multicarrier communication so we inherit the same method for UFMC with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Fireflies Algorithm (FA) as optimizers which are natural inspired heuristic search algorithms. Finding: By using UFMC we acquire best Symbol Error Rate (SER) even Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) is applied and spectral re-growth also mitigated. PAPR is also reduced by using a signal scrambling technique with natural inspired search algorithms as optimizers.Keywords: Fireflies Algorithm, PAPR, UFMC, 5G

One of the major purposes for fifth generation (5G) communications waveform design is to relax the synchronization requirements for supporting efficient massive machine type communications (MTCs). Polynomial cancellation coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (PCC-OFDM) and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) are designed to reduce the sidelobes of the OFDM waveform to protect against intercarrier interference (ICI) in the 5G uplink. To the best of our knowledge, there is no analysis of the effect of ICI for the UFMC system with time offset transmissions that many arise in MTC scenarios. Furthermore, there is no study on reducing the computational complexity of the UFMC system. This paper provides closed-form expressions for time offsets interference in such a case for OFDM, PCC-OFDM, and UFMC. This paper also presents theoretical analysis for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, achievable rate, and bit error ratio performance. The results show that PCC-OFDM significantly protects against ICI at the cost of halving the spectral efficiency. UFMC improves the ICI and intersymbol interference protection performance, especially when the length of time offset is very small, at the cost of significantly increasing the computational complexity. Finally, this paper proposes the overlap and adds UFMC and a variant of UFMC using infinite impulse response prototype filter banks to reduce the processing complexity.

To reduce the system complexity, cost, and overall processing time, the adoption of joint source-channel coding (JSCC) has been found to be popular. Among several options, universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is regarded as the dominant contender and alternative to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for upcoming wireless mobile communication networks. UFMC provides increased spectral efficiency, less peak to average power ratio (PAPR), and lower bit error rate (BER) with the removal of the cyclic prefix (CP) and grouping of subcarriers. Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technology is known to improve the capacity and throughput significantly of wireless systems. In this paper, the authors analyze the performance of UFMC techniques with Kaiser filter and Dolph-Chebyshev filter combined with JSCC in 32x32 large MIMO set-up, which provides better PAPR, power spectral density (PSD), less BER with increased channel capacity. The experimental aspects have been discussed and the results are derived using simulation mimicking near real-life situations.

In this paper, the partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique known as one of the most efficient peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes is applied to the recently proposed fifth generation (5G) waveform candidate called universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) for PAPR reduction process. Thanks to our way of application in which the PTS technique is employed before the process of subdividing the bandwidth into the number of sub-bands, the PAPR minimization is carried out in a very simple and efficient manner. In the simulations, the PAPR reduction performance of the PTS technique is analyzed for different search numbers (SNs). In addition, the effect of PTS on the power spectral density (PSD) and bit error rate (BER) performance of the UFMC system employing solid state power amplifier (SSPA) as a high power amplifier (HPA) is investigated for different input back off (IBO) and smoothness coefficient $(p)$ values.

This study presents a detailed performance evaluation of the proposed free space optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FSO-OFDM) system compared with conventional schemes such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) under diverse optical channel conditions. Bit error rate (BER) results in Rayleigh fading channels indicate that the proposed method attains a BER of 10 −3 at only 6.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), yielding gains of 7.6 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.3 dB, and 3.4 dB over OFDM, FBMC, NOMA, and UFMC, respectively. In Rician fading channels, the same BER is achieved at just 5.4 dB SNR, with improvements of 7.2 dB, 5.8 dB, 4.8 dB, and 3.0 dB compared to the respective schemes. Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) analysis at a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of 10 −3 shows a value of 10.8 dB for the proposed system, reducing nonlinear distortions and improving amplifier efficiency. Capacity analysis confirms a peak of 300 units at 50 dB SNR, surpassing all competitors. Power spectral density (PSD) results reveal sidelobe suppression beyond −200 dBW/MHz, with significant out-of-band emission reductions. Overall, FSO-OFDM offers superior robustness, spectral efficiency, and throughput for high-capacity optical communication systems.

In the 5th generation mobile communication (5G) system, it is required to provide three different types of services, including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC).To meet all those demand in 5G, the waveform is crucial. Although the CP-OFDM waveform has been wildly used in 4G, it is hardly to satisfy the requirements of 5G.A lot of candidate waveforms are discussed for 5G system, including UFMC, FBMC, F-OFDM etc. In this paper, the UFMC waveform is discussed, the different filters and different frequency width of the subband in UFMC system are studied and appropriate parameters for the system are recommended.

The Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication will play an important role in future communications, but there is currently no ultra-reliable low-latency wireless communication theory that guides its design. For highly mobile vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communication scenarios, asynchronous transmission should also be accepted. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to study ultra-reliable low-latency wireless transmission technology that satisfies asynchronous transmission. Universal Filter Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is a new type of filtering wireless transmission mechanism that meets this character. Although some of its properties have been explored in recent years, there are few articles that systematically evaluate its performance. In this paper, firstly, the performance of the UFMC system is fully evaluated in terms of spectral efficiency (SE), bit error rate (BER), peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), carrier frequency offset (CFO), as well as various multipath fading channels, effects of time delay (TD), etc. Meanwhile, a mathematical analysis model is established for the BER of UFMC system, and some exact closed-loop expressions of bit error probabilities for UFMC are derived. Moreover, the equivalent form of the transmitter in the frequency domain is derived. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation results related to UFMC are presented. The results reveal that UFMC suffers from the same problems as other multi-carrier system, including higher PAPR, affected by CFO, but it has its own inherent advantages such as insensitivity to time delay or energy-efficient, and the main negative factor of UFMC is inter-carrier interference (ICI) not inter-symbol interference (ISI), which may play an important role in future M2M and V2V communication.

PAPR analysis in OTFS using the centre phase sequence matrix based PTS method

In various areas, wireless systems are used. In order to allocate the available time and frequency resources, these wireless systems require flexible mechanisms. With 5G, transmission rates will be higher, latency will be lower and quality of service and channel capacity will be higher. The physical layer must be able to generate flexible waveforms to meet the above requirements. Currently, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission does not support 5G communication. In the case of 4G/OFDM, there are many problems in terms of out of band emission, spectral efficiency, and peak to average power ratio (PAPR). An alternative transmission scheme Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) is introduced to address this problem. The paper compares OFDM with UFMC. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Spectral Density, Spectral Efficiency, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). In comparison to OFDM, UFMC provides better performance.

With the advent of 5G communications, the demand for high data rates and improved spectral efficiency has necessitated the exploration of advanced modulation techniques. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) are two prominent modulation schemes for 5G systems. However, both OFDM and UFMC suffer from a high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), leading to signal distortion and inefficient power amplification. The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) approach is a promising strategy to minimize PAPR in OFDM and is applied to UFMC to minimize PAPR in UFMC and is known as scrambled UFMC (S-UFMC). PTS, however, involves an extensive search to identify the best phase factors that increase computational complexity. The artificial bee colony algorithm is proposed to reduce the computational complexity S-UFMC and OFDM. A novel modulation scheme, amplitude phase shift keying (APSK), is used instead of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in S-UFMC and OFDM, which has better performance than conventional modulation schemes. In this research, OFDM, PTS OFDM, UFMC and S-UFMC are compared and it is found that the proposed scrambled UFMC with APSK modulation using ABC algorithm performs better than OFDM and UFMC in terms of PAPR, spectral efficiency and computational complexity.

Modulation techniques in 5G wireless communication systems play a crucial role in meeting demands for higher data rates, lower latency, and improved connectivity. This involves optimizing power spectral density (PSD), enhancing data transmission reliability, and reducing bit error rates (BER) and interference. The objective of this paper is to evaluate primary modulation schemes used in 5G—Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Filter-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (F-OFDM), Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC), and Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC)—based on performance metrics such as PSD, BER, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using MATLAB. OFDM demonstrates low BER at high SNR but faces degradation at lower SNRs, necessitating a higher SNR for maintaining low BER. F-OFDM improves BER in noisy environments through reduced out-of-band emissions and improved spectral efficiency. FBMC shows lower BER than OFDM, especially in multipath fading scenarios, despite its higher complexity. UFMC provides balanced performance with moderate BER across varying SNRs, offering a trade-off between simplicity and efficiency, with stable BER and enhanced spectral efficiency, and reduced latency compared to OFDM. Each modulation scheme in 5G presents specific strengths and weaknesses. OFDM is robust and widely used, while F-OFDM, FBMC, and UFMC enhance spectral efficiency, BER, and SNR management. Selecting the appropriate technique depends on network requirements, with MATLAB simulations playing a crucial role in optimizing 5G network performance.

The rapid growth of user density and heterogeneous service requirements in 5G and emerging 6G networks has intensified multi-user interference, particularly in power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) systems. Conventional successive interference cancellation (SIC) techniques suffer from error propagation and performance degradation under imperfect channel conditions, limiting their reliability in practical deployments. This paper proposes a deep learning–based interference cancellation framework that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks for end-to-end signal detection in downlink NOMA systems. The proposed model exploits CNN layers to extract spatial interference features from complex-valued received signals, while BiLSTM layers capture bidirectional temporal dependencies caused by channel fading and symbol correlation. Unlike traditional SIC-based receivers, DL-NOMA-CancelNet directly reconstructs user signals without explicit channel estimation or manual interference subtraction. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB under Rayleigh fading and AWGN conditions demonstrate that our framework significantly outperforms conventional Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), and single-network deep learning detectors. Specifically, this method achieves up to an 8–10× reduction in bit error rate (BER) across a wide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range, while maintaining low inference latency and moderate model complexity. These results confirm that our work provides a robust and scalable solution for interference mitigation in future 5G/6G downlink NOMA systems, particularly for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC).