A Framework for Building Scientific Knowledge Grids Applied to Thermochemical Tables

Users of Web and grid services often must temporarily delegate some or all of their rights to a software entity to perform actions on their behalf. The problem with the typical grid services approach (X. 509 proxy certificates) is that commercial Web services tooling fails to recognize these certificates or process them properly. The security assertion markup language (SAML) is a standardized XML-based framework for exchanging authentication, authorization and attribute information. SAML has broadening commercial support but lacks delegation capabilities. To address this shortcoming, we exploit SAML's inherent extensibility to create a delegation framework for Web and grid services that supports both direct and indirect delegation. We develop a set of verification rules for delegation tokens that rely on WS-Security X.509 signatures, but do not force any trust relationship between the delegatee and the target service. We have implemented the framework on two common Web service hosting environments: Java/Tomcat and .NET. By leveraging existing Web services standards, we make it easier for Grid practitioners to build and consume Web and grid services without resorting to grid-specific protocols.

The open grid services infrastructure (OGSI) defines a distributed system framework by integrating grid and Web services technologies to facilitate the sharing of various resources, which result in grid service. Grid service inherits the features from Web service, aiming at enabling interoperability among heterogeneous grid application. However, in the open grid services architecture (OGSA), grid services are isolated, it is difficult building a grid service management framework which can work across organizations. Based on BPEL4WS, this paper proposes an agent-oriented grid service modeling framework to address the difficulties in developing grid applications based on grid services.

Modern grid and Web technologies provide straightforward access to applications and services running on remote resources. The user (which may be a software developer or even an application) should be able to discover such a service and dynamically load an interface to interact with it. While some software systems support either fully or partially automatic creation of client software to access Web services, fewer support grid services in the same way. This paper introduces a new system that automatically generates client software to allow access to both grid and Web services. Although designed as a stand-alone tool for accessing any Web or grid service, we demonstrate its usefulness in the context of the SymGrid framework for grid-based symbolic computations.

The grid and Web service are converging as the WSRF is proposed. The grid not only provides the computing and resources sharing pools, but also supports the electronic business and enterprise applications integration with the composition of grid service. The paper presents a novel semantic composition method and adaptive scheduling algorithm based on grid workflow, which can benefit from the workflow architecture in the composition, visualization, verification, scheduling, execution and monitoring. The method can address semantic issues and automate the composition of grid service, and the algorithm can improve scheduling efficiency when the composite grid service is executed in the grid environment. According to the simulation experiment on the prototype implemented on the GT3, the composition and scheduling have the advantage of efficiency and effectiveness.

The paper has presented a resource sharing architecture for Web-Based Education based on Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) to integrate educational resources and improve resources utilization. Using technologies of the Grid and Web services, the architecture describes Grid services mechanism and implement scheme framework of Web-Based Education Platform. It used Web Services, AJAX and LMS API to resolve the integration and service problem in the process of application modules construction. Through integrating and managing diverse educational resources, the work in this paper provided highly efficient information service.

