A Fast Algorithm for Electromagnetic Compatibility Estimation for Radio Communication Network in a Complex Electromagnetic Environment

This paper presents a safety assessment model with regard to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) fault suitable for estimating the EMC failure probability (EMC FP) of the complex system facing uncertain electromagnetic environment. First, the model is successfully applied to decompose the complex system into different independent subsystem and equipment. Then the practical EMI scenario is modeled as different typical EMC problem, such as the Plane Wave Coupling and Crosstalk respectively. After that the fault tree analysis (FTA) is proposed to use in combination with electromagnetic topology (EMT) calculating the EMC FP of the system. A focus is put on the practical case of the Desktop Management Interface (DMI) system. In this context, a system-level EMC safety assessment model has been applied to solve EMC FP by uncertainty analysis in high speed railways with the complex electromagnetic environment.

In order to improve the fidelity and controllable of electromagnetic environment(EME) building, and build realistic EME for testing and researching the complex EME effect on the electronic information systems, this paper puts forward Equivalent building methods of complex EME based on the meta-elements. First, the paper analysis the domestic and foreign research which presents the current situation and the demand, and then puts forward the methods and expounds the core idea of basing the meta-elements to realize the equivalent EME building. Further it introduces extraction method of the electromagnetic signal environment meta-elements, and builds the description of them. In the end, it put forward the method and process to build the complex EME based on the meta-elements. This research results provide the technical support to improve the level of test EME building.

The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment of co-sited facilities is one the most important issues to be addressed when laying out electronic equipment in the areas where antennas or other electronic facilities have been already deployed. Assessment of the on-site EMC involves extensive calculations and is performed using a dedicated software system designed at Military Unit A 0375. This software system is intended to calculate possible mutual influence of electronic facilities located within restricted spaces. It may be used to assess potential interference in receivers resulting from blocking and intermodulation, while direct interference in the main receiver channel is absent. To resolve the problem of assessing the EMC for co-sited facilities, certain initial data should be provided about the receiver under investigation and a group of interference-emitting transmitters. After calculations have been completed, the following data is displayed: - interference levels at antenna inputs, RF filter and amplifier inputs; - total interference level at the RF amplifier input, which is used as indicator of blocking interference; - levels of intermodulation products in the main and image receiver channels; - summarized calculations. This software systems has the following advantages compared to similar foreign and local products: - modular design; - network installation allowing for EMC to be calculated at several workstations simultaneously using the same database; - superior price/performance ratio. This software system has been extensively used enabling much faster EMC calculations for co-sited facilities.

This article presents an overview of wideband and multiband antennas for both ground-based and airborne applications. It includes previously published designs as well as new ones with improved performance. The use of such antennas significantly enhances the overall efficiency of communication systems. For airborne antennas, benefits include reduced aerodynamic drag, improved performance of radio communication equipment, lower UAV takeoff weight, reduced feeder line losses, and improved electromagnetic compatibility. For ground antennas, advantages include reduced weight and size of the ground control station (terminal), simplification and higher efficiency of the data terminal, shorter deployment time, and improved mechanical strength. The article also presents an application diagram for wideband and multiband antennas in UAS communication systems. The diagram illustrates the potential of using multiple communication modems configured for different frequency ranges via microstrip multiplexers. The results can be useful for developers of both unmanned aerial systems and UAS communication equipment, including individual components. The article demonstrates that the use of wideband and multiband ground and airborne antennas can substantially improve communication quality in complex electromagnetic environments while maintaining optimal values for weight, size, aerodynamic drag, and technological advancement of UAS communication equipment.

