Performance Analysis of Handoff Techniques Based on Mobile IP, TCP-Migrate, and SIP

Mobile IP is a mobility management protocol that has been designed to support mobile users in the Internet. As researchers are currently considering to use it in the third generation cellular system, it becomes clear that some kind of hierarchy is needed in Mobile IP to improve its scalability and its support for fast handoff control. Along this line, several proposals that separate the macro mobility management from the micro mobility management have been made recently. All these proposals agree that Mobile IP is a good protocol to support macro mobility but they all define their own micro mobility management protocol. As a result, a mobile host will need to understand the different micro mobility management protocols of the sites that it visits in order to stay connected. We argue that this approach is not practical and that a framework that allows the deployment of different micro mobility management protocol in different parts of the Internet while still providing seamless roaming to mobile users is needed. This paper present such a framework. We propose to decompose the Internet mobility management protocol into three components. The first one, the registration protocol, specifies the registration procedures between the mobile node and the domain it is attached to. It is standard and unique. The second one, the micro mobility protocol, manages local mobility and may differ from one domain to another. The third one, the macro mobility protocol, manages mobility across domains. We suggest to use Mobile IP as the macro mobility protocol.

Client-based Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the most well known mobility management protocol, and the fast emerging proxy-based Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) offers an alternative. Some inherent problems such as route optimization in these protocols have not been really solved. Although various proposals tried to tackle the route optimization problem, none of them has achieved a real success. Furthermore, most of them are not comprehensive solutions for coexisting MIPv6/PMIPv6 mobile environment. In this paper, we proposed a novel unified route optimization scheme - Traffic Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU) to accommodate various mobility management issues. We evaluated our proposed scheme through simulations, and numerical results show that TDPBU can significantly improve the overall performance of mobility management protocols. Index Terms—Route Optimization, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), Traffic-Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU), Network Mobility (NEMO).

Wireless technology is gaining importance with enhancement in internet technology. Mobility is the key feature of wireless technology which allows users to continue ongoing sessions seamlessly. To achieve seamless communication between mobile nodes various mobility management protocols have been standardized for IPv6 by IETF. MIPv6 is the basic protocol based on host based mobility management which requires mobile nodes involvement in handover signaling. To improve MIPv6, new extensions as FMIPv6 and HMIPv6 FHMIPv6 were proposed. FMIPv6 works in predictive as well as Reactive mode. During signaling Packet loss may be occur. It is a key parameter which is variable with respect to different protocols. During handover packet loss is due to discontinuity in connection. In this paper we are focusing on total packet loss in host based mobility management protocols: MIPv6, FMIPv6 (Predictive and Reactive), HMIPv6, FHMIPv6 We are proposing and analyzing formulae for packet loss in these protocols. Also we will make numerical analysis and comparison for these host based mobility management protocols.

This paper proposes a low-cost global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called LC-GM2, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well-known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management protocol and Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol Procedure (GPMIP), the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on Fluid-flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results show that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee the lowest total costs.

One of the main issues with Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) is slow handovers.Mobility protocols are classified as micro or macro depending on the domain of the network.When macro mobility protocols are used in managing localized mobility requirements, they result in slow handovers and delays that result in loss of packets and make these protocols unsuitable for time sensitive applications.Micro mobility management protocols have been proposed to resolve this issue.Some of these localized protocols are more attractive as they keep mobility restricted to the network that removes the need of having mobility management support in their software stack.In other protocols hosts are involved in mobility management.In this paper we will review the concept of mobility and the mobility protocols available in IPv6.We will discuss proposed protocols aimed at macro and micro mobility management by grouping them according to their host or network based management approach.We will also compare their handover performance.

The continuous efforts made towards efficient mobility management in next-generation wireless networks are one of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems. To track host mobility, the IETF has developed some mobility management protocols such as Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IPv6. These protocols set up a tunnel to forward packets to the mobile node while the user is away from its home network. The tunneling method provided by Multi-Protocol Label Switching can be profitably used to take advantage of the Multi-Protocol Label Switching traffic engineering capability to achieve fast-reroute when a mobile node changes its point of attachment to the network. Moreover, service disruption during handoffs causes excessive packet loss that needs to be minimized to support quality of service requirements of emerging applications. We present a performance evaluation and numerical results of the most representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches. We highlight the importance of the tunneling method with special attention to those protocols that have integrated Multi-Protocol Label Switching in its access network.

Network Mobility (NEMO) is a technology that enables internet services in the public transportation and personal network. To facilitate the internet service in an ongoing vehicle a mobility management protocol shall play a key role. Mobility management is basically responsible for two tasks; node location update of node and service delivery. Present mobility management protocols are incurred with two key issues. First is centralized entity, the central entity provides all intelligence and is responsible for handover process. Therefore, if this entity is fails due to over burden traffic; the whole network is going to suffer. The second issue is related to mobile router; which is frequently moving from one point to another (router visited foreign network). Due to frequently changes in its point of attachment all the running applications will be terminated (session breakup). Therefore; this research work has two objectives. The first objective is to present distributed mobility management architecture to mitigate the central entity issue and the second is to design a handover communication scheme to reduce the long interval, when router changes its point of attachment. Furthermore, an analytical model is developed to analyze the performance of the proposed communication scheme.