SGrid: a service-oriented model for the Semantic Grid

In 1998, Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman, together with thirty distinguished experts in high-performance computing and networking, laid the foundations of a new computing model called GRID. Their vision was introduced in the book, The GRID: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure (see review, SCPE Vol. 3, No. 3 ). The editors wrote: … A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities… allowing new classes of applications to emerge… as yet, we have only a preliminary understanding of what these new applications will look like. Over the next five years, Grid computing became the hottest R&D field. Academia and national labs built experimental infrastructures, new startups were established to develop Grid technologies, and the HPC giant vendors joined the party. Each one pushed in a different direction based on what and how he believed Grid computing should look. It was only a matter of time until people started to ask what the Grid is all about. A survey of ten Grid experts produced ten different answers. The question remains without a clear answer, leaving many people confused. Ian Foster picked up the gloves. In his article, What is the GRID? A three point checklist (GRIDtoday, July 22, 2002: Vol. 1, No. 6), he redefines the Grid model to reflect the trades and changes in the field during the past five years. According to Foster, a Grid is a system that: Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control. Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces. Delivers a nontrivial quality of service. But Foster's new definition could not encompass all of the Grid's approaches. Moreover, Foster explained by example what the Grid is not: A cluster management system such as Sun's Sun Grid Engine, Platform's Load Sharing Facility, or Viridian's Portable Batch System can, when installed on a parallel computer or local area network, deliver quality of service guarantees and thus constitutes a powerful Grid resource. However, such a system is not a Grid itself, due to its centralized control of the hosts that it manages Within a week the responses started to come in. The first one was from Wolfgang Gentzsch, Director of Grid computing at Sun Microsystems (GRIDtoday, August 5, 2002: Vol. 1, No. 8). Gentzsch wrote: I very much like Ian's two earlier definitions. Combined, they may provide a very generic Grid definition. The new checklist, however, reduces the potential of a wide and rich variety of Grids, with different architectures, operational models, and applications, and may miss the chance to becoming widely accepted as a standard definition of the Grid. Why do we need a definition for the Grid? Can the Grid be defined? Is a definition is necessary to the Grid's development? The Grid is an open vision and thus cannot be defined. An attempt to define the Grid can only reach the foreseen technology horizon, and this horizon is only one to two years ahead. Grid computing is a paradigm in shift. New architectures and standards are changing the shape and direction of the Grid's development. In the past year one such prominent architecture was Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA). The OGSA is the first attempt to bridge the gap between two cyberspace worlds: the Internet and the Grid. The Internet and the Grid are two different computing models. There are people who believe that the Grid is the next generation of the Internet and the World Wide Web, saying that the Great Global Grid is still many years away. Others state that the Grid will complement, not replace, the Internet as we know it. In 1998, when the Grid blueprint was published, a new Internet language appeared called eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML is a development tool for a new Internet computing model known as Web Services. At that time, nobody understood that there is a relationship between Web Services and the Grid. Three years past before Steve Tuecke from Argonne National Laboratory started to write a spec for Grid Services. Later, people from IBM joined the mission and together they created OGSA. The OGSA specification outlines interfaces to grid computing software that comply with Web Services standards. If adopted, Grid services such as job scheduling, authentication, failure-detection, staging of applications and data, and migration of applications and data, will all be accessed through standard Web Services architecture. OGSA is basically where Grid meets Web Services and maybe the first step towards full integration of the Internet and the Grid. The Internet appeared a decade ago. In the beginning, the Net offered primitive applications: a mailing system, ftp services, and a web of home pages. Nobody asked, What is the Internet? The years passed and new emerging Internet technologies were developed. Today we can talk on the phone over the Net, chat with friends, and video conference with colleagues on the other side of the world. New computing and business models were developed: e-commerce, e-learning, e-science, and e-you-name-it. And nobody asks what the Internet is. The Grid is a super-model, a bag of networking models associated with many types of architectures, software packages, applications, and standards. Today, when people talk about the Grid they mention Data Grids, Science Grids, and Campus Grids. And at the same time they mention Farm computing, Peer-to-peer computing, and Utility computing, among others. Ten years from now many of today's technologies will disappear and new ones will be developed. I don't know how Grid computing will look a decade from now, but I know that we will have g-commerce, g-learning, g-science, and g-chat. Nobody will ask what the Grid is. It will be obvious, just as the Internet is today. Ami Marowka The Computer Aided Design Laboratory School of Engineering and Computer Science Hebrew University of Jerusalem

As the complexity of application system for enterprises, an important challenge is to dynamically schedule and integrate the heterogeneous and distributed services or activities to work cooperatively and efficiently. An effective technology to resolve the problem is grid service. A grid service built on both grid computing and web services technologies is an extended Web service. An application system for enterprises is a grid service composition that consists of a collection of grid services related by data and control flow. Therefore, there is a need for modeling and analyzing techniques and tools for reliable and effective grid service composition. The Petri net based method is an idea approach. in this paper, we use a colored dynamic timed Petri net (CDTPN) to model the grid service composition. The definition of CDTPN for grid service and an algorithm to construct a composite service are proposed. We give a definition of reachable service graph and an algorithm for constructing the reachable service graph of CDTPN. Finally, we discuss the correctness and effectiveness of the grid service composition by analyzing the reachable service graph.

The convergence of the Semantic Web and Grid technologies has resulted in the Semantic Grid. The great effort devoted in by the Semantic Web community to achieve the semantic markup of Web services (what we call Semantic Web Services) has yielded many markup technologies and initiatives, from which the Semantic Grid technology should benefit as, in recent years, it has become Web service-oriented. Keeping this fact in mind, our first premise in this work is to reuse the ODESWS Framework for the Knowledge-based markup of Grid services. Initially ODESWS was developed to enable users to annotate, design, discover and compose Semantic Web Services at the Knowledge Level. But at present, if we want to reuse it for annotating Grid services, we should carry out a detailed study of the characteristics of Web services and Grid services and thus, we will learn where they differ and why. Only when this analysis is performed should we know how to extend our theoretical framework for describing Grid services. Finally, we present the ODESGS Framework, which is the result of having applied the extensions identified to the aforementioned Semantic Web Services description framework.

The growing synergy between Web services and grid-based technologies is enabling profound, dynamic interactions between applications dispersed in geographic, institutional, and conceptual space. Such deep interoperability requires the simplicity, robustness, and extensibility for which XML has been conceived, making it a natural lingua franca for the network. Along with these advantages, there is a degree of inefficiency that may limit the applicability of XML. Firstly, we investigate the limitations of XML for high-performance and high-interactive distributed computing. Our experimental results clearly show that focusing on parsers, that are routinely used to desterilize XML messages exchanged in these system, we can improve the performance of a generic end to end Web services based solution. Secondly we present a new parser, the cache parser, which uses a cache to reduce the parsing time sender and receiver side, by reusing information related to previously parsed documents/messages similar to the one under examination. Finally, we show how our fast parser can improve the global throughput of any application based on Web or grid services, or also JAXP-RPC. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm is 25 times faster than the fastest algorithm in the market and, if used in a WS scenario, can dramatically increase the number of requests per second handled by a server (up to 150% of improvement) bringing it close to a system that does not use XML at all