Chapter 9 - Regulations and Standards

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a critical aspect of electronic and electrical systems, ensuring their ability to function properly within a shared electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering from unacceptable interference. This study employs the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision-making method, to evaluate and rank various EMC parameters. The analysis considers several key EMC factors, including the EMC directive, radiated emissions, conducted emissions, electromagnetic interference (EMI), EMC standards, and electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS). The EMC directive, which serves as a guiding framework for managing electromagnetic disturbances in devices, emerged as the top-ranked criterion, underscoring its pivotal role in regulatory adherence and standardization. Radiated emissions and conducted emissions secured the second and third ranks, respectively, highlighting their substantial impact on EMC performance. Effective management of these emissions is crucial for mitigating potential interference with communication systems, aircraft equipment, and other electronic devices, thereby enhancing the reliability and coexistence of products within the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and EMC standards followed closely, ranking fourth and fifth. EMI shielding and compliance with EMC standards are vital for preventing disruptions caused by electromagnetic radiation and ensuring the smooth operation of electronic circuits and wireless networks. Adherence to these standards promotes interoperability and minimizes the risk of performance degradation. Lastly, electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) ranked sixth, emphasizing the importance of assessing the sensitivity of electronic devices to electromagnetic energy. By understanding and mitigating EMS, manufacturers can enhance the immunity of their products to external interference, reducing the likelihood of operational issues or physical damage. The TOPSIS method facilitated a comprehensive analysis by considering the ideal and negative ideal solutions, ultimately ranking alternatives based on their proximity to the optimal scenario. The results underscore the multifaceted nature of EMC and the need for a holistic approach that considers various aspects, from regulatory directives to emission control and interference mitigation. By leveraging the TOPSIS method, decision-makers can prioritize and allocate resources effectively, ensuring that EMC challenges are addressed comprehensively and proactively, thereby promoting the harmonious coexistence of electronic systems within the electromagnetic environment.

The complex geographical environment and electromagnetic interference environment within the radar deployment position area will seriously degrade the radar detection performance. Focusing on the urgent requirement of optimizing radar deployment in complex geographic and electromagnetic environments, the environment-constrained radar position positioning optimization method is investigated. Firstly, based on the terrain and electromagnetic interference environment of radar positions, a radar position selection method under both geographic and electromagnetic environment constraints is established. Then the propagation loss under complex geographical terrain is calculated by combining the radar equations, and the detection power of target height layer and the coverage power of the focused area are used as the evaluation indicators for the superiority of radar sites. Finally, the detection range of the radar under multiple environmental constraints is visualized. The problem of complex radar operational scenarios in real systems and the single constraint considered in traditional radar equipment deployment methods is addressed. By calculating the propagation loss, terrain loss, electromagnetic loss under multiple environmental and electromagnetic constraints, and adding actual elevation and terrain data as reference, a more realistic and objective analysis of the impact of the environment around the position on the performance of radar equipment is provided, and finally the evaluation indexes and selection methods is proposed in this paper. The proposed evaluation indexes and selection methods and visualization can provide accurate, reliable and intuitive strategies for optimizing the deployment of radar equipment under multiple constraints.

This study introduces an electromagnetic interference detection technique to increase the immunity of a microcontroller-based system in a complex electromagnetic environment (EME). The detection method is explained. First, the interference in the power supply and at the input port of the microcontroller is detected. The simulation results are achieved in both time domain and frequency domain. The measurement results are obtained to verify the correctness of the detection method and the application of the detection method in the automotive field is presented. The final objective of the work is to ensure that the microcontroller-based system works fast in a normal EME and correctly in a complex EME without adding too much cost.

This paper focuses the application of absorbing material in Integrated Circuits (IC), proposed that IC package coated absorbing material inside can suppress the electromagnetic interference (EMI) in IC chip which caused by the outside complex electromagnetic environment, as well as reducing the electromagnetic radiation caused by chip itself. This proposal is well demonstrated by finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Two different configurations of thin absorbing material coating, “Single” and “Double”, are studied in this paper. In the first of simulation, the complex electromagnetic environment is modeled as the Gaussian incident plane wave; in the second, two adjacent pins are chosen as signal port and ground port, to simulate the electromagnetic radiation caused by chip. Finally, to analyze the performance of absorbing material by comparing shielding effectiveness (SE). The analysis process can provide for IC chip electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).

A look at the historical perspective, trends, challenges and possible solutions unique to automotive EMC. Applications of advanced electronic systems to vehicle control, diagnostics and customer convenience functions have resulted in a growing awareness of the electromagnetic environment and the design requirements to assure total system compatibility. Past experience and current trends in system sophistication are addressed along with possible solutions to EMC problems.

