A different kind of war

Although Ireland during the War years was still undivided and part of the United Kingdom, the War experience here differed sharply from that across the Irish Sea. For the Northern Protestants it was the 1916 Battle of the Somme, where thousands of young soldiers from the 36th (Ulster) Division were killed or wounded, that overshadowed all other events and became the basis for a long-lasting patriotic myth, while in the South the independence movement that began soon after the War, triggered off by the unsuccessful 1916 Easter Rising, made the role of Irish soldiers in the British Army in retrospect appear as questionable if not downright treasonable, and for many years to come the wartime allegiance was passed over in silence, except where it was belittled, denigrated or treated with outright contempt. This sharply divided attitude to the Irish share in the war effort is also reflected in Irish drama. It took Irish dramatists, for obvious political reasons, more than 60 years to come to terms with the First World War.57 To say so is to set aside for the moment those Irish writers who viewed the War in the context of the British situation, as did Desmond, Munro, Ervine, Hoffe, MacGill, and also Shaw in most of his plays, whereas the specific Wartime conditions in Ireland found little recognition in the theatre as elsewhere.

Effective counteraction to the recent armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has exacerbated the need to summarize and put into operation the Ukrainian Army combat experience gained in the anti-terrorist operation / operation of the United Forces. In order to make this work more effective, you need to learn from the past. The article analyzes the scientific and memoir literature, the documentary source base on the creation and operation of bodies to study and use the combat experience of the RSCA during the Second World War. The results of these bodies constitute a valuable array for historiography. And the organization of their work is of practical importance in modern conditions. To study the experience of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the fight against Russian aggression, we propose the author's periodization of the evolution of the RSCA bodies to study and use the combat experience in 1939-1945. Even before the outbreak of Second World War, the armies that eventually joined the anti-Hitler coalition and their opponents began work on generalizing, studying, and using experience in the use of armed forces, armies, and forces, and organizing their interaction in combat. For the study and implementation of the experience of war, structures were established in the military authorities to study, summarize, and use combat experience, the activities of which are of great interest to modern researchers, scientists, and military specialists. Combat experience is required to develop and implement the newest methods of conducting armed combat, organizing and conducting military operations, developing instructions, manuals and techniques for the preparation of units of troops and special forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, in order to streamline this work in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and to avoid mistakes, it is urgent to take into account foreign experience, especially in all – countries of the North Atlantic Alliance, as well as to conduct military-historical researches on the history of creation and activity of structures for studying, generalization and use of combat experience. during the Second World War, particularly in the RSCA.

Previous articleNext article No AccessCasework above the Poverty Line: The Influence of Home Service in World War I on Social WorkPhyllis Atwood WattsPhyllis Atwood Watts Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 38, Number 3Sep., 1964 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/641626 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1964 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Katharine J. Bloeser, Margaret Bausman A Scoping Review of Contemporary Social Work Practice With Veterans, Research on Social Work Practice 30, no.11 (Mar 2019): 40–53.https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731519837355 William G. Black Jr. Social Work in World War I: A Method Lost, Social Service Review 65, no.33 (Sep 2015): 379–402.https://doi.org/10.1086/603854 Donna L. Franklin Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice, Social Service Review 60, no.44 (Oct 2015): 504–525.https://doi.org/10.1086/644396

Book Review: South Africa without apartheid: dismantling racial domination, South Africa: a different kind of war, Beggar Your Neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa

South Africa: A Different Kind of War

The South African police state of the 1960s and 1970s — etched into international consciousness through photographs of police shootings at Sharpeville and Soweto — has become the military state of the 1980s. The military is everywhere: at school, at work, at the movies, on TV, in advertisements, in comic books. The country is led by a former Minister of Defence. Parliament is no longer the most influential decisionmaking body: it has been replaced by the State Security Council, which is dominated by top military personnel. - Julie Frederikse South Africa: a Different Kind of War. VOORWAARTS MARX! - Yeoville graffiti.

