ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ОРГАНІВ РСЧА З ВИВЧЕННЯ ТА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БОЙОВОГО ДОСВІДУ У РОКИ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ

An Intertextual Reading of William Faulkner’s “Victory”

Using the unpublished archives of Jean Norton Cru, held at the University of Aix-en-Provence, this article provides a new interpretation of Cru's famous book on First World War literature, Témoins, first published in 1929. This work severely criticised a large number of books of soldiers' experiences of combat. Here a new reading of Cru's motives is offered, looking in particular at the author's Protestant background as well as at the links between reading and writing strategies.

Using the unpublished archives of Jean Norton Cru, held at the University of Aix-en-Provence, this article provides a new interpretation of Cru's famous book on First World War literature, Témoins, first published in 1929. This work severely criticised a large number of books of soldiers' experiences of combat. Here a new reading of Cru's motives is offered, looking in particular at the author's Protestant background as well as at the links between reading and writing strategies.

Some of you chaps who had a rough time during the war may consider that because we were footballers we had a much better time. So we did, and I should be the last man to deny it.Ron Burgess, Football – My Life (London: Souvenir Press, 1952), p. 62

The Crucible of War: Innovation in a Pandemic.

This article is devoted to the personnel of the 3rd Special Infantry Brigade, a unit that was part of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France. Despite the presence of works dealing with general issues of the formation and combat path of Russian troops in France, the personnel composition of the units has not been fully studied. Examining cases presented in central archives, the authors analyze over eight thousand records, which allows them to get an idea of the personnel characteristics of a specified military unit. Based on socio-demographic and professional characteristics, they compile a generalized portrait of soldiers and officers of the 3rd Special Infantry Brigade. The personnel information presented in the work is grouped into tables and concerns the ranks called up from the territory of Perm Province, whose share was 25 % of the total number of the brigade. The authors conclude that officers who had combat experience were assigned to regiments, and those who did not take part in the battles received positions in the marching battalion. Most lower ranks belonged to the peasant class and had restrictions for military service for health reasons. Data on combat experience, education, and categories of conscription of military personnel make it possible for the authors to make assumptions about the combat effectiveness of the 3rd Special Infantry Brigade. Finally, the authors make conclusions about the features of the personnel, which are compared with the all-Russian trends of 1916–1917. At the same time, special attention is paid to the fact that the collective portrait of the personnel is typical of military units formed during the final period of the First World War.

One of the most pressing issues of modern military education is considered - the study and implementation of combat experience in the system of professional training of military specialists. The need for an operational update of the content, methods and forms of training of military personnel is highlighted, taking into account the challenges that the defense forces of Ukraine have faced in the conditions of large-scale armed aggression. Combat experience, gained directly during combat operations, has become an invaluable source of practical knowledge, the acquisition of which should ensure high efficiency of training of future commanders and specialists. A theoretical analysis of the definition of the concept of «combat experience» in the military-pedagogical context is carried out, its essential characteristics and functional significance in the educational process are outlined. Special attention is paid to highlighting the main forms and methods of implementing combat experience in the educational environment: the use of combat cases, situational modeling, the participation of officers with combat experience in teaching, wargaming, training in conditions that are as close as possible to combat. It is argued that the inclusion of real combat material in the educational process increases motivation for learning, contributes to the formation of professional reflection and adaptive thinking, the ability to make nonstandard decisions in difficult conditions. It is concluded that the study and pedagogical understanding of combat experience should be considered a strategic direction for the development of military education.