Plasma, as a special state of matter, has an effect on its inner conductors. Practically in the plasma environment, the effect may induce surface to charge and discharge, and may degrade the performance of spacecraft. Therefore, this effect needs to be further studied in the electromagnetic compatibility. The energy in a conductors' system is a key factor of the effect, which can also be used to depict the system consisting of relevant conductors and plasma environment. In order to investigate the essence of the system, the variational method is adopted. So with considering the electromagnetic compatibility and protection of this system, the energy of related conductors should be estimated by the theoretical method in the plasma environment. In the stochastic movement, electrons are faster than the irons. Therefore, the negative energy is cumulated. Considering the definition of capacitance, the system energy can be represented by the conductor capacitance and charging potential. Meanwhile, from the plasma kinetic theory, the potential can be obtained in the steady state. Thus, the relations among electromagnetic parameters of conductors, environmental features of plasma, and systematic energy are established, from which the corresponding Collin principle is also investigated. The principle indicates the system essence in the complex electromagnetic environment. In order to illustrate the utility of the variational principle, a simple cubic model is theoretically analyzed directly. From the typical instance, the relation between the geometric dimension and electric energy is illustrated, which is in consistence with the results in the early literature. The relation between secondary electrons and systematic energy is also analyzed. Starting from these theoretical investigations, in order to estimate the complicated structures, the analysis needs to be generalized further. With the assistance of discrete technology, the numerical method is established for analyzing the system energy of the complex conductive system in plasma environment. The generalized method is based on the equation with integral operator, in the calculation of which the method of moment is practically employed. As an application, the estimated energy of cube in plasma environment is compared with the theoretical estimation and the numerical estimation, which are in good agreement with each other. And then a composited structure is numerically analyzed. Obviously, the vairational analysis is beneficial to investigating the physical and principal regulation for conductors in the plasma environment, and the generalized method has wide potential applications in controlling the energy of complex charged conductors, electromagnetic protection, compatibility engineering in plasma environment, etc.

To accurately evaluate Beidou(BD) receivers complex electromagnetic environment adaptive capacity, based on the analysis of the working mechanism and the easy attack of the receiver, BD receiver facing war complex electromagnetic environment is constructed, simulation on the effect of signal capture and tracking is carried out, and assessment method is studied. The relationship between the positioning success rate and communication success rate of a certain type of BD receiver and electromagnetic environment complexity is given, providing BD receiver application with important reference significance.

The purpose of this article is a brief overview of the results of research on the use of noise-like signals in broadband radio systems conducted under the leadership of Yuri Vasilyevich Gulyaev. Methods. The conducted research was based on the previous experience of the V.A. Kotelnikov IRE RAS research team related to the development of analog noise-like devices (shumotrons) based on the concept of dynamic chaos. The continuation of these studies was associated with the development of digital chaos based on integer generating algorithms that could be easily reproduced on any digital technology. Results. Promising directions of using information technologies using dynamic chaos for the transmission, processing, storage and protection of information are considered. Broadband information transmission systems using complex signals with a large base, built on the basis of systems with chaotic dynamics, are presented. Finite-dimensional mathematical algorithms for calculating chaotic signals by reconstructing nonlinear dynamics in dissipative systems with a delay are proposed. Conclusion. It is shown that a digital information transmission system with spectrum expansion and dynamic change of chaotic codes has high noise immunity, secrecy, electromagnetic compatibility and ensures reliable and confidential transmission of messages in a complex electromagnetic environment. Schemes for masking, protecting, processing, and transmitting information are implemented based on original chaotic algorithms. An experimental study of the noise radar layout in laboratory conditions demonstrated a sufficiently high accuracy of radar range measurements over the entire measurement range with dual spectral signal processing, as well as a high range resolution of 15 cm (with an effective bandwidth of 800- 900 MHz).

Electromagnetic risk prediction of secondary equipment in UHV series compensation is essential for ensuring power system stability. This study proposes an innovative prediction approach based on deep learning, employing a TransUNet neural network that integrates Transformer and U-Net architectures to achieve accurate risk assessment in complex electromagnetic environments. A dataset with multi-dimensional characteristic parameters is constructed through multi-scale modeling, electromagnetic transient simulation, and finite element analysis. Within the model, the Transformer encoder enables global feature extraction, while the U-Net decoder provides multi-scale feature fusion, thereby enhancing both the temporal and spatial resolution of risk prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model delivers superior prediction accuracy and robustness, effectively identifies key risk features, and offers a new theoretical foundation as well as technical support for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design and the intelligent operation and maintenance of UHV equipment.

On limited space of the same platform, more and more radio electronic equipment are increased, which results in more problems of electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) that almost all of them caused by antenna mutual-coupling. As the example of two radar on the same platform, this paper gives the EMC test data in each carrier frequency band. Through the test data analysis it can be concluded that the electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by adjacent frequency channel interference, According to the results of spectrum measurement, when increasing the carrier frequency interval it can ensure the two radar works well compatibility.