Web services are emerging technologies that can be considered as the result of the continuous improvement of Internet services due to the tremendous increase in demand that is being placed on them. In this paper, the different facets of Web services are identified and a flexible approach to engineering complex Web services is adopted in the form of a proposed framework for the development of Web services. After the examination of its main constituent parts, it is argued that its full potential and that of Web service engineering in general, is realized through the gradual formation of a rich service grid offering value-added supporting functionality and therefore the main desirable properties of such a service grid are highlighted. Finally, the paper outlines a validation approach for the proposed framework and assembles important pointers for future work and concluding remarks

The research activity accounted for in this Ph.D thesis belongs to the general field of electrical and electronic measurement. The attention is focused on the implementation of GRID services for performance assessing of digital wireless communication systems. The original contribution consists in the development of two original measurement methods, the former allows measuring the modulation quality of systems compliant with IEEE 802.16d-2004 standard by means of any hardware characterized by a enough sample rate and input band width, and the latter carries out reliability and efficiently the in-service measurements also in presence of in-channel interferences. The high computational burden experienced during the wide experimental phase by proposed methods has encouraged their implementation according to GRID Service paradigm. Respect to the classic Web Service, GRID Service provides the possibility of both sharing the proposed methods among researches and technicians who work on the same topics, and processing some proposed methods stages in parallel way on several calculus nodes, thus reducing the whole processing time. Differently from the normal GRID Service, the developed GRID Services involve the measurement instrumentation, such digital acquisition systems and waveform generator, other than the calculus nodes. Suitable strategies for discovering, accessing, setting the measurement instruments have to be provided for. To this aim, new GRID architecture has been proposed, which virtualizes the measurement instruments into new components, namely instrumentation devices, and makes use of classic mechanisms already presented in GRID architecture, such as PBS scheduler, for dealing with the instruments discovery issue. To take advantage from the proposed GRID Services, a proper web portal is also implemented. An intense experimental phase is executed for assessing the methods and GRID Services performance by applying emulated and real communication signals. Measurement results are analyzed and compared to those achievable through the application of existing methods and/or instrument available on the market. Particular attention is also made to the processing time measurement of GRID Service with respect to a sequential implementation, in order to evidence the gains provided by a parallel implementation.

Grid technology is widely used in recent years, it has solved the real sharing of resources, make each node of unified command and use of resources, the information grid is on the basis of computational grid, using data mining. Information fusion and search engine technology and building are advantageous for the collection and sharing of grid resources. The goal to create a build on OS and Web is based on the new generation of Internet information platform. In this platform, the distribution of the information processing is the collaboration and intelligent. Focus crawler sets according to the target subject. In the form of intelligent collection topics come from the Web page, and then adopt the method of machine learning. The information retrieval on the collected information intelligent need process and analyze. Finally, the effective retrieval way is to meet the demand of the user's information retrieval.

A grid service is a Web service that provides a set of well-defined interfaces and that follows specific conventions. Composition of grid services combines the offerings of two or more grid services to achieve the desired computing goals. Candidate standards have been proposed, providing a foundation for service composition specifications. However, at a higher level, there is no framework that supports service composition construction and automation. In this paper, we propose a framework that facilitates the visual composition as well as automation of service compositions. The framework is based mainly on Service Composition Graph (SCG), the underlying formalism for service compositions. Using graph grammar and graph transformation defined on SCG, the static topological structure of a service composition can be described and the automation of the constructed service compositions is also facilitated. We also outline the design and implementation of the prototype.

Threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence has been used to prepare selected internal energy distributions of nitrosobenzene ions [C(6)H(5)NO(+)]. Dissociation to C(6)H(5)(+) + NO products was measured over a range of internal energies and rate constants from 10(3) to 10(7) s(-1) and fitted with the statistical theory of unimolecular decay. A 0 K dissociative photoionization onset energy of 10.607 ± 0.020 eV was derived by using the simplified statistical adiabatic channel model. The thermochemical network of Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) was expanded to include phenyl and phenylium, as well as nitrosobenzene. The current ATcT heats of formation of these three species at 0 K (298.15 K) are 350.6 (337.3) ± 0.6, 1148.7 (1136.8) ± 1.0, and 215.6 (198.6) ± 1.5 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The resulting adiabatic ionization energy of phenyl is 8.272 ± 0.010 eV. The new ATcT thermochemistry for phenyl entails a 0 K (298.15 K) C-H bond dissociation enthalpy of benzene of 465.9 (472.1) ± 0.6 kJ mol(-1). Several related thermochemical quantities from ATcT, including the current enthalpies of formation of benzene, monohalobenzenes, and their ions, as well as interim ATcT values for the constituent atoms, are also given.