A hierarchical mobility management framework for the Internet

One of the main issues with Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) is slow handovers.Mobility protocols are classified as micro or macro depending on the domain of the network.When macro mobility protocols are used in managing localized mobility requirements, they result in slow handovers and delays that result in loss of packets and make these protocols unsuitable for time sensitive applications.Micro mobility management protocols have been proposed to resolve this issue.Some of these localized protocols are more attractive as they keep mobility restricted to the network that removes the need of having mobility management support in their software stack.In other protocols hosts are involved in mobility management.In this paper we will review the concept of mobility and the mobility protocols available in IPv6.We will discuss proposed protocols aimed at macro and micro mobility management by grouping them according to their host or network based management approach.We will also compare their handover performance.

This paper proposes a low-cost global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called LC-GM2, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well-known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management protocol and Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol Procedure (GPMIP), the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on Fluid-flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results show that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee the lowest total costs.

Wireless technology is gaining importance with enhancement in internet technology. Mobility is the key feature of wireless technology which allows users to continue ongoing sessions seamlessly. To achieve seamless communication between mobile nodes various mobility management protocols have been standardized for IPv6 by IETF. MIPv6 is the basic protocol based on host based mobility management which requires mobile nodes involvement in handover signaling. To improve MIPv6, new extensions as FMIPv6 and HMIPv6 FHMIPv6 were proposed. FMIPv6 works in predictive as well as Reactive mode. During signaling Packet loss may be occur. It is a key parameter which is variable with respect to different protocols. During handover packet loss is due to discontinuity in connection. In this paper we are focusing on total packet loss in host based mobility management protocols: MIPv6, FMIPv6 (Predictive and Reactive), HMIPv6, FHMIPv6 We are proposing and analyzing formulae for packet loss in these protocols. Also we will make numerical analysis and comparison for these host based mobility management protocols.

Mobility management protocols operating from different layers of the classical protocol stack (e.g., link, network, transport, and application layers) have been proposed in the last several years. These protocols achieve different handoff performance for different types of applications. In this paper, mobile applications are grouped into five different classes, class A through class E, based on their mobility management requirements. Analytical models are developed to investigate the handoff performance of the existing mobility management protocols for these application classes. The analysis shows that applications of a particular class experience different handoff performance when different mobility management protocols are used. Handoff performance comparisons of different mobility management protocols are carried out to decide on the suitable mobility management protocol for a particular application class. The results of mathematical analysis advocate the use of transport layer mobility management for class B and class C applications, mobile IP for non-real-time class D and class E applications, and session initiation protocol-based mobility management for real-time class D and class E applications. Moreover, through analytical modeling, the parameters that influence the handoff performance of mobility management protocols are identified. These parameters can be used to design new application-adaptive techniques to enhance the handoff performance of the existing mobility management protocols.

Mobile IP is an IETF RFC that supports transparent host migration on the Internet. In the transition to IP-based cellular networks, it is widely agreed that mobile IP provides an elegant solution for inter-domain, or macro-mobility management, but lacks critical aspects of mobility management needed within cellular networks. The shortcomings have led to the emergence of micro-mobility management protocols. This paper presents an IP-based mobility management protocol, /spl mu/-mobile IP, based on two enhancements, proactive handoff and paging support, to an Internet draft proposal, Regional Registrations. A signaling cost analysis is used to justify the need for such enhancements. We show through simulations the protocol's suitability for supporting real-time communications.

The continuous efforts made towards efficient mobility management in next-generation wireless networks are one of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems. To track host mobility, the IETF has developed some mobility management protocols such as Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IPv6. These protocols set up a tunnel to forward packets to the mobile node while the user is away from its home network. The tunneling method provided by Multi-Protocol Label Switching can be profitably used to take advantage of the Multi-Protocol Label Switching traffic engineering capability to achieve fast-reroute when a mobile node changes its point of attachment to the network. Moreover, service disruption during handoffs causes excessive packet loss that needs to be minimized to support quality of service requirements of emerging applications. We present a performance evaluation and numerical results of the most representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches. We highlight the importance of the tunneling method with special attention to those protocols that have integrated Multi-Protocol Label Switching in its access network.

The success of next generation wireless networks will rely much on advanced mechanisms for seamless mobility support among emerging heterogeneous technologies. Currently, mobile IP is the most promising solution for mobility management in the Internet. Several IP micro mobility approaches have been proposed to enhance the performance of mobile IP which supports quality of service, minimum packet loss, limited handoff delay and scalability and power conservation but they are not scalable for macro mobility. A practical solution would therefore require integration of mobile IP and micro mobility protocols where mobile IP handles macro mobility and HMIP, cellular IP, HAWAII handles micro mobility. In this paper an integrated mobility management protocol for IP based wireless networks is proposed and analyzed. Simulation results presented in this paper are based on ns 2.

The success of next generation wireless networks will rely much on advanced mechanisms for seamless mobility support among emerging heterogeneous technologies. Currently, Mobile IP is the most promising solution for mobility management in the Internet. Several IP micro mobility approaches have been proposed to enhance the performance of Mobile IP which supports quality of service, minimum packet loss, limited handoff delay and scalability and power conservation but they are not scalable for macro mobility. A practical solution would therefore require integration of Mobile IP and Micro mobility protocols where Mobile IP handles macro mobility and micro mobility protocols handles micro mobility. In this paper an integrated mobility management protocol for IP based wireless networks is proposed and analyzed. Simulation results presented in this paper are based on ns 2.