In Extreme Civil War the historian Matthew M. Stith offers an insightful new look at the wide-ranging guerrilla conflicts of the western trans-Mississippi, a far corner of the American Civil War where the politically divided states of Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas, and the Indian Territory met, “a cultural, racial, and environmental borderland” that included over 130,000 people (p. 2). Stith pursues a line of analysis that has emerged as a common theme in the recent guerrilla warfare literature, the concept of a no-man's-land, the constant exchange and reversal of dominant actors in a civilian-centered area. Control of agricultural resources and food, harsh terrain, and difficult weather influenced the war in this region and the pace of war. Stith's strongest analysis comes in his investigation of the cultural boundaries in the region. He pays close attention to clashes of different styles of combat and the importance of examining overlapping areas of settlement between different cultural groups, as one-third of the region's inhabitants were African American or Native American. Native Americans were allied with both Union and Confederate armies. Black soldiers supported the Union army in significant numbers, and many German immigrants did as well, creating a different kind of war from the one being waged in northern Virginia. Stith asserts that this cultural confrontation led to a war of deep racial and political division and hatred. In this region, the extreme conditions and even the creatures of the natural environment became “tools of war.” While he argues that this region became the most devastating theater for civilians by loss of life, he admits this is difficult to calculate and that further investigation is necessary by other scholars (p. 7). Nevertheless, Stith convincingly argues that the area “mirrored the worst pockets of irregular warfare across the South” (p. 4).

LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War.

Journal Article LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War. By George C. Herring. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994. xvi, 228 pp. $29.95, ISBN 0-292-73085-3.) Get access James J. Wirtz James J. Wirtz Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 82, Issue 2, September 1995, Pages 850–851, https://doi.org/10.2307/2082406 Published: 01 September 1995

Physical Education, Exercise, Fitness and Sports: Early PM&R Leaders Build a Strong Foundation

Pacifist utopias: humanitarianism, tragedy and complicity in the Second World War

During both the First World War and the Second World War, New Zealand despatched large Expeditionary Forces to assist in Britain's war effort. The home front experience was markedly different during each war. The defining characteristics of the home front during the Great War were the voluntary nature of patriotic participation and the remoteness of the war. In contrast, during the Second World War, the front was much closer to New Zealand, and the pressures of this much larger‐scale conflict meant that the government was forced to exert much more control over the civilian community. The historiography of the New Zealand home front reflects these characteristics. The historiography of the Great War home front, where day‐to‐day life continued with a large degree of continuity, is very limited. In contrast, much attention has been paid to life on the home front during the Second World War, as the civilian population was directed into war work as well as military service.

Reviewed by: Durchhalten und Überleben an der Westfront. Raum und Körper im Ersten Weltkrieg by Christoph Nübel Adam T. Rosenbaum Durchhalten und Überleben an der Westfront. Raum und Körper im Ersten Weltkrieg. By Christoph Nübel. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2014. Pp. ix + 484. Cloth €44.90. ISBN 978-3506780836. Over one hundred years have passed since the outbreak of World War I, a conflict that marked the beginning of “the short twentieth century” (Hobsbawm) and “the modern age” (Eksteins). Unprecedented in its scope and destructiveness, the Great War has occupied scholars for decades. Classic works have addressed a variety of topics, including the sequence of diplomatic exchanges, the motives of the protagonists, and the escalation of the arms race, while more recent scholarship has directed our attention to propaganda and public opinion, the experience of the home front, and the profound cultural impact of four years of war. New research continues to illuminate previously underappreciated dimensions of the conflict, demonstrating a lingering fascination with World War I while also telling us something about the historian’s craft. With the right sources and analytical framework, a skillful historian can still say something new about even the most well-trodden topics. Christoph Nübel demonstrates exactly that with his new book about the German experience on the western front. In this rich and extensively researched monograph (featuring a bibliography of no less than 70 pages), Nübel demonstrates how the [End Page 210] so-called spatial turn can shed new light on World War I. More specifically, he examines different manifestations and conceptions of space (Raum) along the western front in three separate essays that focus on environment, terrain, and landscape respectively. The author justifies this unique approach by emphasizing that the soldiers themselves thought in spatial terms as they dealt with a hostile environment, mapped and navigated unfamiliar terrain, and contemplated and invented landscapes. More importantly, Nübel argues that space reveals how soldiers made sense of the war, and in many cases, how they persevered and survived (25). Thus, “space” is not just a buzzword but rather the key to a better understanding of the experience of trench warfare. In order to substantiate this ambitious hypothesis, Nübel turns to a wide variety of sources, including official military documents, reports from soldiers, diaries, letters, photo albums, drawings, and maps. He also adopts an interdisciplinary approach, utilizing the insights of anthropologists, ethnologists, psychologists, philosophers, and other scholars to interpret this broad range of evidence. The organization of the book is logical and the prose is direct, with each of the major sections concluding with a concise summary of Nübel’s conclusions. In his discussion of the environment of the western front, he emphasizes the omnipresent cold and wetness that defined the lives of many soldiers, leading him to convincingly claim that the greatest burdens of trench warfare were associated with environmental factors and not necessarily combat itself (97). Moreover, the dangerous conditions of life in the trenches compelled a host of civilian and military experts to develop tactics of survival and perseverance, while some claimed that the same conditions could transform soldiers, potentially reversing the degeneration that afflicted prewar society. On the subject of the terrain, Nübel describes how the land itself inevitably shaped both the experience of combat and military tactics, which changed drastically after the soldiers “dug in.” Especially useful is the short case study of a 1916 battle involving the 15th Bavarian Infantry Regiment at Neuville-Saint-Vaast. With this example, Nübel confirms that the military leadership went to great lengths to educate their troops on the topographical goals and obstacles of the battlefield. In practice, however, the individual soldiers only came into contact with a tiny portion of the terrain, reflecting, in the author’s words, “the industrial division of labor” (206). In the section on landscape, Nübel argues that carefully constructed images of the Heimat and Kriegslandschaft could alleviate and potentially rationalize the suffering of German soldiers. This is a logical argument, and the author does provide an interesting analysis of how soldiers comprehended the scenery of the western front itself, which was described alternately as a devastated landscape...

Among the major diseases of interest to the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1920s and 1930s was typhus. The Foundation's anti-typhus focus was sharpened at the end of the 1930s by the expectation of another European war: its public health staff anticipated that enormous numbers of refugees and the repetition of World War I’s trench warfare would lead to typhus epidemics. The Foundation increased its investment in Rickettsia research, decided to test existing anti-typhus vaccines, and studied the insect transmission of typhus. An outbreak of typhus in Spain right after the Spanish Civil War caught the interest of the Foundation as an opportunity to both study the vaccines and to study the transmission of the disease. The Foundation sent a young researcher there to study the disease and also shipped several guinea pigs to Spain to be infected with the typhus-carrying lice. American newspapers covered the story of the transport of the Guinea pigs via Pan-American’s flights to Lisbon (and delivery to Spain), and their return to the United States to study the strain of typhus that was rampant in Spain. The work in Spain gave the foundation clear evidence that the existing anti-typhus vaccines were not very effective and provided impetus for the Foundation’s future focus on insecticidal approaches to typhus control. It was an important step toward the Foundation’s collaboration with the United States’ military’s plans for the invasion of North Africa and led directly into the Foundation’s later acceptance of DDT as an effective anti-typhus strategy. Ultimately the Foundation turned its experience with DDT into a global attack on malaria – one of the most important stories in 20th century tropical medicine.

The purpose of the study – generalization of world experience in the invention of incendiary weapons during World War I, the analysis of tactics for its employment in defensive and offensive operations. The methodology was based on the general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, systemics, determinism and the dialectical unity of the historical and the logical methods. They are implemented through the application of general scientific methods of a scientific research: generalization, analysis and synthesis, logical, chronological, periodization, as well as specific methods of historical research, in particular: historical and genetic, historical and comparative ones. The combination of these methods of a scientific research in a comprehensive analysis of sources and literature has triggered achievement of the designated objective. The Scientific Novelty. On account of a significant source base and modern methodological approaches, the world experience due to the invention of the incendiary weapons during World War I has been generalized and systematized. The tendencies which emerged in the course of evolution of diverse incendiary weapons, in particular land, aviation and sea types have been revealed. The data related to the place of the incendiary weapons among other types of weapons, their tactical and technical specifications and methods of employment in defensive and offensive operations, including Ukraine, have been clarified and supplemented. The Conclusions. During World War I, under the influence of science and the conditions of war, new promising incendiaries (jet flamethrowers based on land and sea, incendiary air bombs, shells, hand grenades, subversive incendiary devices, etc.), as well as incendiary substances and mixtures were rapidly to be created. Under modern conditions their unique combat properties have not lost their significance. Under conditions of a maneuverable and “trench warfare” flamethrowers, as auxiliary weapons of close combat, proved efficiency against tanks and various defensive structures, which the infantry could not destroy or suppress with artillery, machine gun or rifle fire. They turned out to be efficient under specific circumstances, in particular during the offensive or defensive combat in the urban area, especially in producing powerful fires and smoke screens. In addition to the destruction and fires caused, the incendiary weapons crucially impacted on the morale of troops and civilians, causing panic and fear.The experience gained by mankind in development of the incendiary weapons and their use during World War I has not only scientific but also practical significance from the perspective of enhancing the combat capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Its consideration will contribute to the further development of incendiary means, as well as tactics for employment in diverse combat environment. Key words: World War I, incendiary weapons, flamethrower, incendiary substance, flame tank, incendiary bombs, incendiary means for subversive activities