Reviewed by: Durchhalten und Überleben an der Westfront. Raum und Körper im Ersten Weltkrieg by Christoph Nübel Adam T. Rosenbaum Durchhalten und Überleben an der Westfront. Raum und Körper im Ersten Weltkrieg. By Christoph Nübel. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2014. Pp. ix + 484. Cloth €44.90. ISBN 978-3506780836. Over one hundred years have passed since the outbreak of World War I, a conflict that marked the beginning of “the short twentieth century” (Hobsbawm) and “the modern age” (Eksteins). Unprecedented in its scope and destructiveness, the Great War has occupied scholars for decades. Classic works have addressed a variety of topics, including the sequence of diplomatic exchanges, the motives of the protagonists, and the escalation of the arms race, while more recent scholarship has directed our attention to propaganda and public opinion, the experience of the home front, and the profound cultural impact of four years of war. New research continues to illuminate previously underappreciated dimensions of the conflict, demonstrating a lingering fascination with World War I while also telling us something about the historian’s craft. With the right sources and analytical framework, a skillful historian can still say something new about even the most well-trodden topics. Christoph Nübel demonstrates exactly that with his new book about the German experience on the western front. In this rich and extensively researched monograph (featuring a bibliography of no less than 70 pages), Nübel demonstrates how the [End Page 210] so-called spatial turn can shed new light on World War I. More specifically, he examines different manifestations and conceptions of space (Raum) along the western front in three separate essays that focus on environment, terrain, and landscape respectively. The author justifies this unique approach by emphasizing that the soldiers themselves thought in spatial terms as they dealt with a hostile environment, mapped and navigated unfamiliar terrain, and contemplated and invented landscapes. More importantly, Nübel argues that space reveals how soldiers made sense of the war, and in many cases, how they persevered and survived (25). Thus, “space” is not just a buzzword but rather the key to a better understanding of the experience of trench warfare. In order to substantiate this ambitious hypothesis, Nübel turns to a wide variety of sources, including official military documents, reports from soldiers, diaries, letters, photo albums, drawings, and maps. He also adopts an interdisciplinary approach, utilizing the insights of anthropologists, ethnologists, psychologists, philosophers, and other scholars to interpret this broad range of evidence. The organization of the book is logical and the prose is direct, with each of the major sections concluding with a concise summary of Nübel’s conclusions. In his discussion of the environment of the western front, he emphasizes the omnipresent cold and wetness that defined the lives of many soldiers, leading him to convincingly claim that the greatest burdens of trench warfare were associated with environmental factors and not necessarily combat itself (97). Moreover, the dangerous conditions of life in the trenches compelled a host of civilian and military experts to develop tactics of survival and perseverance, while some claimed that the same conditions could transform soldiers, potentially reversing the degeneration that afflicted prewar society. On the subject of the terrain, Nübel describes how the land itself inevitably shaped both the experience of combat and military tactics, which changed drastically after the soldiers “dug in.” Especially useful is the short case study of a 1916 battle involving the 15th Bavarian Infantry Regiment at Neuville-Saint-Vaast. With this example, Nübel confirms that the military leadership went to great lengths to educate their troops on the topographical goals and obstacles of the battlefield. In practice, however, the individual soldiers only came into contact with a tiny portion of the terrain, reflecting, in the author’s words, “the industrial division of labor” (206). In the section on landscape, Nübel argues that carefully constructed images of the Heimat and Kriegslandschaft could alleviate and potentially rationalize the suffering of German soldiers. This is a logical argument, and the author does provide an interesting analysis of how soldiers comprehended the scenery of the western front itself, which was described alternately as a devastated landscape...

The aim of the article is to study the image of Romania in Ukrainian history textbooks for grades 10–11, which were written and published during 2018–19, i.e. during the Russian-Ukrainian war that began in 2014. The methodology of the research consisted in counting and analysing mentions of the words Romania, Romanian, Romanians, etc. in 30 textbooks on the History of Ukraine, World History, and the integrated course History: Ukraine and the World for 10th and 11th grade students. Fourth-year students of the History Department of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky State Pedagogical University counted the number of mentions with positive, negative, and neutral connotations in each textbook. The results of the count were analysed in a historical and methodological context. Scientific novelty. Textbooks for 11th grade paint a more positive picture of Romania than textbooks for 10th grade. World history textbooks contain more references with positive connotations than textbooks on Ukrainian history and integrated courses, since when describing events in world history, authors focus more on non-controversial aspects of Ukrainian-Romanian relations but on world-level events, the confrontation between socialism and capitalism, totalitarianism and democracy, world wars, the development of international integration, etc. Conclusions. In Ukrainian history textbooks for grades 10 and 11, the image of Romania changes from that of an aggressive and totalitarian country to a victim of totalitarianism, and then evolves into a modern state, a member of the EU and NATO, and Ukraine's partner in the fight against Russian aggression. The authors of the textbooks obviously find it difficult to explain the Ukrainian-Romanian territorial disputes of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It seems that the authors are unsure how to interpret modern Ukrainian-Romanian relations, and no consolidated opinion on this subject has been developed. On the one hand, there is an understanding that Romania is an ally in the fight against Russian aggression and a member of NATO and the EU, which Ukraine aspires to join. On the other hand, there are territorial disputes that are difficult to interpret without damaging the image of the partner. This is an issue that requires a joint decision by historians in the near future. The work of an international Ukrainian-Romanian expert group, similar to the Ukrainian-Polish expert commission, would be entirely appropriate.