Mobile IP is an IETF RFC that supports transparent host migration on the Internet. In the transition to IP-based cellular networks, it is widely agreed that mobile IP provides an elegant solution for inter-domain, or macro-mobility management, but lacks critical aspects of mobility management needed within cellular networks. The shortcomings have led to the emergence of micro-mobility management protocols. This paper presents an IP-based mobility management protocol, /spl mu/-mobile IP, based on two enhancements, proactive handoff and paging support, to an Internet draft proposal, Regional Registrations. A signaling cost analysis is used to justify the need for such enhancements. We show through simulations the protocol's suitability for supporting real-time communications.

This paper proposes a new Internet architecture based on splitting Mechanism. It separates the Internet access networks from the core network, and makes the IPv6 routing both in access networks and the core network more scalable. Furthermore, this paper gives the mobility management protocol of the proposed Internet architecture which supports the host based and the network based mobility management methods. Besides, we develop the analytic models for the mobility management costs and handover latency, and analyze the impacts of mobility and system parameters on mobility management costs and handover latency, respectively. The analytic results show that the handover latency of the proposed mobility management protocol is bigger due to location management messages across more network process nodes and the network based mobility management is better than the host based mobility management in term of the handover latency.

The tremendous progress in the internet of things incorporating multitudes of wireless interfaces have ended up with dense deployment of multi-networks that are associated with the internet of things and supported by wireless communications that are heterogeneous. Effective management of the multi-networks with a proper flow scheduling and a mobility management in order to provide a seamless conveyance are a tedious and a challenging task. The incompatibility of the software defined networks to manage with the densely deployed multi networks has increased the necessity for developing a more suitable flow scheduler and mobility manager for the multi networks of internet of things. So this paper presents the Improved- flow scheduling and the mobility management protocol (IFSMM) to guarantee the network performance that provides a seamless accessing of internet of things. The IFSMM is simulated using the NS-2 to confirm the performance achievement through the proper management of the transmission on the grounds of throughput, latency and the jitter.

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and resources. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design, keeping in mind that these initiatives also offer the potential for new and novel mobility management schemes. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domains (VMD), and describe mobility management using the VMD approach in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. The results from a comparative performance study of VMD with mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 using simulations show the potential for efficient mobility management under new Internet architectures.

Uninterrupted connectivity on move is a primary demand of end users both in cellular and IP based networks. Protocols that assist to maintain continuous link despite of frequent change in point-of attachment of mobile devices are called mobility management protocol. Although the mobility management protocols are matured enough in cellular network it is in a growing phase for IP based network. In this paper a new mobility management scheme called Three Layer MIPv6 (TLMIPv6) is proposed and comparative performance evaluation is carried out with MIPv6 and HMIPv6 protocol using simulation in ns-2 environment. The intention of this work is to analyze these three protocols and to find suitable scenario for each of these protocols.

This brief presents the challenges and solutions for VANETs security and privacy problems occurring in mobility management protocols including Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6), and Network Mobility (NEMO). The authors give an overview of the concept of the vehicular IP-address configurations as the prerequisite step to achieve mobility management for VANETs, and review the current security and privacy schemes applied in the three mobility management protocols. Throughout the brief, the authors propose new schemes and protocols to increase the security of IP addresses within VANETs including an anonymous and location privacy-preserving scheme for the MIPv6 protocol, a mutual authentication scheme that thwarts authentication attacks, and a fake point-cluster based scheme to prevent attackers from localizing users inside NEMO-based VANET hotspots. The brief concludes with future research directions. Professionals and researchers will find the analysis and new privacy schemes outlined in this brief a valuable addition to the literature on VANET management.

CoAP-based group mobility management protocol for the Internet-of-Things in WBAN environment

The 3G mobile network IMT-2000, was launched some years ago and multimedia traffic in the mobile Internet has been increasing with the growth of wireless access links. Next-generation networks need to efficiently transport huge volumes of multimedia traffic with high-quality mobility management. We have proposed an IP-based IMT network platform (IP/sup 2/) for the next-generation mobile network architecture and have studied its mobility management scheme, IP/sup 2/ mobility management protocol (IP/sup 2/MM). IP/sup 2/MM is a network-controlled mobility protocol that deploys mobility functions inside the network and conceals IP mobility from the mobile node. It is also designed to satisfy the requirements of mobile operators. In this paper, we introduce an overview of IP/sup 2/MM and show the comparative evaluation results with mobile IPv6. For the evaluation, we implemented both in our experimental system and compared their performance. The results show that IP/sup 2/MM provides better mobility performance than mobile IPv6, and we conclude that IP/sup 2/MM is an effective and feasible mobility protocol for the next-generation networks of mobile operators.