The 3G mobile network IMT-2000, was launched some years ago and multimedia traffic in the mobile Internet has been increasing with the growth of wireless access links. Next-generation networks need to efficiently transport huge volumes of multimedia traffic with high-quality mobility management. We have proposed an IP-based IMT network platform (IP/sup 2/) for the next-generation mobile network architecture and have studied its mobility management scheme, IP/sup 2/ mobility management protocol (IP/sup 2/MM). IP/sup 2/MM is a network-controlled mobility protocol that deploys mobility functions inside the network and conceals IP mobility from the mobile node. It is also designed to satisfy the requirements of mobile operators. In this paper, we introduce an overview of IP/sup 2/MM and show the comparative evaluation results with mobile IPv6. For the evaluation, we implemented both in our experimental system and compared their performance. The results show that IP/sup 2/MM provides better mobility performance than mobile IPv6, and we conclude that IP/sup 2/MM is an effective and feasible mobility protocol for the next-generation networks of mobile operators.

Now a day's researchers are concentrating more on 4G networks which combines different kinds of networks such as wlan, cellular, satellite, adhoc network etc and form a heterogeneous network. Heterogeneous network can provide anywhere at any time connection and namely “always best connected” (ABC) network environment. In such environment mobility management such as location and handoff plays a vital role when we incorporate different networks together and lot of issues come in to picture as far as macro mobility (users move from one networks to other networks) is concerned. Thus many research papers have been published under macro mobility management and addressed the problem of handoff management issues and given enough solution to their problems. But very few of them had concentrated on architectural point of view. So in this paper we have reviewed all possible methods for integrating of two networks and finally draw which method could be suitable for integration among different networks.

In Mobile IP, the signaling traffic overhead will be too high since the new Care-of-Address (CoA) of the mobile node (MN) is registered all the way with the home agent (HA) whenever the MN has moved into a new foreign network. To complement Mobile IP in better handling local movement, several IP micro protocols have been proposed. These protocols introduce a hierarchical mobility management scheme, which divides the mobility into micro mobility and macro mobility according to whether the host's movement is intra-domain or inter-domain. Thus, the requirements on performance and flexibility are achieved, especially for frequently moving hosts. This paper introduces a routing protocol for multicast source mobility on the basis of the hierarchical mobile management scheme, which provides a unified global architecture for both uni- and multicast routing in mobile networks. The implementation of multicast services adopts an improved SSM (Source Specific Multicast) model, which combines the advantages of the existing protocols in scalability and mobility transparency. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better performance than the existing routing protocols for SSM source mobility.

Mobility management and quality of service (QoS) are two of the most important goals in the present and future development of wireless networks. These tasks involve not only the wireless domain but also the access network that interconnects mobile devices with the Internet. This emerging topic is known as fixed mobile convergence. The intention of this convergence is the integration and creation of a unified infrastructure from fixed and wireless mobile networks. In this converged infrastructure, users can move across networks and access services seamlessly. In this paper, we present a study on recent advances and open research issues on mobility protocols in conjunction with multi‐protocol label switching (MPLS)‐based access networks. Various mobile management protocols and their interaction with the access network are briefly introduced. A new architecture called integrated proxy mobile MPLS transport profile is also outlined to provide the highest integration level, QoS and high rates of mobility to achieve fixed mobile convergence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The tremendous demands from social market are pushing the booming development of mobile communications faster than ever before, leading to plenty of new advanced techniques emerging. With the converging of mobile and wireless communications with Internet services, the boundary between mobile personal telecommunications and wireless computer networks is disappearing. Wireless networks of the next generation need the support of all the advances on new architectures, standards, and protocols. Mobility management is an important issue in the area of mobile communications, which can be best solved at the network layer. One of the key features of the next generation wireless networks is all-IP infrastructure. This paper discusses the mobility management schemes for the next generation mobile networks through extending IP's functions with mobility support. A global hierarchical framework model for the mobility management of wireless networks is presented, in which the mobility management is divided into two complementary tasks: macro mobility and micro mobility. As the macro mobility solution, a basic principle of Mobile IP is introduced, together with the optimal schemes and the advances in IPv6. The disadvantages of the Mobile IP on solving the micro mobility problem are analyzed, on the basis of which three main proposals are discussed as the micro mobility solutions for mobile communications, including Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP), Cellular IP, and Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure (HAWAII). A unified model is also described in which the different micro mobility solutions can coexist simultaneously in mobile networks.

We address mobility management for the internet protocol version 6 in mobile networks, namely mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). To correctly transfer IPv6 packets to a mobile node (MN), the MN has to update its binding to the home network while roaming away from its home network. Mobile IP networks suffer high binding update traffic from high rates of handoffs and long packet delivery delay from the large distance to the home network. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic and distributed domain-based mobility management protocol for MIPv6 to reduce the binding update and packet delivery delay and traffic. We describe the basic protocol operations and examine the performance improvement of our mobility management over the previous mobile IP mobility management method by using simulations. We show that the dynamic approach provides the optimal mobility solution for MIPv6 and the distributed approach can decentralize the network load.

Low-latency handoff inter-WLAN IP mobility with broadband network control