The chapter tells the story of soccer player James Matthews, who was born in Minneapolis but served in the Canadian Army during World War I. It recounts his experiences in combat around Amiens, France, and the tragic fate that befell him after his return from Europe

The disciplinary and analytic models of shell shock treatment at Queen Square and Maghull give some indication of how soldiers encountered military medicine and hospitals during the Great War. In this and the following chapter, by exploring both soldiers'and doctors'perspectives on treatment in practice, a more detailed picture emerges of how institutions and individuals were involved in making shell shock; of how the condition emerged in the interaction between doctor and patient, in the implementation of institutional rules and treatment techniques, in the antagonistic friction between doctor, patient and military authority. One instance of the way traumatic neurosis was marked by social interaction is in its definition and treatment according to rank. Within the Army, and therefore within the Army Medical Service, rank decisively influenced the opportunities and rights of the individual soldier. In combat rank shaped life-chances, in social encounter rank defined peer group reaction and self-perception, and in sickness too, rank fashioned attitude and expectation, which then guided the formation and presentation of symptoms as well as sanctioning the type and extent of treatment. The collective, popular memory of shell shock treatment is also influenced by rank. United by upbringing, education and social status, officers have been better able to describe their experiences of combat, and these accounts are more widely known in both the medical literature and memoirs of the Great War.

Book reviwed in this article From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation. By A. B. Bosworth. The Jews in the Greek Age. By Elias J. Bickerman. Greeks, Romans and Barbarians. By Barry Cunliffe. On Pagans, Jews, and Christians. By Arnaldo Momigliano. The Crusades: A Short History. By Jonathan Riley‐Smith. Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John. By L. N. Gumilev. Translated by R. E. F. Smith. The Papal Prince, One Body and Two Souls: The Papal Monarchy in Early Modern Europe. By Paolo Prodi. Translated by Susan Haskins. Britannia: A History of Roman Britain. By Sheppard Frere. The English: A Social History, 1066–1945. By Christopher Hibbert. Suffolk and the Tudors: Politics and Religion in an English County, 1500–1600. By Barmaid MacCulloch. Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509–1640. By Roger B. Manning. The Civil Wars of England. By J. P. Kenyon. Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660. By Ann Hughes. Charles I and Oliver Cromwell: A Study in Contrasts and Comparisons. By Maurice Ashley. Criticism and Compliment. The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I. By Kevin Sharpe. London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis. By Tim Harris. The Quakers and the English Legal System, 1660–1688. By Craig W. Horle. Ladies Elect: Women in English Local Government, 1865–1914. By Patricia Hollis. Nobles in Nineteenth‐Century France. The Practice of Inegalitarianism. By David Higgs. The Search for Social Peace: Reform Legislation in France, 1890–1914. By Judith F. Stone. The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress Elisabeth of Austria. By Brigitte Hamann. Translated by Ruth Hein. Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665. By R. A. Stradling. Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin. By Deborah Hertz. Rethinking German History: Nineteenth‐Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich. By Richard J. Evans. Germany and Europe in the Era of the Two World Wars: Essays in Honor of Oron James Hale. Edited by F. X. J. Homer and Larry D. Wilcox. The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past. By Leopold H. Haimson in collaboration with Ziva Galilii y Garcia and Richard Wortman. Stalin: Man and Ruler. By Robert H. McNeal. Soviet Succession Struggles: Kremlinology and the Russian Question from Lenin to Gorbachev. By Anthony D'Agostino. Cecil Rhodes: Flawed Colossus. By Brian Roberta. Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632–1715. By David W. Jordan. “To Serve Well and Faithfully”: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800. By Sharon V. Salinger. The Concept of Liberty in the Age of the American Revolution. By John Phillip Reid. Rhetoric and History in Revolutionary New England. By Donald Weber. Greatness in The White House: Rating the Presidents, Washington Through Carter. By Robert K. Murray and Tim H. Blessing. Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826–1836. By Paul Goodman. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. By Robin Blackburn. Paupers and Poor Relief in New York City and Its Rural Environs, 1700–1830. By Robert E. Cray Jr. A House Divided: Sectionalism and Ciuil War, 1848–1865. [The American Moment Series.] By Richard H. Sewell. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War. By Gerald F. Linderman. The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800–1907. By Thomas D. Hamm. Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860–1900. By Altina L. Waller. Gilded Age Cato: The Life of Walter Q. Gresham. By Charles W. Calhoun. Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California. By John Boessenecker. No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865–1900. By Paula Petrik. Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States. [Midwestern History and Culture Series.] Edited by James H. Madison. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland. [American Presidency Series.] By Richard E. Welch Jr. A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth‐Century South. By Edward H. Beardsley. Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression. By Jo Ann E. Argersinger. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780–1980. By Ronald L. Lewis. Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude. By Paul J. Nahin. Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War. By Eric Larrabee. William Fulbright and the Vietnam War. By William C. Berman. The Cold War Begins in Asia. [Contemporary American History Series.] By Marc S. Gallicchio. Mexico through Russian Eyes, 1806–1940. By William Harrison Richardson.

B a c k g r o u n d . The article presents theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of morality among professionals engaged in extreme occupations and manifestations of cynicism in their interactions with others. Empirical data highlight the differences in the expression of qualitative components of cynicism among service personnel of the National Guard of Ukraine with varying levels of combat experience. Law enforcement officers, military personnel, emergency responders, and other professionals involved in combat operations are subject to intense moral and physical strain. The impact of numerous stressors of various origins can result in neuropsychological disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, maladaptive behaviours, chronic tension, decreased productivity, and emotional stress. These effects, in turn, contribute to emotional burnout, disruption of moral attitudes, and in some cases, immoral behaviour. Individuals in high-risk professions must be psychologically resilient to withstand burnout, cognitive distortion, and destructive influences. These realities underscore the scientific necessity for thorough examination of the moral domain of individuals operating in extreme and crisis conditions, as well as the development of effective methods to mitigate the negative effects of professional stressors. M e t h o d s . Theoretical methods included analysis and generalisation of academic literature addressing morality and cynicism in individuals, particularly those working under extreme conditions. The empirical method employed was testing using the "CIN-1 Questionnaire for Qualitative Components of Cynicism." R e s u l t s . A theoretical review was conducted of domestic and international literature on the study of morality and cynicism in professionals working in high-risk occupations. Despite the relevance of the topic – especially in the context of large-scale combat actions in Ukraine – the volume of scientific work exploring its psychological aspects remains limited. The empirical study revealed distinct patterns in the manifestation of qualitative components of cynicism among service personnel of the National Guard of Ukraine. C o n c l u s I o n s . The psychodiagnostic study demonstrated that respondents with combat experience perceive events and phenomena related to cynicism with greater emotional intensity and saturation compared to those without such experience. Respondents with combat experience exhibited a higher level of cynical behavioural tendencies, particularly in relation to law enforcement practices, than their non-combat counterparts. Individuals without combat experience were more inclined to analyse, reflect, and form judgments regarding cynicism. However, both groups showed similar levels of attitudinal components and perception of cynical information encountered in their lives. Future research perspectives include examining the gender-specific expression of cynicism among professionals in extreme occupations and developing strategies for mitigating its harmful effects on personality.

Truly revolutionary in concept and execution, the tiny Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet interceptor was the world's first (and to this day represents the only) rocket-powered military combat aircraft to see operational service. It was the product of the integration of a series of progressive developments in flying wing aircraft and bi-propellant rocket motor technology that began in Germany prior to the Second World War. Spurred by the outbreak of the war, the Me 163 was developed as a short-range, point-defense interceptor intended to protect critical high value targets. Designed for horizontal takeoff and landing, the Me 163 incorporated many innovative features such as a jettisonable take-off trolley and retractable landing skid. In keeping with this concept, a number of ingenious items of ground support equipment were developed and fielded such as a post-landing all terrain aircraft recovery vehicle. Combat experience with the Me 163 involved numerous unusual aspects that provide some interesting insights into issues related to the operational use of this class of aircraft. This paper discusses the development of the Me 163 and focuses on the lessons derived from its operational employment.

O artigo propõe uma leitura da obra do escritor italiano Giovanni Comisso (1895-1969), com ênfase especial em suas memórias de combatente da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Para tanto, o artigo oferece uma análise detida de Dias de guerra, publicado por ele em 1930, posicionando a obra em um contexto amplo da literatura italiana do início do século XX (com nomes como Renato Serra, Scipio Slataper, Piero Jahier, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Ardengo Soffici e Emilio Lassu). A leitura de Dias de guerra proposta neste artigo privilegia a relação entre a obra publicada e a experiência direta do combatente. Fazendo uso da correspondência de Comisso e da leitura cruzada com outros momentos de sua obra, busca-se delinear a genealogia da escrita de suas memórias e a relação dessa publicação com um conjunto amplo de outros esforços de memória e registro das experiências dos combatentes italianos na Primeira Guerra Mundial.